1
|
Moreira LL, Tavella RA, da Silva Bonifácio A, de Lima Brum R, da Silva Freitas L, da Rosa Moraes NG, Fiasconaro ML, Ramires PF, Penteado JO, Baisch PRM, da Silva Júnior FMR. Bioaccumulation of metals in Spartina alterniflora salt marshes in the estuary of the World's Largest Choked Lagoon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:26880-26894. [PMID: 38456979 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Salt marshes are capable of mitigating metal pollution in coastal environments, yet the efficacy of this remediation is contingent upon various environmental factors and the plant species involved. This study investigates the influence of different anthropogenic activities, including industrial, urban, recreational (in an insular area), and dredging operations, on the bioaccumulation of eight metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) within Spartina alterniflora Loisel. in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil. The research aims to assess the pattern of metal bioaccumulation and distribution within the plant's leaves, stems, and roots while also examining metal presence in the sediment. Our main findings reveal that S. alterniflora exhibited elevated metal levels in its plant structure directly related with the metal concentrations in the surrounding sediment, which, in turn, is related to the different anthropogenic activities. The industrial area presented the highest metal levels in sediment and plant sections, followed by dredging, insular, and urban areas. This same pattern was mirrored for the bioconcetration factors (BCF), with the BCFs consistently indicating active metal bioaccumulation across all areas and for most of the metals. This provides evidence of the metal bioaccumulation pattern in S. alterniflora, with elevated BCFs in areas affected by activities with a higher degree of impact. Translocation factors (TF) showed varying metal mobility patterns within the plant's below-ground and above-ground sections across the different areas, with only Hg exhibiting consistent translocation across all study areas. Zn was the primary metal contributor in all plant sections, followed by Pb and Cu. It is worth noting that Pb is a non-essential metal for this plant, highlighting the relationship between elevated Pb contributions in the plant sections and the bioaccumulation of this metal within the plant's structure. Overall, this study emphasizes the bioaccumulation capacity of S. alterniflora and elucidate the intrinsic connection between different anthropogenic activities and their impact on the resultant availability and bioaccumulation of metals by this salt marsh plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lemons Moreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | - Ronan Adler Tavella
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | - Alicia da Silva Bonifácio
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo de Lima Brum
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | - Livia da Silva Freitas
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | - Niely Galeão da Rosa Moraes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | - Maria Laura Fiasconaro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brasil
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química - (CONICET- UNL), Universidad Católica de Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paula Florencio Ramires
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | - Julia Oliveira Penteado
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh VK, Singh R, Rajput VD, Singh VK. Halophytes for the sustainable remediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites: Recent developments and future perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137524. [PMID: 36509191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing land degradation by high level of metal wastes is of prime concern for the global research communities. In this respect, halophytes having specific features like salt glands, exclusion of excess ions, heavy metals (HMs) compartmentalization, large pool of antioxidants, and associations with metal-tolerant microbes are of great promise in the sustainable clean-up of contaminated sites. However, sustainable clean-up of HMs by a particular halophyte plant species is governed considerably by physico-chemical characteristics of soil and associated microbial communities. The present review has shed light on the superiority of halophytes over non-halophytes, mechanisms of metal-remediation, recent developments and future perspectives pertaining to the utilization of halophytes in management of HM-contaminated sites with the aid of bibliometric analysis. The results revealed that the research field is receiving considerable attention in the last 5-10 years by publishing ∼50-90% documents with an annual growth rate of 15.41% and citations per document of 29.72. Asian (viz., China, India, and Pakistan) and European (viz., Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Argentina) countries have been emerged as the major regions conducting and publishing extensive research on this topic. The investigations conducted both under in vitro and field conditions have reflected the inherent potential of halophyte as sustainable research tool for successfully restoring the HM-contaminated sites. The findings revealed that the microbial association with halophytes under different challenging conditions is a win-win approach for metal remediation. Therefore, exploration of new halophyte species and associated microorganisms (endophytic and rhizospheric) from different geographical locations, and identification of genes conferring tolerance and phytoremediation of metal contaminants would further advance the intervention of halophytes for sustainable ecological restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar Singh
- Department of Botany, K. S. Saket P. G. College, (Affiliated to Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya), Ayodhya, 224123, India.
