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Khan AA, Garsa K, Jindal P, Devara PCS. Effects of stubble burning and firecrackers on the air quality of Delhi. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1170. [PMID: 37682385 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Every year at the onset of winter season (October-November), crop residue/parali/stubble burning starts in Punjab and Haryana, leading to heavy air pollution in Delhi, and adversely affecting human and environmental health. During this time, the combination of unfavourable meteorological conditions, additional emissions from stubble burning, and firework activities in this area causes the air quality to further deteriorate. In this study, we have attempted to understand the influence of parali and firecracker incidents on air pollutants' variability over Delhi during the last three years (2020 to 2022). For this purpose, daily average particulate matter and gaseous pollutants data were fetched from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), and daily total fire counts and fire radiative power (FRP) data were retrieved from NASA's Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS). A bigger area of severe burning is suggested by higher FRP values and higher fire counts in the middle of November in all the years considered. Three years satellite-based FIRMS data over Punjab and Haryana show the highest number of active fire counts in 2021 (n = 80,505) followed by 2020 (n = 75,428), and 2022 (n = 49,194). More than 90% parali burning incidents were observed in Punjab state only despite the considerable variability in numbers among the years. The significant effect of parali burning was seen on pollutant concentration variability. As the number of fire count increases or decreases in Punjab and Haryana, there is a corresponding increase or decrease in the particulate matter concentration with a time lag of few days (1 to 2 days). The trend in backward air mass trajectories suggests that the variable response time of pollutants' concentration is due to local and distant sources with different air mass speeds. Our estimates suggest that stubble burning contributes 50-75% increment in PM2.5 and 40 to 45% increase in PM10 concentration between October and November. A good positive correlation between PM2.5, PM10, NOX, and CO and fire counts (up to 0.8) suggests a strong influence of stubble burning on air quality over Delhi. Furthermore, the firecracker activities significantly increase the concentration of particulate matter with ~100% increment in PM2.5 and ~55% increment in PM10 mass concentrations for a relatively shorter period (1 to 2 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Amir Khan
- Amity Centre for Air Pollution Control (ACAPC) & Amity Centre for Ocean-Atmospheric Science and Technology (ACOAST), Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122412, India.
| | - Kalpana Garsa
- Amity Centre for Air Pollution Control (ACAPC) & Amity Centre for Ocean-Atmospheric Science and Technology (ACOAST), Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122412, India
| | - Prakhar Jindal
- Space System Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, Netherlands
| | - P C S Devara
- Amity Centre for Air Pollution Control (ACAPC) & Amity Centre for Ocean-Atmospheric Science and Technology (ACOAST), Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, 122412, India
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The Characterization of Haze and Dust Processes Using MAX-DOAS in Beijing, China. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13245133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Haze and dust pollution have a significant impact on human production, life, and health. In order to understand the pollution process, the study of these two pollution characteristics is important. In this study, a one-year observation was carried out at the Beijing Southern Suburb Observatory using the MAX-DOAS instrument, and the pollution characteristics of the typical haze and dust events were analyzed. First, the distribution of aerosol extinction (AE) and H2O concentrations in the two typical pollution events were studied. The results showed that the correlation coefficient (r) between H2O and AE at different heights decreased during dust processes and the correlation slope (|k|) increased, whereas r increased and |k| decreased during haze periods. The correlation slope increased during the dust episode due to low moisture content and increased O4 absorption caused by abundant suspended dry crustal particles, but decreased during the haze episode due to a significant increase of H2O absorption. Secondly, the gas vertical column density (VCD) indicated that aerosol optical depth (AOD) increased during dust pollution events in the afternoon, while the H2O VCD decreased; in haze pollution processes, both H2O VCD and AOD increased. There were significant differences in meteorological conditions during haze (wind speed (WD) was <2 m/s, and relative humidity (RH) was >60%) and dust pollution (WD was >4 m/s, and RH was <60%). Next, the vertical distribution characteristics of gases during the pollution periods were studied. The AE profile showed that haze pollution lasted for a long time and changed slowly, whereas the opposite was true for dust pollution. The pollutants (aerosols, NO2, SO2, and HCHO) and H2O were concentrated below 1 km during both these typical pollution processes, and haze pollution was associated with a strong temperature inversion around 1.0 km. Lastly, the water vapor transport fluxes showed that the water vapor transport from the eastern air mass had an auxiliary effect on haze pollution at the observation location. Our results are of significance for exploring the pollution process of tropospheric trace gases and the transport of water vapor in Beijing, and provide a basis for satellite and model verification.
