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Yotinov I, Belouhova M, Todorova Y, Schneider I, Topalova Y. Influence of the azo-dye amaranth on the trophic structure of activated sludge in a model experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27406-2. [PMID: 37171727 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The textile industry generates significant amounts of wastewater containing high concentrations of azo dyes. An important point in the process of purification of azo dyes is their influence on the activated sludge (AS) in wastewater treatment plants. Azo dyes, such as amaranth, play the role of xenobiotics. This article seeks to answer the question of how organisms manage to respond to xenobiotics remains very important and open, i.e., how they will react to toxic conditions. The aim of this research was to study how these changes are expressed in terms of the different trophic levels of AS. In our experiment, it was found that the dominant trophic units are significantly changed due to the xenobiotic entering the system. The data reveal the significant development of the bacterial segment (genus Pseudomonas and azo-degrading bacteria) at times of large amaranth removal. In the most active phase of amaranth biodetoxification (48 h), the culturable bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas change by about 40%, while the azo-degrading bacteria change by about 2%. Fauna organisms have a sharp change in the dominant groups-from attached and crawling ciliates and testate amoebas to the mass development of small and large flagellates. This is of great importance because micro- and metafauna play an important role in the detoxification process by ingesting some of the xenobiotics. This role is expressed in the fact that after dying, macro-organisms release this xenobiotic in small portions so that it can then be effectively degraded by adapting to the amaranth biodegradation bacteria. In this study, it is clear that all these events lead to a decline in the quality of AS. But on the other hand, these allow AS to survive as a microbial community, and the fauna segment does not disappear completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo Yotinov
- Department of General and Applied Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8, Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria.
- Center of Competence "Clean Technologies for Sustainable Environment-Water, Waste, Energy for Circular Economy", 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Mihaela Belouhova
- Department of General and Applied Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8, Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Center of Competence "Clean Technologies for Sustainable Environment-Water, Waste, Energy for Circular Economy", 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yovana Todorova
- Department of General and Applied Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8, Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Center of Competence "Clean Technologies for Sustainable Environment-Water, Waste, Energy for Circular Economy", 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irina Schneider
- Department of General and Applied Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8, Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Center of Competence "Clean Technologies for Sustainable Environment-Water, Waste, Energy for Circular Economy", 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yana Topalova
- Department of General and Applied Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", 8, Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Center of Competence "Clean Technologies for Sustainable Environment-Water, Waste, Energy for Circular Economy", 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Nho SW, Cui X, Kweon O, Jin J, Chen H, Moon MS, Kim SJ, Cerniglia CE. Phylogenetically diverse bacteria isolated from tattoo inks, an azo dye-rich environment, decolorize a wide range of azo dyes. ANN MICROBIOL 2021; 71. [PMID: 34744534 PMCID: PMC8569640 DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose There has been an interest in the microbial azo dye degradation as an optional method for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastes. Tattoo ink is an extremely unique azo dye-rich environment, which have never been explored in terms of microorganisms capable of degrading azo dyes. Previously, we isolated 81 phylogenetically diverse bacteria, belonging to 18 genera and 52 species, contaminated in tattoo inks. In this study, we investigated if these bacteria, which can survive in the azo dye-rich environment, have an ability to degrade azo dyes. Methods We conducted a two-step azo dye degradation (or decolorization) assay. In step 1, a high-throughput degradability assay was done for 79 bacterial isolates using Methyl Red and Orange II. In step 2, a further degradation assay was done for 10 selected bacteria with a representative of 11 azo dyes, including 3 commercial tattoo ink azo dyes. Degradation of azo dyes were calculated from measuring optical absorbance of soluble dyes at specific wavelengths. Results The initial high-throughput azo dye assay (step 1) showed that 79 isolates had a complete or partial degradation of azo dyes; > 90% of Methyl Red and Orange II were degraded within 24 h, by 74 and 20 isolates, respectively. A further evaluation of azo dye degradability for 10 selected isolates in step 2 showed that the isolates, belonging to Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, and Pseudomonas, exhibited an excellent decolorization ability for a wide range of azo dyes. Conclusions This study showed that phylogenetically diverse bacteria, isolated from azo dye-rich tattoo inks, is able to degrade a diverse range of azo dyes, including 3 azo dyes used in commercial tattoo inks. Some of the strains would be good candidates for future studies to provide a systematic understanding of azo dye degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Won Nho
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Xuewen Cui
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA.,Present address: Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Ohgew Kweon
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Jinshan Jin
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Huizhong Chen
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Mi Sun Moon
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Seong-Jae Kim
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Carl E Cerniglia
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