| | - Rishikesh Singh
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Vivek Kumar Singh
- University Department of Botany, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, 812007, Bihar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song L, Wang Q, Wang P, Wu J. Benthic bacterial communities and bacteria–environment interactions after Kandelia obovata introduction and Spartina alterniflora invasion in Yueqing Bay, China. REGIONAL STUDIES IN MARINE SCIENCE 2023; 58:102787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
|
4
|
Sultana S, Huang R, Zhu Y, Thura K, Zar Htwe H, Song L, Jin R, Gu J, Christakos G, Wu J. Enrichment of trace elements by blue carbon habitats in Maoyan Island of Yueqing Bay, China. STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT 2022; 36:3753-3767. [DOI: 10.1007/s00477-022-02225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
|
5
|
Wu Y, Leng Z, Li J, Jia H, Yan C, Hong H, Wang Q, Lu Y, Du D. Increased fluctuation of sulfur alleviates cadmium toxicity and exacerbates the expansion of Spartina alterniflora in coastal wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118399. [PMID: 34695515 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the invasion of Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) poses potentially serious risks to the stability of coastal wetlands, an ecosystem that is extremely vulnerable to both biological and non-biological threats. However, the effects and mechanisms of sulfur (S) in mediating the growth and expansion of S. alterniflora are poorly understood, particularly when sediments are contaminated with cadmium (Cd). A 6-month greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the mediating effect of S on Cd tolerance and growth of S. alterniflora. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of three S rates (applied as Na2SO4; 0, 500, 1000 mg kg-1 dry weight (DW), as S0, S500, and S1000) and four Cd rates (applied as CdCl2; 0, 1, 2, 4 mg kg-1 DW, as Cd0, Cd1, Cd2, and Cd4). Results showed that although the exogenous S supply obviously increased Cd accumulation in roots (up to 71.22 ± 6.43 mg kg-1 DW) due to the decrease of Fe concentration in iron plaque (down to 4.02 ± 1.18 mg g-1 DW), biomass reduction and oxidative stress in plant tissues were significantly alleviated. The addition of S significantly up-regulated the concentration of compounds related to Cd tolerance, including proline and glutathione. Therefore, the translocation of Cd was restricted, and plant growth was not impacted. The present study demonstrated that the exogenous sulfur supply could promote the growth of S. alterniflora and enhance its tolerance to Cd. Therefore, under the effects of S. alterniflora, the increased fluctuations of S pool caused by the release and deposition of S might further exacerbate S. alterniflora expansion in Cd contaminated coastal wetlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Wu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhanrui Leng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Hui Jia
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chongling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hualong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanyan Lu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Negrin VL, Idaszkin YL, Domini C, Simonetti P, Botté SE. Soil metal pollution assessment in Sarcocornia salt marshes in a South American estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 166:112224. [PMID: 33714037 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil metal pollution in two Sarcocornia salt marshes within the Bahía Blanca estuary (Argentina, South America) was evaluated through pseudo-total and bioavailable metal levels and pollution indexes. Soil conditions were also studied. The pseudo-total metal concentrations were similar in both salt marshes and followed the same decreasing order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd. Bioavailable metals presented different patterns between salt marshes. The percentages of the bioavailable fraction varied between 28 and 80%, being higher than 60% for Cu, Zn and Pb. Organic matter ruled the distribution of all metals, except Pb. Using shale average concentration as background level, indexes did not show pollution nor enrichment, whereas using as background levels local values, anthropogenic enrichment was found for all metals and most metals showed moderate metal pollution. Our results showed that bioavailable metals levels and indexes using local background values provide an adequate assessment of metal pollution in salt marsh soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa L Negrin
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO/CONICET-UNS), CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7,5, Edificio E-1, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Yanina L Idaszkin
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3051, (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Claudia Domini
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Pía Simonetti
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO/CONICET-UNS), CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7,5, Edificio E-1, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra E Botté
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO/CONICET-UNS), CCT-Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7,5, Edificio E-1, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Liu B, Zhang W. Distribution and risk analysis of heavy metals in sediments from the Yangtze River Estuary, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10802-10810. [PMID: 31950412 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sediments core within the Yangtze River Estuary was collected for metal and grain size analysis. The vertical distribution characteristics of eight metals along the core were investigated based on 137Cs and 210Pb radionuclide dating. The sediment was mainly composed of sand and silt. The metals concentrations were Al, 4.67-6.83; Fe, 2.3-3.94; Mn, 0.046-0.07; Cr, 69.5-103; Cu, 14.3-32.1; Zn, 47.3-96.7; Cd, 0.037-0.212; Pb, 13.7-23; Ni, 18.8-38.9 (mg·kg-1, except Al, Fe, and Mn as %), respectively. Geoaccumulation indexes (Igeo) indicated that Cu, Zn, and Pb were of pollution-free level; Cd, Cr, and Ni were in a slight polluted level. Based on potential ecological risk factors (EI), Cd posed a moderate risk to the local environment. Correlation analysis showed that Fe, Al, and Mn had a close association with Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni at p < 0.01. Clay was significantly correlated with other metals except Cr and Cd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Wensi Zhang
