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Machado RM, da Silva SW, Bernardes AM, Ferreira JZ. Degradation of carbendazim in aqueous solution by different settings of photochemical and electrochemical oxidation processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 310:114805. [PMID: 35240565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the performance of photochemical and electrochemical techniques in the degradation and mineralization of the pesticide carbendazim (CBZ). Direct photolysis (DP), heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP), photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), and electrochemical oxidation (EO) were tested, and the influence of UV radiation, current density (j), and supporting electrolyte concentration were evaluated. The results suggest that CBZ is only degraded by DP when UV-C254nm is used. For HP, the CBZ degradation was observed both when UV-A365nm or UV-C254nm were used, which is related to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed by the photocatalytic activity (photon-ROS). Neither DP nor HP were able to mineralize CBZ, demonstrating its resistance to photomediated processes. For EO, regardless of the j, there were higher CBZ degradation and mineralization than those observed when using DP and HP. The increase in the supporting electrolyte concentration (Na2SO4) did not affect the levels of degradation and mineralization of CBZ. Concerning the PEC, a CBZ mineralization of 52.2% was accomplished. These findings demonstrate that the EO is the main pathway for CBZ mineralization, suggesting an additional effect of the electro-ROS on the photon-ROS and UV-C254nm. The values of mineralization, kinetics, and half-life show that PEC UV-C254nm with a j of 15 mA cm-2 was the best setting for the degradation and mineralization of CBZ. However, when the values of specific energy consumption were considered for industrial applications, the use of EO with a j of 3 mA cm-2 and 4 g L-1 of Na2SO2 becomes more attractive. The assessment of by-products formed after this best cost-efficient treatment setting revealed the presence of aromatic and aliphatic compounds from CBZ degradation. Acute phytotoxicity results showed that the presence of sodium sulfate can be a representative factor regarding the toxicity of samples treated in electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Machado
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Ps-graduao em Engenharia de Minas, Metalrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Av. Bento Gonalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - S W da Silva
- UFRGS - Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - A M Bernardes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Ps-graduao em Engenharia de Minas, Metalrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Av. Bento Gonalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - J Z Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Ps-graduao em Engenharia de Minas, Metalrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Av. Bento Gonalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Limmun W, Ishikawa N, Momotori J, Terasaki M, Sato T, Kikuchi K, Sasamoto M, Umita T, Ito A. Degradation of the endocrine-disrupting 4-nonylphenol by ferrate(VI): biodegradability and toxicity evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:18882-18890. [PMID: 34705206 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an endocrine-disrupting and persistent chemical and is partially degraded in conventional wastewater treatment processes. Ferrate(VI) can be used as an environment-friendly oxidizing agent to mediate 4-NP degradation. Thus, this paper evaluates the biodegradability of 4-NP and its degradation products after the addition of ferrate(VI). The biodegradability was examined using NP labeled with 14C as a tracer and activated sludge microorganisms as an inoculum. The addition of ferrate(VI) to the 4-NP solution spiked with the tracer resulted in no remarkable decrease in the concentration of 14C, indicating incomplete mineralization of 4-NP and formation of degradation products. The degradation products from 4-NP with Fe(VI) were estimated based on mass spectra, which detected a unique peak at m/z 223 at low intensity. Four hydrogen atoms might have been added to 4-NP by degradation with Fe(VI). In addition, the effect of ferrate(VI) concentration on the estrogenic activity of 4-NP in an aqueous solution was investigated using a yeast bioassay. The results show that estrogenic activity was significantly decreased at a mass ratio of Fe(VI) to 4-NP greater than or equal to 2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warunee Limmun
- Department of Frontier Matters and Function Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
- Department of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, 17/1, Chumko, Pathio, Chumphon, 86160, Thailand
| | - Nao Ishikawa
- Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of System Innovation Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Jin Momotori
- Division of Regional Development and Creativity, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Masanori Terasaki
- Department of Regional Policy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takumu Sato
- Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of System Innovation Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kikuchi
- Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of System Innovation Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasamoto
- Technical Office, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Umita
- Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of System Innovation Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ito
- Course of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of System Innovation Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan.
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Wohlmuth da Silva S, Arenhart Heberle AN, Pereira Santos A, Siqueira Rodrigues MA, Pérez-Herranz V, Moura Bernardes A. Antibiotics mineralization by electrochemical and UV-based hybrid processes: evaluation of the synergistic effect. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:3456-3466. [PMID: 29770731 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1478453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are not efficiently removed in conventional wastewater treatments. In fact, different advanced oxidation process (AOPs), including ozone, peroxide, UV radiation, among others, are being investigated in the elimination of microcontaminants. Most of AOPs proved to be efficient on the degradation of antibiotics, but the mineralization is on the one hand not evaluated or on the other hand not high. At this work, the UV-based hybrid process, namely Photo-assisted electrochemical oxidation (PEO), was applied, aiming the mineralization of microcontaminants such as the antibiotics Amoxicillin (AMX), Norfloxacin (NOR) and Azithromycin (AZI). The influence of the individual contributions of electrochemical oxidation (EO) and the UV-base processes on the hybrid process (PEO) was analysed. Results showed that AMX and NOR presented higher mineralization rate under direct photolysis than AZI due to the high absorption of UV radiation. For the EO processes, a low mineralization was found for all antibiotics, what was associated to a mass-transport limitation related to the low concentration of contaminants (200 µg/L). Besides that, an increase in mineralization was found, when heterogeneous photocatalysis and EO are compared, due to the influence of UV radiation, which overcomes the mass-transport limitations. Although the UV-based processes control the reaction pathway that leads to mineralization, the best results to mineralize the antibiotics were achieved by PEO hybrid process. This can be explained by the synergistic effect of the processes that constitute them. A higher mineralization was achieved, which is an important and useful finding to avoid the discharge of microcontaminants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salatiel Wohlmuth da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brasil
- Grupo IEC. Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Nuclear, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - Alan Nelson Arenhart Heberle
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brasil
| | - Alexia Pereira Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brasil
| | | | - Valentín Pérez-Herranz
- Grupo IEC. Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Nuclear, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - Andréa Moura Bernardes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , Brasil
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