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Sakin AE, Mert C, Tasdemir Y. PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in olive oil during the fruit ripening period of olive fruits. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1739-1755. [PMID: 35635681 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Because of their possible carcinogenic effects, it is crucial to determine levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in olive oils. However, there are a few studies about these pollutants' levels in olive oils and no other studies reported PAHs, PCBs and OCPs at the same time and during the ripening period of olives in olive oils. A modified clean-up technique was successfully applied for eliminating lipidic components. Additionally, this study does not just report the concentrations of these pollutants but also inspects the sources depending on the actual sampling site. Also, PCBs and OCPs carcinogenic risks in olive oil were reported for the first time in the literature. This study aims to present levels, carcinogenic risks, sources and concentration changes during the ripening period of these pollutants in olive oil. For this purpose, fruit samples for oil extraction were collected between the beginning of the fruit ripening and harvest period. Obtained olive oils from the fruits were extracted and cleaned up using the QuEChERS method. GC-MS and GC-ECD were used for the quantitative analysis of the targeted pollutants. The average concentrations for ∑16PAHs, ∑37PCBs and ∑10OCPs were 222.48 ± 133.76 μg/kg, 58.26 ± 21.64 μg/kg and 25.48 ± 19.55 μg/kg, respectively. During the harvest period, the concentrations were in a decreasing trend. Calculated carcinogenic risks were above acceptable limits for all groups and traffic, wood-coal burning, atmospheric transport and previous uses were the main sources. Results of the source determination indicated that some possible sources could be prevented with regulations and precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Egemen Sakin
- Science and Technology Application and Research Centre BITUAM, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cevriye Mert
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey.
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Ndayishimiye JC, Lin T, Nyirabuhoro P, Zhang G, Zhang W, Mazei Y, Ganjidoust H, Yang J. Decade-scale change in testate amoebae community primarily driven by anthropogenic disturbance than natural change in a large subtropical reservoir. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147026. [PMID: 33894610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the extent of human activities leading to an influx of chemical pollutants that cause substantial environmental transformations is the focus of much ongoing research. In this study, we present a multi-proxy record based on a sediment core from a large subtropical reservoir (Xinfengjiang Reservoir) in south China with an emphasis on the changes in testate amoebae community, in combination with sedimentological (radioactivity, physicochemistry, nutrient and organochlorine pesticides) and climatological (air temperature and precipitation) data over the last three decades. Twenty-seven testate amoebae species belonging to seven genera (Arcella, Centropyxis, Cyclopyxis, Difflugia, Netzelia, Euglypha and Pseudodifflugia) were observed. Species richness, abundance and biomass of testate amoebae were in ranges of 18-26 species, 616-825 ind. ml-1 and 9.0-19.4 μg C ml-1, respectively. Two development stages of the reservoir, dated to 1978-1993 (stage 1) and 1993-2006 (stage 2), were distinguished based on testate amoebae communities. Stage 1 was characterized by elevated dry bulk density, carbon-to‑nitrogen ratio and p,p'-DDE in the sediment core and an impact of nitrogen and sulfur deficiency on testate amoebae. Stage 2 was marked by a decrease of dry bulk density, elevated concentrations of aluminum, iron and carbon, low carbon-to‑nitrogen ratio and organochlorine pesticides, fluctuations in rainfall on shorter and yearly timescales, and a stronger influence of the organochlorine pesticides on testate amoebae. Testate amoebae community change and the identified two-stage development were consistent with atmospheric deposition of organochlorine pesticides from anthropogenic sources inside and outside the reservoir watershed, nutrient influx and sediment physicochemistry. The testate amoebae community dynamics and a strong community-environment relationship in stage 2 were linked with non-random patterns in the biotic neighborhoods of species (deterministic processes). The results suggest a stronger impact of anthropogenic disturbance than natural environmental change on testate amoebae community variation of Xinfengjiang Reservoir over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Ndayishimiye
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pascaline Nyirabuhoro
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuri Mazei
- M V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia; A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russsian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Ave. 33, Moscow 117071, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, International University Park Road 1, Dayun New Town, Longgang District, Shenzhen 517182, China
| | - Hossein Ganjidoust
- Environmental Engineering Division, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.Box 14115-397, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Cindoruk SS, Sakin AE, Tasdemir Y. Levels of persistent organic pollutants in pine tree components and ambient air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113418. [PMID: 31732286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pine needles are employed as alternative biomonitoring agents in atmospheric studies. In this study, pine (Pinus Pinea) components (needles and branches) and air samples were collected simultaneously to monitor polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from Gemlik, Turkey between January and December 2016. The relationship between ambient air and pine needles were examined to enlighten the usability of pine components as passive samplers for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Marmara region. Average ∑14PAH concentrations for the ambient air, pine needles, and pine branches were 23.1 ± 18.3 ng/m3, 626 ± 306 ng/g DW and 548 ± 261 ng/g DW respectively. PCB concentrations were 118 ± 74 pg/m3, 7.5 ± 2.1 ng/g DW and 6.8 ± 2.9 ng/g DW and ∑10 OCP concentrations were 122 ± 89 ng/m3,1.3 ± 1.5 ng/g DW and 10.0 ± 3.8 ng/g DW in the same order. Levels of PAHs and PCBs were higher in needles than branches. PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations in pine components tended to decrease with increasing temperatures in spring. PAH compounds with medium and light molecular weighted ones were found to be dominant. On the other hand, the predominant PCB components were the medium-weighted congeners while γ-HCH, Heptachlor endo. Epox. Iso A, endrin aldehyde, and methoxychlor were the dominant OCP species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sıddık Cindoruk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
