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Bravo N, Garí M, Grimalt JO. Occupational and residential exposures to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in a rural setting. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114186. [PMID: 36030920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid pesticides (PYR) are extensively used in agriculture, resulting in higher exposures among farmworkers. The present study reports the occurrence of 8 urinary OP and PYR metabolites in a sample of farmworkers and residents from Sucs (n = 87), a rural township in North West Catalonia (Spain). The aim of the present study was to examine differences in urinary pesticide metabolite concentrations between occupationally-exposed (farmworkers; n = 45) and environmentally-exposed subjects (n = 42) and to assess the relationship between pesticide's exposures and occupational activities in a real-case scenario. Six OP and two PYR metabolites have been investigated, urine samples were extracted using SPE extraction and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Three OP metabolites were commonly detectable in urine, namely TCPY (metabolite of chlorpyrifos), PNP (parathion) and DEAMPY (pirimiphos). Regarding pyrethroids, the two analyzed metabolites, 3-PBA and 4F-3-PBA, were detected in a high proportion of urine samples. Differences in concentrations between both groups were statistically significant for TCPY and 4F-3-PBA (Mann-Whitney U Test for independent groups, p < 0.05). In the case of TCPY, the concentrations were higher among the farmworkers, which is consistent with their occupational activity. The small differences found in DEAMPY, PNP, 3-PBA or even the significant higher concentrations of 4F-3-PBA among rural population suggest a general exposure to these compounds, even in those who do not carry an occupational activity. Specific personal protective equipment (PPE) among farmworkers, such as the use of gloves and mask during mixing, showed a decrease in the exposure levels, although the differences were not statistically significant. However, a positive association was found between the use of a cap during mixing (for PNP and 3-PBA) and during application (only for 3-PBA). However, this piece of cloth is mainly used for sun protection, and when not cleaned after the handling of pesticides, it might represent a continuous source of exposure through dermal contact. Farmworkers using tractors with cabin had statistically significant lower concentrations of DEAMPY than those using a tractor without cabin. The previous results suggest that occupational protections should be encouraged among farmworkers and other potential workers handling with pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Garí
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Babić Leko M, Gunjača I, Pleić N, Zemunik T. Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6521. [PMID: 34204586 PMCID: PMC8234807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual variations in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function. This review discusses studies that have analyzed the impact of environmental factors on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults. We included lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and exercise) and pollutants (chemicals and heavy metals). Many inconsistencies in the results have been observed between studies, making it difficult to draw a general conclusion about how a particular environmental factor influences TSH and thyroid hormone levels. However, lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with TSH and thyroid hormones were smoking, body mass index (BMI) and iodine (micronutrient taken from the diet). Smoking mainly led to a decrease in TSH levels and an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, while BMI levels were positively correlated with TSH and free T3 levels. Excess iodine led to an increase in TSH levels and a decrease in thyroid hormone levels. Among the pollutants analyzed, most studies observed a decrease in thyroid hormone levels after exposure to perchlorate. Future studies should continue to analyze the impact of environmental factors on thyroid function as they could contribute to understanding the complex background of gene-environment interactions underlying the pathology of thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (N.P.)
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Suárez B, Vela-Soria F, Castiello F, Olivas-Martinez A, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Gómez-Vida J, Olea N, Fernández MF, Freire C. Organophosphate pesticide exposure, hormone levels, and interaction with PON1 polymorphisms in male adolescents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144563. [PMID: 33485193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between urinary metabolites of organophosphate (OP) pesticides and serum concentrations of thyroid and reproductive hormones in male adolescents and to assess the potential effect of interactions between OP pesticides and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphisms on hormone levels. METHODS Study subjects (N = 117) were male 16- to 17-year-olds from the Environment and Childhood (INMA)-Granada cohort in Spain. Concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a metabolite of chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos-methyl, 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (IMPy), a metabolite of diazinon, and diethylthiophosphate (DETP) and diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP), non-specific metabolites of OP pesticides, were measured in a spot urine sample from each subject and adjusted for creatinine. Levels of reproductive hormones (total testosterone [TT], estradiol [E2], dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEAS], sex hormone binding globulin [SHBG], luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH], insulin growth factor 1 [IGF-1], and prolactin), thyroid