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Li Y, Chen Y, Fu C, Han S, Zhang Y, Li H, Lv J, Wang S. Enhancement of sludge dewaterability using combined technology of bioleaching and Fenton: Microscopic structure and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of sludge particles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 367:122089. [PMID: 39102785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Bioleaching and Fenton technology are commonly used preconditioning techniques for sludge dewatering. This study compared the dewatering mechanisms of different conditioning technologies. The results showed that bound water, specific resistance to filtration (SRF), and capillary suction time decreased from 3.95 g/g, 6.16 × 1012 m/kg, and 130.6 s to 3.15 g/g, 2.81 × 1011 m/kg, and 33 s, respectively, under combined treatment condition. Moreover, the free radicals, including ·OH, O2-·and Fe (Ⅳ), further damaged the cell structure, thus increasing the concentration of DNA in the S-EPS layer. This intense degradation sludge particle size decreased by 15.6% and significantly increased zeta potential. Under the combined technology, the α-helix and β-sheet decreased by 42.2% and 56.5%, respectively, destabilizing the spatial structure of proteins and promoting the release of bound water. In addition, the combined technology decreased (Ala/Lys) ratio in the TB-EPS layer by 67.6%, indicating the weakening of protein water-holding capacity. Moreover, the conversion of oxygen-containing compounds to nonpolar hydrocarbons increased the hydrophobicity of the sludge under a combined treatment, thus enhancing dewatering performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbei Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Yiwen Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Chunyan Fu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Shuyue Han
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Hailong Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jinghua Lv
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Shipeng Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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Yang J, Zhu X, Ai Z, Leng L, Li H. Deep dewatering of refinery oily sludge by Fenton oxidation and its potential influence on the upgrading of oil phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27773-w. [PMID: 37243768 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient dewatering is essential to the reduction and reclamation disposal of oily sludge, which is a waste from the extraction, transportation, and refining of crude oil. How to effectively break the water/oil emulsion is a paramount challenge for dewatering of oily sludge. In this work, a Fenton oxidation approach was adopted for the dewatering of oily sludge. The results show that the oxidizing free radicals originated from Fenton agent effectively tailored the native petroleum hydrocarbon compounds into smaller organic molecules, hence destructing the colloidal structure of oily sludge and decreasing the viscosity as well. Meanwhile, the zeta potential of oily sludge was increased, implying the decrease of repulsive electrostatic force to realize easy coalescence of water droplets. Thus, the steric and electrostatic barriers which restrained the coalescence of dispersed water droplets in water/oil emulsion were removed. With these advantages, the Fenton oxidation approach derived the significant decrease of water content, in which 0.294 kg water was removed from per kilogram oily sludge under the optimal operation condition (i.e., pH value of 3, solid-liquid ratio of 1:10, Fe2+ concentration of 0.4 g/L and H2O2/Fe2+ ratio of 10:1, and reaction temperature of 50 °C). In addition, the quality of oil phase was upgraded after Fenton oxidation treatment accompanying with the degradation of native organic substances in oily sludge, and the heating value of oily sludge was increased from 8680 to 9260 kJ·kg-1, which would facilitate to the subsequent thermal conversion like pyrolysis or incineration. Such results demonstrate that the Fenton oxidation approach is efficient for the dewatering as well as the upgrading of oily sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Yang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zejian Ai
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Lijian Leng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hailong Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Das C, Ghosh NN, Pulhani V, Biswas G, Singhal P. Bio-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for cost-effective adsorption of U(vi): experimental and theoretical investigation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15015-15023. [PMID: 37200695 PMCID: PMC10187032 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00799e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
U(vi) removal using cost-effective (production cost: $14.03 per kg), biocompatible, and superparamagnetic Cinnamomum tamala (CT) leaf extract-coated magnetite nanoparticles (CT@MNPs or CT@Fe3O4 nanoparticles) from water resources was studied. From pH-dependent experiments, the maximum adsorption efficiency was found to be at pH 8. Isotherm and kinetic studies were performed and found to follow Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of CT@MNPs was calculated to be 45.5 mg of U(vi) per g of nanoparticles (NPs). Recyclability studies suggest that over 94% sorption was retained even after four consecutive cycles. The sorption mechanism was explained by the point of the zero-charge experiment and the XPS measurement. Additionally, calculations using density functional theory (DFT) were carried out to support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University Cooch Behar West Bengal India 736101
| | | | - Vandana Pulhani
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400085 India 91-22-2550-5313 91-22-2559-2349
| | - Goutam Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University Cooch Behar West Bengal India 736101
| | - Pallavi Singhal
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400085 India 91-22-2550-5313 91-22-2559-2349