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Kukfisz B, Piec R. The Fire and Explosion Hazard of Coloured Powders Used during the Holi Festival. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111090. [PMID: 34769610 PMCID: PMC8583402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the world-famous Holi festival, people throw and smear each other with a colored powder (Holi color, Holi powder, Gulal powder). Until now, adverse health and environmental effects (skin and eye irritation, air pollution, and respiratory problems) have been described in the available literature. However, the literature lacks data on the flammable and explosive properties of these powders during mass events, despite the fact that burns, fires, and explosions during the Holi festival have taken place many times. The aim of the article is to present the fire and explosion parameters of three currently used Holi dust and cornflour dust types as reference dust. The minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer and dust cloud, the maximum explosion pressure and its maximum rate of growth over time, the lower explosion limit, the limit of oxygen concentration, and the minimum ignition energy were determined. Tests confirmed that the currently available Holi powders should be classified as flammable dusts and low-explosive dusts. The likelihood of a fire or explosion during mass incidents involving a Holi dust-air mixture is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Kukfisz
- Main School of Fire Service, Faculty of Security Engineering and Civil Protection, 52/54 Słowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-607-634-559
| | - Robert Piec
- Main School of Fire Service, International Security Institute, 52/54 Słowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland;
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Ravindra K, Singh T, Sinha V, Sinha B, Paul S, Attri SD, Mor S. Appraisal of regional haze event and its relationship with PM 2.5 concentration, crop residue burning and meteorology in Chandigarh, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128562. [PMID: 33131738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution affects not only the air quality in megacities but also in medium and small-sized cities due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and other anthropogenic activities. From October 28, 2015 to November 3, 2015, the Indo-Gangetic Plains region, including Chandigarh encountered an episode of poor visibility during the daytime. The daily average PM2.5 concentration reached 191 μg/m3, and visibility reduced by ∼2.2 times in the Chandigarh region. PM2.5 concentration was found around 4 times higher than a non-haze day and more than 3 times higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standards for 24 h. A significant correlation between PM2.5 and CO (r: 0.87) during the haze period indicated similarity in their emission sources; which was attributed to the burning of solid organic matter. Further, satellite data and back-trajectory analysis of air masses showed large-scale rice stubble burning in the agricultural fields, adjoining to the city areas. The transboundary movement of air masses below 500 m and meteorological conditions played a major role in building the pollution load in the Chandigarh region. Moreover, the enhanced concentration of biomass burning tracers, i.e., organic carbon (∼3.8 times) and K+ ions (2∼ times) in PM2.5 and acetonitrile (∼2.3 times) in ambient air was observed during the haze event. The study demonstrates how regional emissions and meteorological conditions can affect the air quality in a city; which can be useful for proper planning and mitigation policies to minimize high air pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaiwal Ravindra
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Tanbir Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81 S.A.S. Nagar Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Baerbel Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81 S.A.S. Nagar Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Surender Paul
- Indian Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Chandigarh, 160037, India
| | - S D Attri
- Indian Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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A Study of the Levels of Some Toxic Substances present in Dry Holi Colours in Kolkata, India. Indian J Clin Biochem 2021; 37:206-211. [PMID: 35463105 PMCID: PMC8994014 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-021-00975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