| | - A Egemen Sakin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
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Zhan L, Lin T, Cheng H, Wang Z, Cheng Z, Zhou D, Qin Z, Zhang G. Atmospheric deposition and air-soil exchange of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a background site in Central China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31934-31944. [PMID: 31489547 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Jinsha (JSH) is one of the regional background sites in Central China. In this study, eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in atmospheric deposition samples (dry particle, wet particle, and wet dissolved), air (gaseous and particle) samples, and soil samples that were collected from March 2012 to March 2013. Of all eight PBDEs, BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in both deposition samples and air/soil samples. Average dry particle, wet particle, and wet dissolved deposition fluxes of Σ8PBDEs were 270 ± 310 pg m-2 day-1, 130 ± 210 pg m-2 day-1, and 250 ± 330 pg m-2 day-1, respectively, while those of BDE-209 were 210 ± 290 pg m-2 day-1, 80 ± 120 pg m-2 day-1, and 160 ± 290 pg m-2 day-1, respectively. Dry deposition velocities of individual PBDE ranged from 0.11 ± 0.15 cm s-1 (BDE-183) to 0.24 ± 0.38 cm s-1 (BDE-209), and total washout ratios ranged from 5.0 × 103 (BDE-28) to 4.2 × 104 (BDE-209). The calculated net air-soil gas exchange flux of Σ8PBDEs was - 16 ± 13 pg m-2 day-1, suggesting the deposition status of PBDEs. The gas exchange flux at the air-soil interface was significantly lower than the deposition flux, which only accounted for 2.5% of the total deposition flux, implying that atmospheric deposition was an important input pathway for PBDEs to soils. Overall, the pollution level of the soil was relatively low, and the soil serves as a sink for PBDEs from adjacent regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Zhan
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, International Cooperation Base for Sustainable Utilization of Resources and Energy in Hubei Province, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, International Cooperation Base for Sustainable Utilization of Resources and Energy in Hubei Province, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume & Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Zuwu Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, International Cooperation Base for Sustainable Utilization of Resources and Energy in Hubei Province, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Deng Zhou
- Meteorological Bureau of Xianning, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Zhengxin Qin
- Meteorological Bureau of Xianning, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Rainwater Harvesting for Drinking Water Production: A Sustainable and Cost-Effective Solution in The Netherlands? WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of people want to reduce their environmental footprint by using harvested rainwater as a source for drinking water. Moreover, implementing rainwater harvesting (RWH) enables protection against damage caused by increasing precipitation frequency and intensity, which is predicted for Western Europe. In this study, literature data on rainwater quality were reviewed, and based on Dutch climatological data the usable quantity of rainwater in the Netherlands was calculated. For two specific cases, (1) a densely populated city district and (2) a single house in a rural area, the total costs of ownership (TCO) for decentralized drinking water supply from harvested rainwater was calculated, and a life cycle assessment (LCA) was made. For the single house it was found that costs were very high (€60–€110/m3), and the environmental impact would not decrease. For the city district, costs would be comparable to the present costs of centralized drinking water production and supply, but the environmental benefit is negligible (≤1‰). Furthermore, it was found that the amount of rainwater that can be harvested in the city district only covers about 50% of the demand. It was concluded that the application of rainwater harvesting for drinking water production in the Netherlands is not economically feasible.
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Eker G, Tasdemir Y. Atmospheric Deposition of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs): Species, Levels, Diurnal and Seasonal Fluctuations, Transfer Velocities. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:625-633. [PMID: 30242730 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the persistent organic pollutants class are pollutants that can enter water reservoirs, soils, and sediments by atmospheric deposition. The aim of the present study was to determine the total atmospheric deposition fluxes of OCPs in a semi-rural area in Bursa, Turkey. Total deposition fluxes, phase distributions, dry deposition velocities and mass transfer coefficients were calculated in the samples collected during day and night periods. Ambient air OCP samples were also taken simultaneously. Samples were analyzed for 9 OCP compounds (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane; heptachlor epoxide; endrin; endosulfan beta; endrin aldehyde; and methoxychlor). OCPs were found predominantly in gas and dissolved phases in all seasons for the ambient air and deposition samples, respectively. The annual maximum averages of deposition fluxes for dissolved and particulate phases for the beta-HCH compound were 200.2 ng/m2-day and 28.6 ng/m2-day, respectively. The average dry deposition velocity and mass transfer coefficient values calculated for OCPs were 4.6 ± 5.5 cm/s and 0.46 ± 0.37 cm/s, respectively, and these values were in line with the values in the literature. In the nighttime and daytime samples, the average deposition fluxes of OCP compounds in the dissolved phase were 1.5-10 times higher than those in the particulate phase. Although there were no great differences in daytime and nighttime samples, it was found that the flux values during daytime periods were sometimes higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Eker
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yucel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey.
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