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Hua B, Zhao S, Li F. Combined conditioning of inorganic coagulant and polyamine to improve the dewaterability of municipal sludge, minimize dosage and reduce the influence of filtrate. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:1600-1615. [PMID: 37051785 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Efficient dewatering of sludge is necessary for its cost-effective transportation and final disposal. However, the common method of using polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyacrylamide (PAM) requires a large amount of dosage and produces high iron ion content in the filtrate. This study examined a solution of applying polyamine (PA) coupled with inorganic coagulant PFS. The results demonstrated that using PFS + PA together could achieve the same or similar filtering rates as using PFS + PAM. The capillary suction time (CST) of PFS + PA (89.0 s) was equivalent to that of PFS (75.1 s) and better than that of PA (117.1 s) and raw sludge (RS, 403.8 s). Compared with PFS + PAM, the combination of PFS and PA efficiently removed Fe ions and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in sludge water content, with Fe ions in the sludge filtrate reduced by 97.8% and COD reduced by 78.9%, respectively. By analyzing the basic physicochemical properties of the sludge system, including the synergistic effect of coagulation and flocculation, sludge hydrolysis and flocculation, it indicated that PA + PFS could reduce bound water. These results demonstrated that combining PFS and PA to improve sludge dewatering performance is more beneficial than utilizing a coagulant or flocculant alone, even PFS + PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolv Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail: ; ; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Runyang Yueda Century Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224007, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail: ; ; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail: ; ; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China; Present address: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Shi Z, Pi K, Huang X, Shi Y, Chen Z, Tang R, Hu Z, Gerson AR, Liu D. Enhanced dewater efficiency for river sediment by top-to-bottom water transmitting channels with different materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29228-29238. [PMID: 32436088 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Artificial top-to-bottom water transmitting channels made of threads of wool blend (WT), cotton (CT), flax (FT), and polyethylene (PET) were used to enhance the dewater efficiency for river sediment. In addition, the disordered channels composed of 3-mm-long WT segments mixed randomly into the river sediment were also employed. The most effective dewatering channels were found to be top-to-bottom WT channels with water absorption capacity of 8.7 ± 0.5 g · g-1 and volume compressibility of 2.94 ± 0.11. On the application of 0.1 MPa pressure to the mud surface, with initial water content of 60.0 ± 0.2 wt%, the water content obtained with channel material weight 0.411 wt% dry solids and channel to a mud cake height ratio of 0.95 upon 90-min dewatering was 39.6 ± 0.7 wt% with enhanced dewaterability, compared to that without channel addition, of 74.9 ± 0.9 kg · kg-1 · h-1. Using the same parameters, enhanced dewaterability was only 69.1 ± 0.3, 55.2 ± 2.8, and 9.1 ± 0.9 kg · kg-1 · h-1 for CT, FT, and PET channels, respectively. Moreover, the final water content of the mud cake dewatered in the presence of disordered WT channels at dosage 1.10 wt% was 49.8 ± 0.7 wt% with enhanced dewaterability of 5.9 ± 0.5 kg · kg-1 · h-1 only. These demonstrate that the compressibility of the water transmitting material is the main factor affecting dewatering efficiency with the water absorption capacity also being important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Shi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Kewu Pi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China.
| | - Xuanming Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Ziwen Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Ruyu Tang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Zehui Hu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Andrea R Gerson
- Blue Minerals Consultancy, Wattle Grove, Tasmania, 7109, Australia
| | - Defu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
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Influence of Digested Sludge Conditioning on the Dewatering Processes and the Quality of Sludge Liquid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/eces-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To increase the dewatering effect, sewage sludge should be properly prepared before dewatering. Sludge conditioning is a process whereby sludge solids are treated with chemicals or various other means to improve dewatering characteristics of the sludge by reducing the specific resistance and compressibility of the sludge. The aim of the research was to determine the possibility of increasing the efficiency of sewage sludge dewatering by applying chemical agents and ultrasonic field. Some parameters, such as suspension, chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen content in sludge supernatant, were also analysed. Digested sludge belonged to the group of hardly dewatered sludge, its capillary suction time (CST) was of high value (2639 s). The lowest CST value (88.5 s) was obtained for the unsonicated sludge prepared only with PIX 113 at a dose of 7.0 mg/g d.m. Both the dose and the type of chemicals used, as well as the time of sonication, had an impact on the changes occurring in sludge properties. The increase in mechanical dewatering efficiency was obtained by using a combination of methods applied for sludge preparation, where the sonication of sludge was used at the preliminary stage and followed by dosing chemical substances. This resulted in the reduction of sludge final hydration and changes of other parameters. In addition, combined action of PIX 113 and Zetag 8180 allowed to reduce the content of suspended solids and COD in sludge supernatant.
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Ramachandra RH, Devatha CP. Experimental investigation on sludge dewatering using granulated blast furnace slag as skeleton material. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11870-11881. [PMID: 31981030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07614-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The highly compressible nature of sludge and the presence of colloidal particles cause difficulties in sludge dewatering. Reducing the moisture content in secondary sludge is a key factor in reducing the capital costs, operational costs, and transportation costs in wastewater management. This investigation concerned the combined utilization of quicklime and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) to improve sludge dewatering. The experimental work included the initial characterization of the sludge and granulated blast furnace slag and evaluation of the dewatering ability of the treated sludge (CST, moisture content, turbidity, zeta potential, and heavy metal and biopolymer contents). Optimization using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was carried out with various operational parameters, and the best performance was found to be at a pH of 10.2, a dose of 0.34 g/g DS, and a contact time of 14 min. A characterization study was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with EDS, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the structural features (dense), elemental composition, and the presence of different functional groups. Hence, this study concluded that the use of quicklime with granulated blast furnace slag is suitable for conditioning during sludge dewatering. Graphical abstract.