'Holi' is an Indian festival with a great cultural context, that is celebrated across the world at the onset of spring by applying dry powder of vibrant colours on friends and family. In ancient times holi colours were prepared from different spring flowers, but in modern times, these natural colours have been replaced by commercial industrial dyes prepared by chemical processes. Even products that claim to use organic colours, use synthetic pigments to enhance the brightness of hues. Such synthetic holi colours are sold as herbal colours, in an unregulated manner, in local markets, and no checks can be enforced on the product composition. Also, the quality and the amount of information about the ingredients of the particular packets are missing. These colours sold in the local market often contain hazardous chemicals such as endotoxins, and heavy metals, like lead, potentially causing moderate to severe health problem. Holi colour samples were randomly collected from different sites in Kolkata, India. Red, pink, violet, green and yellow coloured powders were obtained. The powders were prepared and analysed for lead content by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric method. Analysis of endotoxin content of different holi colours was also performed by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test. The lead content was found to be almost 2 times higher in the holi colours, with yellow pigment having the highest concentration, than FDA Standard for maximum permissible limit in cosmetics, which was taken as a reference for safety limit of lead that is dermatologically applicable. The endotoxin levels are alarmingly high, with almost 35 times the FDA reference for dermatological safety limit. Special attention should be given to lead and endotoxin levels in holi colours as their consequences pose serious health threats. Therefore, quality control measures should be recommended for them, in par with products designed for long-term contact with the skin.
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Garg A, Gupta NC. Short-term variability on particulate and gaseous emissions induced by fireworks during Diwali celebrations for two successive years in outdoor air of an urban area in Delhi, India. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Huang Y, Wang L, Zhang S, Zhang M, Wang J, Cheng X, Li T, He M, Ni S. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of air pollution particles in eastern district of Chengdu. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2251-2263. [PMID: 31897871 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper systematically studied the mass concentration levels of PM2.5 and PM10 and obtained the morphological characteristics and components of the particles through scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and discussed the sources of the particles. Meanwhile, the health risk was evaluated according to the mass concentration of particulate matter. The results showed that the average annual PM2.5 and PM10 in the eastern part of Chengdu were 101.99 μg/m3 and 168.89 μg/m3, respectively, exceeding the national second-level average annual air quality standard (GB3095-2012). Both of them were the highest in winter and the lowest in summer and had a significant positive correlation. The atmospheric particles in the study area were mainly composed of fly ash particles, soot aggregates, mineral particles (sulfate mineral particles, carbonate mineral particles, etc.), which mainly came from coal burning, dust, automobile exhaust and secondary products. The results of the health risk assessment showed that the mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in the atmosphere of the eastern part of Chengdu exceeded the IT-1 target. The average annual air quality index was 185.84, and the air quality index was level 4, classified as medium pollution. PM10 and PM2.5 were both excessive pollutants, and PM10 was the primary pollutant. Relevant measures should be taken to control particulate matter sources to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu, China.
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China.
| | - Li Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Shipeng Zhang
- College of Geosciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Geosciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- College of Geosciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Geosciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Min He
- College of Geosciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Shijun Ni
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
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Chen T, Chu B, Ge Y, Zhang S, Ma Q, He H, Li SM. Enhancement of aqueous sulfate formation by the coexistence of NO 2/NH 3 under high ionic strengths in aerosol water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:236-244. [PMID: 31153028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Current air quality models usually underestimate the concentration of ambient air sulfate, but the cause of this underestimation remains unclear. One reason for the underestimation is that the sulfate formation mechanism in the models is incomplete, and does not adequately consider the impact of the synergistic effects of high concentrations of multiple pollutants on sulfate formation. In this work, the roles of gaseous NO2, NH3 and solution ionic strength in the formation of sulfate in the aqueous phase were