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Negrin VL, Botté SE, La Colla NS, Marcovecchio JE. Uptake and accumulation of metals in Spartina alterniflora salt marshes from a South American estuary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:808-820. [PMID: 30176491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salt marshes are capable of reducing metal pollution in coastal waters, but this capacity is highly dependent on the metal, the physico-chemical characteristics of the sediment, the plant species, the production of biomass, the time of the year, etc. The aim of this study was to assess the uptake and accumulation of Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn in Spartina alterniflora from three salt marshes within the Bahía Blanca estuary (BBE), a human-impacted Argentinean system. Metal concentrations in sediments and plants showed the same order at all sites: Zn > Cu > Pb ≥ Ni. The site with lower organic matter and fine sediment content had lower metal concentrations in the sediments, but not a lower metal content in the plant tissues, meaning that the sediment characteristics influenced the metal concentrations in the sediment and their uptake by plants. Despite differences in sediment characteristics between sites, metals were always higher in the belowground tissues than in aboveground ones and, in general, higher in dead than in live tissues. Some metals were accumulated in plant tissues, but not others, and this is dependent on the metal and the sediment characteristics. Allocation patterns of metals in tissues of S. alterniflora were mainly dependent on metal concentrations, determining higher belowground pools, but the aboveground pools were important in some cases due to higher biomass. Partitioning of metals in above or belowground pools determines their fate within the estuarine system, since tissues can decompose in situ (belowground) or be exported (aboveground). Seasonal dynamics were important for some variables but were less noticeable than the differences between sites and tissues. Our results indicate that S. alterniflora from the BBE is efficient in accumulating some metals, despite usually low metal concentrations in sediments and plants. This accumulation capacity has implications for the whole system through the fate of the tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa L Negrin
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO, CONICET, CCT-Bahía Blanca), Camino La Carrindanga km 7,5, Edificio E-1 CC 804, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, UNS, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sandra E Botté
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO, CONICET, CCT-Bahía Blanca), Camino La Carrindanga km 7,5, Edificio E-1 CC 804, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, UNS, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Noelia S La Colla
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO, CONICET, CCT-Bahía Blanca), Camino La Carrindanga km 7,5, Edificio E-1 CC 804, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Jorge E Marcovecchio
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO, CONICET, CCT-Bahía Blanca), Camino La Carrindanga km 7,5, Edificio E-1 CC 804, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional Bahía Blanca (UTN-FRBB), 11 de Abril 461, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de la Fraternidad de Agrupaciones Santo Tomás de Aquino (FASTA), Gascón 3145, 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sediment type affects competition between a native and an exotic species in coastal China. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6748. [PMID: 25339574 PMCID: PMC4206839 DOI: 10.1038/srep06748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of sediments in salt marsh have different physical and chemical characters. Thus sediment type plays a role in plant competition and growth in salt marsh ecosystems. Spartina anglica populations have been increasingly confined to upper elevation gradients of clay, and the niche sediment has changed. Because the niches of S. anglica and the native species Scirpus triqueter overlap, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to test the hypothesis that plant competition has changed under different types of sediments. Biomass and asexual reproduction were analyzed, and inter- and intraspecific competition was measured by log response ratio for the two species in both monoculture and combination under three sediment types (sand, clay and mixture of sand and clay). For S. anglica, biomass, ramet number and rhizome length in combination declined significantly compared with those in monoculture, and the intensity of interspecific competition was significantly higher than that of intraspecific competition under all sediments. For S. triqueter, the intensities of intra- and interspecific competition were not significantly different. This indicates that S. triqueter exerts an asymmetric competitive advantage over S. anglica across all sediments, but especially clay. Thus the sediment type changes competition between S. anglica and S. triqueter.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chai M, Shi F, Li R, Shen X. Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in Spartina alterniflora marsh in intertidal sediments of Bohai Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 84:115-124. [PMID: 24930737 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of Spartina alterniflora on heavy metals pollution of intertidal sediments, sediment cores of a S. alterniflora salt marsh and a mudflat in Bohai Bay, China were analyzed. The results showed that S. alterniflora caused higher total C and P, but lower bulk density and electrical conductivity. The levels of Cd, Cu and Pb were higher in S. alterniflora sediment. Both Cd and Zn were higher than the probable effect level at both sites, indicating their toxicological importance. The geo-accumulation and potential ecological risk indexes revealed higher metal contamination in S. alterniflora sediment. Multivariate analysis implied that anthropogenic activities altered mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals. The percentage of mobile heavy metals was higher in S. alterniflora sediment, indicating improvement of conversion from the immobilized fraction to the mobilized fraction. These findings indicate that S. alterniflora may facilitate accumulation of heavy metals and increase their bioavailability and mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Chai
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Fuchen Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Ruili Li
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Xiaoxue Shen
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| |
Collapse
|