hormones (free thyroxine [FT4], total triiodothyronine [TT3], and thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH]), and PON1 Q192R and L55M polymorphisms were determined in blood drawn during the same clinical visit. RESULTS Multiple linear regression models showed that detectable levels of TCPy were associated with an increase in DHEAS and decreases in E2, FSH, and AMH; detectable IMPy with increases in E2, DHEAS, FSH, AMH, and prolactin and decreases in SHBG and LH; and detectable DETP with marginally-significant increases in TT and TT3 and decreases in FSH, AMH, and prolactin. The effect of IMPy and DETP on DHEAS and TT levels, respectively, was higher in subjects that carried the PON1 55MM genotype, while the effect of TCPy, IMPy, and DETP on thyroid hormone levels was higher in PON1 192QR/RR or 55MM genotype carriers. CONCLUSIONS In male adolescents, non-occupational exposure to OP pesticides was associated with several changes in reproductive and thyroid hormone levels, and the magnitude of some associations was greater in adolescents genetically more susceptible to OP pesticide exposure who carry the PON1 55MM genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - Fernando Vela-Soria
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francesca Castiello
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Alicia Olivas-Martinez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - Dario Acuña-Castroviejo
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Gómez-Vida
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Carmen Freire
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
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Lehmler HJ, Simonsen D, Liu B, Bao W. Environmental exposure to pyrethroid pesticides in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults and children: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115489. [PMID: 33254662 PMCID: PMC7708675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are an important class of insecticides, and thousands of tons of these compounds are used in the United States every year. This study characterized exposures to pyrethroids and assessed demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors that modulate pyrethroid exposure using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012, a nationally representative survey of the non-institutionalized population of the United States. Urinary levels of commonly used biomarkers of pyrethroid exposure, including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (F-PBA), and cis-dibromovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DBCA), were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The detection rate of 3-PBA, a nonspecific metabolite of several pyrethroids, was 78.1% in adults (N = 5233) and 79.3% in children (N = 2295). The detection rates of all other pyrethroid metabolites were <10%. The median urinary level of 3-PBA in adults was 0.47 μg/L (interquartile range, 0.14-1.22 μg/L). For children, the median urinary level was 0.49 μg/L (interquartile range, 0.17-1.29 μg/L). Age, gender, family income-to-poverty ratio (PIR), levels of physical activity, alcohol intake, and body mass index were associated with 3-PBA levels in adults. In children, age, gender, race/ethnicity, and PIR were associated with 3-PBA levels. 3-PBA levels also differed significantly across NHANES cycles, with higher levels observed in NHANES 2011-2012. Geometric mean 3-PBA levels in U.S. adults were 0.41 μg/L in NHANES 2007-2008, 0.41 μg/L in NHANES 2009-2010, and 0.66 μg/L in NHANES 2011-2012. In U.S. children, geometric mean 3-PBA levels were 0.40 μg/L in NHANES 2007-2008, 0.46 μg/L in NHANES 2009-2010, and 0.70 μg/L in NHANES 2011-2012. These results demonstrate that pyrethroid exposures remain a current environmental health concern and lay the foundation for further preclinical and epidemiological studies assessing human health risks associated with pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Derek Simonsen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Buyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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González-Gómez X, Simal-Gándara J, Fidalgo Alvarez LE, López-Beceiro AM, Pérez-López M, Martínez-Carballo E. Non-invasive biomonitoring of organic pollutants using feather samples in feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115672. [PMID: 33254606 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A large portion of organic pollutants (OPs) represent a potential hazard to humans and living beings due to their toxic properties. For several years, birds have been used as biomonitor species of environmental pollution. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pyrethroids (PYRs) were assessed in body feather samples of 71 feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica) collected from Asturias and Galicia (NW Spain). The percentage of detection for all chemical groups were above 90% in studied birds. The general pattern was dominated by PAHs (mean value ± standard deviation (SD) 32 ± 15 ng/g) followed by OCPs (3.8 ± 1.1 ng/g), PYRs (3.4 ± 3.8 ng/g), PCBs (1.6 ± 1.0 ng/g), OPPs (1.3 ± 0.70 ng/g) and PBDEs (0.80 ± 0.30 ng/g). Significant differences were observed between age, location and gender suggesting different sources of exposure and accumulation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiana González-Gómez
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster (CITACA), Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
| | - Jesús Simal-Gándara
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster (CITACA), Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
| | - Luis Eusebio Fidalgo Alvarez
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27003, Spain.
| | - Ana María López-Beceiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27003, Spain.
| | - Marcos Pérez-López
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UEX), Caceres, 10003, Spain.