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Huang W, Yin H, Yu Y, Lu G, Dang Z, Chen Z. Co-metabolic degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its auto-poisoning effect caused during degradation process. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110919. [PMID: 32800254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was applied to degrade tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) with glucose as a co-metabolic substrate. Influencing factors of co-metabolic degradation such as pH, TBBPA and glucose concentration were examined and the degradation efficiency under optimal condition reached about 50% on the 7th day. The study also proved that the extracellular action, rather than intracellular one, played a leading role in TBBPA degradation. Five metabolites including debromination and beta-scission products were identified in this study. The extracellular active substance pyocyanin was considered as the origin of H2O2 and OH·. The variation of concentrations of H2O2 and OH· shared the same trend, they increased in the early days and then declined gradually. On the 1st day, the OD600 of P.aeruginosa in the co-metabolic group was 6.0 times higher than the initial value while total organic carbon (TOC) decreased about 78%, which might lead to the occurrence of pyocyanin auto-poisoning. Flow cytometry was applied to detect the cellular state of P.aeruginosa during degradation. The increasing intracellular ROS showed that cells were suffering from oxidative stress and the change of membrane potential revealed that cellular dysfunction had occurred since the 1st day. This research indicated that the toxic effect on P.aeruginosa was probably not directly correlated with TBBPA, but was caused by pyocyanin auto-poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanghong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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Reis RAG, Salvi F, Williams I, Gadda G. Kinetic Investigation of a Presumed Nitronate Monooxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Establishes a New Class of NAD(P)H:Quinone Reductases. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2594-2607. [PMID: 31075192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PA0660 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is currently classified as a hypothetical nitronate monooxygenase (NMO), but no evidence at the transcript or protein level has been presented. In this study, PA0660 was purified and its biochemical and kinetic properties were characterized. Absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry demonstrated a tightly, noncovalently bound FMN in the active site of the enzyme. Analytical ultracentrifugation showed that the enzyme exists as a dimer in solution. Despite its annotation, PA0660 did not exhibit nitronate monooxygenase activity. The enzyme could be reduced with NADPH or NADH with a marked preference for NADPH, as indicated by ∼30-fold larger kcat/ Km and kred/ Kd values. Turnover could be sustained with NAD(P)H and quinones, DCPIP, and to a lesser extent molecular oxygen. However, PA0660 did not turn over with methyl red, consistent with a lack of azoreductase activity. The enzyme turned over through a ping-pong bi-bi steady-state kinetic mechanism with NADPH and 1,4-benzoquinone showing a kcat value of 90 s-1. The rate constant for flavin reduction with saturating NADPH was 360 s-1, whereas that for flavin oxidation with 1,4-benzoquinone was 270 s-1, consistent with both hydride transfers from the pyridine nucleotide to the flavin and from the flavin to 1,4-benzoquinone being partially rate-limiting for enzyme turnover. A BlastP search and a multiple-sequence alignment analysis of PA0660 highlighted the presence of six conserved motifs in >1000 open reading frames currently annotated as hypothetical NMOs. Our results suggest that PA0660 should be classified as an NAD(P)H:quinone reductase and serve as a paradigm enzyme for a new class of enzymes.
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Louati I, Hadrich B, Nasri M, Belbahri L, Woodward S, Mechichi T. Modelling of Reactive Black 5 decolourization in the presence of heavy metals by the newly isolated
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strain Gb30. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1761-1771. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Louati
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology National School of Engineers of Sfax University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - B. Hadrich
- Unité de Biotechnologie des Algues Biological Engineering Department National School of Engineers of Sfax University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - M. Nasri
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology National School of Engineers of Sfax University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - L. Belbahri
- Laboratoire de biologie des sols Université de Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - S. Woodward
- School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - T. Mechichi
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology National School of Engineers of Sfax University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases National School of Engineers of Sfax University of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
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Rizqi HD, Purnomo AS. The ability of brown-rot fungus Daedalea dickinsii to decolorize and transform methylene blue dye. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:92. [PMID: 28391562 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Daedalea dickinsii to decolorize and transform methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated. MB was decolorized in potato dextrose agar medium after adding MB at concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 mg L-1. D. dickinsii decolorized MB with decolorization index values of 0.92, 0.90, and 0.88 at MB concentrations of 50, 75, and 100 mg L-1, respectively. The 100 mg L1 MB concentration was selected for biotransformation in liquid potato dextrose broth medium. D. dickinsii transformed approximately 54% of the MB after a 14-day incubation. 3-(Dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino) phenothiazine (C15H16N3S), 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)-4aH-phenothiazin-5-one (C16H19N3SO), and 4-(dimethylamino)-2-[m(dimethylamino) phenylsulfinyl] benzenamine (C16H21N3SO) were detected as MB metabolic products. This is the first report of MB transformation by the brown-rot fungi D. dickinsii. These results indicate that D. dickinsii can be used to decolorize and biotransform MB dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdan Dwi Rizqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Adi Setyo Purnomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia.