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9
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George G, Saravanakumar MP. Facile synthesis of carbon-coated layered double hydroxide and its comparative characterisation with Zn-Al LDH: application on crystal violet and malachite green dye adsorption-isotherm, kinetics and Box-Behnken design. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30236-30254. [PMID: 30155633 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of crystal violet (CV) and malachite green (MG) dyes using carbon-coated Zn-Al-layered double hydroxide (C-Zn-Al LDH) was investigated in this work. The characterisation of both Zn-Al LDH and C-Zn-Al LDH was performed using XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, XPS, FTIR, BET and TGA. The results indicated that carbon particles were effectively coated on Zn-Al LDH surface. The average total pore volume and pore diameter of C-Zn-Al LDH were observed as 0.007 cc/g and 3.115 nm. The impact of parameters like initial dye concentration, pH and adsorbent dosage on the dye removal efficiency was confirmed by carrying out Box-Behnken design experiments. Langmuir isotherm was well suited for both CV and MG adsorption among other isotherm models. The adsorption capacity was maximally obtained as 129.87 and 126.58 mg/g for CV and MG respectively. Pseudo-second order fits the adsorption kinetics than any other kinetic models for both the dyes. The thermodynamic study indicates that the adsorption process of CV was exothermic, whereas for MG was endothermic. Electrostatic attraction, H-bonding, n-π and π- π interactions were mainly influenced in the adsorption process. This study concludes that C-Zn-Al LDH is an efficient adsorbent for the CV and MG dye removal from aqueous solutions. Graphical abstract ᅟ Graphical abstract contains text below the minimum required font size of 6pts inside the artwork, and there is no sufficient space available for the text to be enlarged. Please provide replacement figure file.Graphical abstract contains text is rewritten with the maximum required font size inside the artwork and provided sufficient space between the text which is enlarged.The new Graphical abstract is attached as an image in the attachment file for your further usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giphin George
- School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Vellore, India
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Wu Y, Lin Z, Kong G, Hu T. Treatment of municipal sludge by Fenton oxidation combined vacuum preloading. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15990-15997. [PMID: 29589246 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Municipal sludge, composed of numerous types of organic matter with a gel structure, has high water content, low permeability coefficient, and poor mechanical properties. Fenton oxidation-assisted vacuum preloading method for municipal sludge treatment was proposed. First, the municipal sludge was oxidized and treated with Fenton's reagent; then, drainage consolidation was performed on the sludge with the vacuum preloading method. The optimal dosage of Fenton's reagent for municipal sludge was determined. Comparative experiments of the one-dimensional consolidation of municipal sludge treated with Fenton's reagent and the drainage consolidation by Fenton oxidation-assisted vacuum preloading were conducted. The results reveal that the specific resistance of municipal sludge decreases upon Fenton oxidation by approximately 98.6% at the optimal dosage of 22%, sludge water content decreases from 82.14 to 66.67%, volume reduces by ~ 40%, and unconfined compressive strength increases to 55 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Zhexin Lin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Gangqiang Kong
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China
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Wu B, Dai X, Chai X. Simultaneous enhancement of sludge dewaterability and removal of sludge-borne heavy metals through a novel oxidative leaching induced by nano-CaO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16263-16275. [PMID: 28540550 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of sewage sludge with the presence of various contaminants has been a serious issue for the operation of wastewater treatment plants on both the economical and environmental sides. To minimize the sludge volume to be handled and limit the potential environmental risk, this study developed a novel oxidative leaching process for enhanced sewage sludge dewatering and simultaneous removal of heavy metals based on nano-CaO2. Response surface methodology determined the following optimal conditioning parameters in terms of capillary suction time reduction: 0.0906 g/g dry solid (DS) nano-CaO2, 0.9969 mmol/g DS Fe2+, and pH of 5.59. The speciation partitioning analysis of the heavy metals pre and post nano-CaO2 peroxidation indicated that the content of organically bound metals decreased and the percentage of soluble fraction increased substantially, which was beneficial for the removal of heavy metals through the dewatering unit. Nano-CaO2 peroxidation could also induce the transformation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from the tightly bound layers to the loosely bound layers of sewage sludge flocs. Through the decline of the Ryan-Weber constant of fluorescence titration and the pseudo-first-order kinetic constant of complexation, it was verified that the binding capacity of EPS with metal ions could be damaged by nano-CaO2 peroxidation, which was the primary mechanism behind the substantial reduction of organically bound metals. This study is believed to provide novel insights into the application of nanotechnology in terms of the simultaneous volume and toxicity reduction of sewage sludge. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaoli Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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