quantitatively investigated using a glass reactor and a 30 m3 smog chamber, separately. The results showed that sulfate formation was enhanced to different degrees in the presence of gas-phase NO2, NH3 and their coexistence as solutes in both liquid solution and aerosol water. NH3 enhances the aqueous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 mainly by accelerating the uptake of SO2 through increased solubility. More importantly, we found that high ionic strength in aerosol water could significantly accelerate the aqueous oxidation of SO2, resulting in unexpectedly high S(VI) formation rates. We estimate that under severe haze conditions, heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 on aerosols may be much shorter than that through gas phase oxidation by OH, aided by high ionic strengths in aerosols. Considering the existence of complex air pollution conditions with high concentrations of NO2, NH3 and aerosol water, as expected in typical urban and suburban settings, the sulfate formation mechanisms revealed in the present work should be incorporated into air quality models to improve the prediction of sulfate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Yanli Ge
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H5T4, Canada
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Gupta SK, Elumalai SP. Dependence of urban air pollutants on morning/evening peak hours and seasons. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:572-590. [PMID: 30879121 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traffic emission is a major source of air pollution in urban cities of developing world. This paper shows dependence of traffic-related air pollutants in urban cities on morning/evening peak hours and winter/summer seasons. This research also shows the meteorological impact, such as temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (WS), on traffic-related air pollutants in urban cites. Based on the research output, the elevated level of PM concentration was observed between 1.8 and 6.7 times at all nearby roadway locations compared with background (IIT [ISM] campus). We have found 2.3, 2.4, 2.6 (morning) and 2.0, 2.1, and 2.1 (evening) times higher average PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations, respectively, in the winter than summer monitoring periods across all locations, due to the stable boundary layer, lower mixing height, and lower friction velocity. It is indicated that urban meteorology plays a crucial role in increasing or decreasing exposed pollutant concentrations in various microenvironments. The analysis of PM2.5/PM10 ratios was lower during whole campaign due to higher contribution of coarser particles generated by vehicles. During winter and summer seasons, 0.57 and 0.33 was observed, respectively. It is indicated that 57% and 33% of PM10 makes up PM2.5 particle, respectively. PM concentrations have showed a negative linear relationship with T and WS and positive relationship with RH in winter/summer seasons. Therefore, traffic and meteorology play a big role to increase or decrease in traffic-related air pollutants in urban air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
| | - Suresh Pandian Elumalai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
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Air pollution in India and related adverse respiratory health effects: past, present, and future directions. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2019; 24:108-116. [PMID: 29300211 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review describes current status of air pollution in India, summarizes recent research on adverse health effects of ambient and household air pollution, and outlines the ongoing efforts and future actions required to improve air quality and reduce morbidity and mortality because of air pollution in India. RECENT FINDINGS Global burden of disease data analysis reveals more than one million premature deaths attributable to ambient air pollution in 2015 in India. More than one million additional deaths can be attributed to household air pollution. Particulate matter with diameter 2.5 μm or less has been causatively linked with most premature deaths. Acute respiratory tract infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exacerbations of preexisting obstructive airway disease and lung cancer are proven adverse respiratory effects of air pollution. Targeting air quality standards laid by WHO can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality because of air pollution in India. SUMMARY India is currently exposed to high levels of ambient and household air pollutants. Respiratory adverse effects of air pollution are significant contributors to morbidity and premature mortality in India. Substantial efforts are being made at legislative, administrative, and community levels to improve air quality. However, much more needs to be done to change the 'status quo' and attain the target air quality standards. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/COPM/A24.