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Shabbir S, Faheem M, Ali N, Kerr PG, Wu Y. Evaluating role of immobilized periphyton in bioremediation of azo dye amaranth. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 225:395-401. [PMID: 27956332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioremediation capabilities of three kinds of periphyton (i.e. epiphyton, metaphyton and epilithon) immobilized in bioreactors to decolorize and biodegrade the sulphonated azo dye, amaranth. Results showed that periphyton dominated by phyla including Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Complete removal of dye was shown by all the biofilms periphyton (epiphyton showed highest removal efficacy) over a range of initial concentrations (50-500mgL-1) within 84h at pH 7 and 30°C. Biodegradation of amaranth was confirmed through FTIR and HPLC and the biodegradation pathways were detected by GC-MS/MS analysis. The azo bonds in the amaranth were successfully broken by periphyton and amaranth was converted to non-toxic, aliphatic compounds including isobutene, acetyl acetate and ethyl acetate. The results showed the potential application of immobilized periphyton at industrial scale for the removal of azo dyes from wastewater containing azo dye amaranth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Shabbir
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, 3rd Avenue, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Naeem Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, 3rd Avenue, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Philip G Kerr
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma St, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Yonghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Ball J, Salvi F, Gadda G. Functional Annotation of a Presumed Nitronate Monoxygenase Reveals a New Class of NADH:Quinone Reductases. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21160-21170. [PMID: 27502282 PMCID: PMC5076524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.739151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein PA1024 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is currently classified as 2-nitropropane dioxygenase, the previous name for nitronate monooxygenase in the GenBankTM and PDB databases, but the enzyme was not kinetically characterized. In this study, PA1024 was purified to high levels, and the enzymatic activity was investigated by spectroscopic and polarographic techniques. Purified PA1024 did not exhibit nitronate monooxygenase activity; however, it displayed NADH:quinone reductase and a small NADH:oxidase activity. The enzyme preferred NADH to NADPH as a reducing substrate. PA1024 could reduce a broad spectrum of quinone substrates via a Ping Pong Bi Bi steady-state kinetic mechanism, generating the corresponding hydroquinones. The reductive half-reaction with NADH showed a kred value of 24 s-1 and an apparent Kd value estimated in the low micromolar range. The enzyme was not able to reduce the azo dye methyl red, routinely used in the kinetic characterization of azoreductases. Finally, we revisited and modified the existing six conserved motifs of PA1024, which define a new class of NADH:quinone reductases and are present in more than 490 hypothetical proteins in the GenBankTM, the vast majority of which are currently misannotated as nitronate monooxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giovanni Gadda
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965
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Kurade MB, Waghmode TR, Khandare RV, Jeon BH, Govindwar SP. Biodegradation and detoxification of textile dye Disperse Red 54 by Brevibacillus laterosporus and determination of its metabolic fate. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 121:442-9. [PMID: 26428603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioremediation is one of the milestones achieved by the biotechnological innovations. It is generating superior results in waste management such as removal of textile dyes, which are considered xenobiotic compounds and recalcitrant to biodegradation. In the present bioremedial approach, Brevibacillus laterosporus was used as an effective microbial tool to decolorize disperse dye Disperse Red 54 (DR54). Under optimized conditions (pH 7, 40°C), B. laterosporus led to 100% decolorization of DR54 (at 50 mg L(-1)) within 48 h. Yeast extract and peptone, supplemented in medium enhanced the decolorization efficiency of the bacterium. During the decolorization process, activities of enzymes responsible for decolorization, such as tyrosinase, veratryl alcohol oxidase and NADH--DCIP reductase were induced by 1.32-, 1.51- and 4.37-fold, respectively. The completely different chromatographic/spectroscopic spectrum of metabolites obtained after decolorization confirmed the biodegradation of DR54 as showed by High pressure liquid chromatography, High pressure thin layer chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy studies suggested the parent dye was biodegraded into simple final product, N-(1λ(3)-chlorinin-2-yl)acetamide. Phytotoxicity study suggested that the metabolites obtained after biodegradation of DR54 were non-toxic as compared to the untreated dye signifying the detoxification of the DR54 by B. laterosporus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur B Kurade
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Hangdang dong Sungdong Gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur 416004, MS, India
| | - Tatoba R Waghmode
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur 416004, MS, India; Department of Applied Life Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju 660-071, South Korea
| | - Rahul V Khandare
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur 416004, MS, India
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Hangdang dong Sungdong Gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Sanjay P Govindwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur 416004, MS, India.
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Kurade MB, Waghmode TR, Jadhav MU, Jeon BH, Govindwar SP. Bacterial–yeast consortium as an effective biocatalyst for biodegradation of sulphonated azo dye Reactive Red 198. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15834b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bacterial–yeast consortium (Brevibacillus laterosporusandGalactomyces geotrichum) acts as a proficient biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur B. Kurade
- Department of Biotechnology
- Shivaji University
- Kolhapur-416004
- India
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering
| | - Tatoba R. Waghmode
- Department of Biochemistry
- Shivaji University
- Kolhapur-416004
- India
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences
| | - Mital U. Jadhav
- Department of Microbiology
- Shivaji University
- Kolhapur-416004
- India
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul
- South Korea
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