Compound washing remediation and response surface analysis of lead-contaminated soil in mining area by fermentation broth and saponin

Simultaneous removal of multiple heavy metals from soil by washing with citric acid and ferric chloride

Citric acid and ferric chloride exhibited synergistic effect on the removal of multiple heavy metals from soil.

Enhancement of phytoextraction by Taiwanese chenopod and Napier grass by soapnut saponin and EDDS additions

Employment of biosurfactants and biodegradable chelants could further promote sustainability of soil and groundwater remediation tasks. Biosurfactant (soapnut saponin) and biodegrading chelants (ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS)) were employed to enhance the phytoextraction by native Taiwanese chenopod (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.), Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cultivar Taishi No. 4, and soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was also employed as the control. Contaminated soils as silty clay loam texture was collected from a defunct rice paddy, containing chromium (Cr), cadium (Cd), and copper (Cu). Addition of both soapnut saponin and EDDS proportionally increased bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) of aboveground biomass for all three plants. Taiwanese chenopod demonstrated the best BCF values among three plants, with BCF increased from 0.76 to 2.6 and 1.3 for Cu under the presence of the highest dosages of EDDS and saponin. Plant aboveground biomass did exhibit negative correlation toward biomass metal concentrations. Presence of saponin did exhibit the least negative slopes among the correlations of all three additives for three plants. Taiwanese chenopod did exhibit the least negative slopes among the correlations of all three additives for three plants. Above observations suggested that saponin may have some protection for plants, especially for Napier grass. Taiwanese chenopod could possess more tolerance toward heavy metals than Napier grass does.