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Gupta A, Gautam S, Mehta N, Patel MK, Talatiya A. Association between changes in air quality and hospital admissions during the holi festival. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Li J, Xu T, Lu X, Chen H, Nizkorodov SA, Chen J, Yang X, Mo Z, Chen Z, Liu H, Mao J, Liang G. Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 53:184-195. [PMID: 28372743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode (100-500nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles (fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate (OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than 70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak (80SO3-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks (97HSO4-+96SO4-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Tingting Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan-Tyndall Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan-Tyndall Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhaoyu Mo
- Guangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Jingying Mao
- Guangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Guiyun Liang
- Guangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanning 530022, China
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Gao J, Woodward A, Vardoulakis S, Kovats S, Wilkinson P, Li L, Xu L, Li J, Yang J, Li J, Cao L, Liu X, Wu H, Liu Q. Haze, public health and mitigation measures in China: A review of the current evidence for further policy response. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:148-157. [PMID: 27842962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
With rapid economic development, China has been plagued by choking air pollution in recent years, and the frequent occurrence of haze episodes has caused widespread public concern. The purpose of this study is to describe the sources and formation of haze, summarize the mitigation measures in force, review the relationship between haze pollution and public health, and to discuss the challenges, potential research directions and policy options. Haze pollution has both natural and man-made causes, though it is anthropogenic sources that are the major contributors. Accumulation of air pollutants, secondary formation of aerosols, stagnant meteorological conditions, and trans-boundary transportation of pollutants are the principal causes driving the formation and evolution of haze. In China, haze includes gaseous pollutants and fine particles, of which PM2.5 is the dominant component. Short and long-term exposure to haze pollution are associated with a range of negative health outcomes, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, mental health problems, lung cancer and premature death. China has paid increasing attention to the improvement of air quality, and has introduced action plans and policies to tackle pollution, but many interventions have only temporary effects. There may be fierce resistance from industry groups and some government agencies, and often it is challenging to enforce relevant control measures and laws. We discuss the potential policy options for prevention, the need for wider public dialogue and the implications for scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Alistair Woodward
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, London, UK.
| | - Sari Kovats
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, WC1H 9SH London, UK.
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Public and Environmental Health Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, WC1H 9SH London, UK.
| | - Liping Li
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Lina Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Haixia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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14
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Lin CC. A review of the impact of fireworks on particulate matter in ambient air. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:1171-1182. [PMID: 27600288 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1219280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To determine the impact of fireworks (FW) and firecrackers (FC) on particulate matter (PM) in ambient air, we reviewed evidence related to ambient PM during FW/FC periods; specifically, PM concentration, size, morphology, chemical components, including water-soluble ions and trace metals, and associated human health risks caused by exposure to FW/FC PM were reviewed. A large body of research suggests that outdoor ambient PM levels increase significantly during FW/FC displays. Furthermore, FW/FC PM remains suspended in the air, contributing to high PM concentrations for a long period. Increased PM from burning FW and FC mainly comprises fine and ultrafine spherical particles. Elevated levels of various trace metals, ions, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and organics in PM are present during FW/FC periods. IMPLICATIONS Unique physical and chemical properties of ambient PM during short-term FW/FC burning can lead to a substantial increase in adverse health effects compared with during non-FW/FC periods. Further epidemiological and toxicological research into the potential health effects resulting from exposure to various pollutants from FW/FC is vital. Geographical distributions of PM concentrations during FW displays highlight the importance of implementing PM controls at the regional level and formulating stricter protective environmental legislation, particularly in Asian (e.g., India, China, or Taiwan) where festivals are not the only periods celebrated with FW/FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chi Lin
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , National University of Kaohsiung , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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15