| | - Elena Martínez-Carballo
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster (CITACA), Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
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Bravo N, Grimalt JO, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Sarigiannis DA, Horvat M. Mother/child organophosphate and pyrethroid distributions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105264. [PMID: 31706197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports one of the few cases in which organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticide human exposure is evaluated in family contexts by the analysis of mother/child pair samples. Urinary concentrations of 6 organic metabolites of organophosphates and 2 pyrethroids were measured in mothers and their 7-to 8-year-old children (n = 168) in a general population from the central area of Slovenia. The results were adjusted for specific gravity and creatinine. The most abundant OP metabolite in children was 4-nitrophenol (PNP) (median 0.7 ng/ml) and in mothers (0.45 ng/ml), representing parathion exposure. 3-Phenoxibenzoic acid (3-PBA) (0.26 ng/ml), the general metabolite of pyrethroids, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) (0.16 ng/ml; chlorpyriphos) were the second most abundant compounds in children and mothers, respectively. The geometric mean specific gravity adjusted concentrations of OPs and PYRs were statistically significantly higher in children than in their mothers (between 3% and 24% higher), with the exception of TCPY (26% lower). All OP and PYR metabolites found in higher concentration in children showed significant positive correlations with the metabolite concentrations found in the mothers (p < 0.05 and 0.01), involving the fact that higher maternal concentrations were associated with higher children levels. These differential mother-children distributions and significant correlations were observed for the 2 types of pesticides studied, OPs and PYRs, which have different chemical properties. This agreement is consistent with the incorporation of the pesticides because of the general activities developed in the family context, instead of pesticide-dependent specific inputs. Comparison of the estimated daily intakes with the acceptable daily intakes of all detected metabolites revealed no significant risk of adverse health effects from exposure to these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimosthenis Andreas Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Campus, Bldg. D, Rm 201, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bravo N, Grimalt JO, Bocca B, Pino A, Bin M, Brumatti LV, Rosolen V, Barbone F, Ronfani L, Alimonti A, Calamandrei G. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in children from an Italian cohort (PHIME, Trieste). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108508. [PMID: 31200128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urinary metabolites of organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides from seven years old children of a birth cohort study (n=199; PHIME cohort of Trieste, Italy) have been measured. Six OP and two PYR metabolites have been investigated, 2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol (DEAMPY, pirimiphos metabolite) was the one found at higher concentrations, median 3.4 ng/mL specific gravity adjusted (SG adjusted), followed by 4-nitrophenol (PNP, median 1.4 ng/mL SG adjusted) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY, median 0.36 ng/mL SG adjusted), parathion and chlorpyriphos metabolites, respectively. TCPY concentrations were low in comparison to other distributions of OP metabolites in children from other studies. Accordingly, the PHIME cohort showed a distinct OP metabolite distribution with high concentrations of pirimiphos and parathion. Another specific characteristic of this cohort was the high concentration of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-BPA, median 0.36 ng/mL SG adjusted), a general metabolite of PYR pesticides. Evaluation of anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics of children and families only showed a positive association between family educational level and urinary concentrations of DEAMPY metabolite (p<0.05), which could reflect distinct dietary habits depending on the educational level. Estimated daily intakes were evaluated, all studied metabolites were found within safe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Pino
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Maura Bin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Barbone
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
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Santos R, Piccoli C, Cremonese C, Freire C. Thyroid and reproductive hormones in relation to pesticide use in an agricultural population in Southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:221-231. [PMID: 30928852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the association of short- and long-term exposure to pesticides with circulating levels of thyroid and reproductive hormones in an agricultural population in the South of Brazil. Serum specimens from 122 male and female adults residing in small agricultural properties were sampled both in the low and high pesticide use season. A comprehensive questionnaire was used to collect detailed information on recent and cumulative lifetime use of pesticides and other agricultural-related exposures. The difference in serum hormone levels between seasons was assessed by the T-test and Wilcoxon test for paired samples, and associations between pesticide exposure-related variables and hormone values were explored by multivariate linear regression analysis. Levels of total thyroxine (T4) and male testosterone were significantly reduced from the low to high pesticide use season. In the high exposure season, recent use of dithiocarbamate fungicides, not using full personal protection equipment, and use of manual equipment was associated with reduced levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Moreover, recent use of lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid) was associated with reduced total T4 and increased male luteinizing hormone (LH), use of paraquat (herbicide) with reduced free triiodothyronine (T3), and use of phthalamide (fungicide) with increased male LH. We also found associations of lifetime years of agricultural work with reduced total T4 and increased male testosterone; and of lifetime agricultural work and use of various pesticide classes (i.e. insecticides, herbicides, organophosphate insecticides, dithiocarbamate fungicides, and pyrethroids), mancozeb (fungicide), and paraquat with slight changes in free or total levels of T4 and/or T3. Findings suggest that both short- and long-term exposure to agricultural pesticides may alter thyroid hormones and male testosterone levels among farm residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramison Santos
- Centro Universitario da Serra Gaúcha (FSG), Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP: 95020-472, Brazil.
| | - Camila Piccoli
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP: 90619-900, Brazil.
| | - Cleber Cremonese
- Centro Universitario da Serra Gaúcha (FSG), Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP: 95020-472, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Freire
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, 18016, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (ENSP-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21041-210, Brazil.
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