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Xiong Z, Wang H, Li J, Liao R, Mai H, Guan C, Guo Z, Yang S, Chen Y, Liu B, Liu T, Li H, Ding W, Zeng Y, Ma H. Probing Individual Particles in Aquatic Suspensions by Simultaneously Measuring Polarized Light Scattering and Fluorescence. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:416. [PMID: 34821632 PMCID: PMC8616012 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Suspended particles play a significant role in aquatic systems. However, existing methods to probe suspended particles have several limitations. In this paper, we present a portable prototype to in situ probe individual particles in aquatic suspensions by simultaneously measuring polarized light scattering and fluorescence, aiming to obtain an effective classification of microplastics and microalgae. Results show that the obtained classification accuracy is significantly higher than that for either of these two methods. The setup also successfully measures submicron particles and discriminates two species of Synechococcus. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneously measuring polarized light scattering and fluorescence, and the promising capability of our method for further aquatic environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Xiong
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.X.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.C.); (T.L.)
- Department of Photoelectric Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.M.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (W.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongjian Wang
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.X.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Jiajin Li
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.X.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.C.); (T.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ran Liao
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.X.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.C.); (T.L.)
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Haoji Mai
- Department of Photoelectric Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.M.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (W.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Caizhong Guan
- Department of Photoelectric Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.M.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (W.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhiming Guo
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.X.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Shangpan Yang
- Department of Photoelectric Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.M.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (W.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.X.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Biwang Liu
- Department of Photoelectric Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.M.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (W.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.X.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Hongyi Li
- Department of Photoelectric Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.M.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (W.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenzheng Ding
- Department of Photoelectric Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.M.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (W.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yaguang Zeng
- Department of Photoelectric Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.M.); (C.G.); (S.Y.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (W.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Ma
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Jwa MY, Ko EB, Kim HY, Kim SK, Jeong S, Seo HS, Yun CH, Han SH. Gamma-irradiation-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae potently induces the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in human bronchial epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:38-46. [PMID: 30114464 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major respiratory pathogen that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Although capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines are commercially available, there is a need for broad-spectrum, serotype-independent, and cost-effective vaccines. Recently, an intranasal vaccine formulated with gamma-irradiated nonencapsulated S. pneumoniae whole cells has been developed and its immunogenicity is under investigation. Since innate immunity influences the subsequent adaptive immunity, in the present study, we investigated the immunostimulatory activity of gamma-irradiated S. pneumoniae (r-SP) in the human bronchial epithelial cell-line, BEAS-2B, by comparing with heat-inactivated S. pneumoniae (h-SP) and formalin-inactivated S. pneumoniae (f-SP). r-SP potently induced interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas h-SP and f-SP poorly induced them. Of note, the mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were approximately two-fold higher when cells were stimulated with 3 × 107 CFU/ml of r-SP for 3 h, while the protein levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were approximately five-fold higher after stimulation with 3 × 107 CFU/ml of r-SP for 24 h. Furthermore, r-SP exhibited potent activation of Toll-like receptor 2 compared with h-SP or f-SP. The expression of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by r-SP was mediated through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Remarkably, when r-SP was further treated with heat or formalin, there was a decrease in the aforementioned activities. Taken together, we suggest that r-SP stimulates the human respiratory epithelial cells to produce the cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, which might influence the induction of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yong Jwa
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Byeol Ko
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kyung Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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