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Bossmann K, Bach S, Höflich C, Valtanen K, Heinze R, Neumann A, Straff W, Süring K. Holi colours contain PM10 and can induce pro-inflammatory responses. J Occup Med Toxicol 2016; 11:42. [PMID: 27617025 PMCID: PMC5018189 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-016-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At Holi festivals, originally celebrated in India but more recently all over the world, people throw coloured powder (Holi powder, Holi colour, Gulal powder) at each other. Adverse health effects, i.e. skin and ocular irritations as well as respiratory problems may be the consequences. The aim of this study was to uncover some of the underlying mechanisms. Methods We analysed four different Holi colours regarding particle size using an Electric field cell counting system. In addition, we incubated native human cells with different Holi colours and determined their potential to induce a pro-inflammatory response by quantifying the resulting cytokine production by means of ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and the resulting leukocyte oxidative burst by flow cytometric analysis. Moreover, we performed the XTT (2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) and Propidium iodide cytotoxicity tests and we measured the endotoxin content of the Holi colour samples by means of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test (LAL test). Results We show here that all tested Holi colours consist to more than 40 % of particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm, so called PM10 particles (PM, particulate matter). Two of the analysed Holi powders contained even more than 75 % of PM10 particles. Furthermore we demonstrate in cell culture experiments that Holi colours can induce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-6 (Interleukine-6) and IL-1β (Interleukine-1β). Three out of the four analysed colours induced a significantly higher cytokine response in human PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) and whole blood than corn starch, which is often used as carrier substance for Holi colours. Moreover we show that corn starch and two Holi colours contain endotoxin and that certain Holi colours display concentration dependent cytotoxic effects in higher concentration. Furthermore we reveal that in principle Holi colours and corn starch are able to generate an oxidative burst in human granulocytes and monocytes. In Holi colour 1 we detected a fungal contamination. Conclusions Some of the observed unwanted health effects of Holi colours might be explained by the high content of PM10 particles in conjunction with the possible induction of a pro-inflammatory response and an oxidative leukocyte burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bossmann
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Bach
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Conny Höflich
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerttu Valtanen
- Microbiological Risk Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Heinze
- Toxicology of drinking water, Federal Environment Agency, Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, 08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - Anett Neumann
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Straff
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Süring
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Behera SN, Sharma M. Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric particulate carbon fractions and identification of secondary sources at urban sites in North India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13464-13476. [PMID: 25940490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An intensive measurement campaign was undertaken to characterize eight fractions of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in particulate matter (PM) at four urban sites with different pollution characteristics during summer, post-monsoon, and winter at Kanpur, India. Speciation samplers were used to collect particulate samples on quartz filters followed by analysis of OC and EC using Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE)-based thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method. Based on 24-h average results at each site, the highest levels of OC and EC were observed during winter as 96.7 ± 26.9 and 31.8 ± 9.8 μg/m(3) at residential site and traffic site, respectively. The levels of OC at residential sites during winter appeared to be more than twice of that during summer. The site close to the road traffic had the least value of OC/EC, as 1.77 ± 0.28 during post-monsoon, and the site influenced by emissions of domestic cooking and heating had the highest value of OC/EC, as 4.05 ± 0.79 during winter. The average abundances of OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, OP, EC1, EC2, and EC3 in total carbon (TC) at all sites for three seasons were 10.03, 19.04, 20.03, 12.32, 10.53, 33.39, 3.21, and 1.99 %, respectively. A sharp increase in levels of OC1 and EC1-OP during winter at two residential sites revealed that biomass burning could be a significant contributor to carbonaceous aerosols. From the application of EC-tracer method, it was observed that contribution of secondary organic carbon (SOC) to PM mass increased from 5 % during post-monsoon to 16 % during winter at residential sites and from 2 % during post-monsoon to 7 % during winter at traffic sites. Therefore, it could be inferred that increase in primary emissions coupled with unfavorable meteorological conditions could cause particle agglomeration and hygroscopic growth, leading to unpleasant pollution episode during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh N Behera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore,
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Nirmalkar J, Deb MK, Deshmukh DK, Tsai YI, Verma SK. Molecular markers in ambient aerosol in the Mahanadi Riverside Basin of eastern central India during winter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1220-1231. [PMID: 25131681 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecular markers are important atmospheric constituents. Their formation and sources are important aspects of the study of urban and rural air quality. We collected PM10 aerosol samples from the Mahanadi Riverside Basin (MRB), a rural part of eastern central India, during the winter of 2011. PM10 aerosols were characterized for molecular markers using ion chromatography. The concentration of PM10 ranged from 208.8 to 588.3 μg m(-3) with a mean concentration of 388.9 μg m(-3). Total concentration of anhydrosugars, sugar alcohols, primary sugars, and oxalate were found to be 3.25, 5.60, 10.52, and 0.37 μg m(-3), respectively, during the study period. Glucose was the most abundant species followed by levoglucosan and mannitol. Significant positive correlation between the molecular markers, anhydrosugars, sugar alcohols, primary sugars, and oxalic acid confirmed that biomass burning, biogenic activity, and re-suspension of soil particles were the main sources of aerosol in the eastern central India study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Nirmalkar
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, India
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