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Liu X, Tan X, Li X, Cheng Y, Wang K. Spatial distribution, environmental behavior, and health risk assessment of PAHs in soils at prototype coking plants in Shanxi, China: Stable carbon isotope and molecular composition analyses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133802. [PMID: 38377909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the environmental behavior of and carcinogenic risk posed by 16 priority-controlled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), soil samples and air samples from the coke oven top were collected in two prototype coking plants (named PF and JD). The PF soils contained more PAHs than the JD soils because the PF plant employed the side-charging technique and had a lower coke oven height. The soils from both plants contained enough PAHs to pose a carcinogenic risk, and this risk was higher in the PF plant. Data were collected on the source characteristic spectrum of stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of PAHs emitted from the coke oven top (δ13C values of -36.02‰ to -32.05‰ for gaseous PAHs and -34.09‰ to -25.28‰ for particulate PAHs), and these data fill a research gap and may be referenced for isotopic-technology-based source apportionment. Diagnostic ratios and isotopic technology revealed that the coking plant soils were mainly influenced by the coking process, followed by vehicle exhaust; the soils near the boundary of each plant were slightly affected by C3 plant burning. For most PAHs [excluding fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene], the dominant migration process was the net volatilization of PAHs from soil to air. In the PF plant, 13C was depleted in gaseous PAHs during volatilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Xin Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yuhuan Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Wang M, Li Y, Lv Y, Tang J, Wei P, Lu P, Zhao L, Li G, Cao Z, An T. Quantitative characterization of resident' exposure to typical semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) around a non-ferrous metal smelting plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133353. [PMID: 38154186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
To comprehensively characterize residents' exposure to major semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), samples of indoor floor wipes, size-segregated airborne particles, gaseous air, food, and paired skin wipes were simultaneously collected from residential areas around a large non-ferrous metal smelting plant as compared with the control areas, and three typical SVOCs (including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and halogenated PAHs (HPAHs)) were determined. Comparison and correlation analysis among matrices indicated PAHs were the major contaminants emitted from metal smelting activities compared to HPAHs and PCBs, with naphthalene verified as the most important characteristic compound, and their accumulation on skin may be a comprehensive consequence of contact with floor dust and air. While patterns of human exposure pathways for the SVOCs were found to be clearly correlated to their vapor pressure, dermal absorption was the major contributor (51.1-76.3%) to total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of PAHs and HPAHs for surrounding residents, especially for low molecular weight PAHs, but dietary ingestion (98.6%) was the dominant exposure pathway to PCBs. The TCR of PAHs exceeded the acceptable level (1 × 10-4), implying smelting activities obviously elevated the health risk. This study will serve developing pertinent exposure and health risk prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiyi Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yinyi Lv
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Su M, Zhu Z, Li T, Jin J, Hu J. Levels, profiles and potential human health risks of brominated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around three different types of industrial areas in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157506. [PMID: 35868385 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Br-PAHs) are an emerging class of persistent organic pollutants with toxicity similar to dioxins. Industrial thermal processes have been identified as major sources of Br-PAHs in the current environment. However, studies on soil contaminations with Br-PAHs around industrial areas were scarce. In this study, 18 Br-PAHs and 16 PAHs were analyzed in soils around an electronic waste dismantling area (EDA), an industrial area that mainly performed steel smelting (SSP), and an industrial area mainly performed secondary copper smelting (SCS). The mean concentrations of Br-PAHs and PAHs were 1362 pg/g and 1034 ng/g, 582 pg/g and 13,938 ng/g, and 307 pg/g and 2211 ng/g in the soil around EDA, SSP, and SCS, respectively. The order of Br-PAH concentrations among three industrial areas was inconsistent with that of PAHs, suggesting that there may be some differences in contamination characteristics of Br-PAHs in three types of industrial areas. The significant correlation between Br-PAHs and parent PAHs indicated that direct bromination may be the main formation pathway of Br-PAHs in soils in EDA. The result of principal component analysis further revealed that the congener pattern of Br-PAHs in soils around EDA is different from that of SSP and SCS. It was found that the ratio of 1-BrPyr and 3-BrFlu can be applied to identify environmental contamination with Br-PAHs from e-waste dismantling. The health risk assessment results showed that there were some soil samples with carcinogenic risks above the risk threshold in each industrial area, and deserve our concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Su
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianwei Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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Titaley IA, Lam MM, Bülow R, Enell A, Wiberg K, Larsson M. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic compounds in historically contaminated soil by targeted and non-targeted chemical analysis combined with in vitro bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117910. [PMID: 34426193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples from a contaminated site in Sweden were analyzed to identify the presence of 78 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The target analysis revealed large contributions not only from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but also from alkylated- and oxygenated-PAHs (alkyl- and oxy-PAHs, respectively), and N-heterocyclics (NPACs). PAC profiles indicated primarily pyrogenic sources, although contribution of petrogenic sources was also observed in one sample as indicated by a high ratio of alkylated naphthalene compared to naphthalene. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-activity of the soil extracts was assessed using the H4IIe-pGudluc 1.1 cells bioassay. When compared with the calculated total AhR-activity of the PACs in the target list, 35-97% of the observed bioassay activity could be explained by 62 PACs with relative potency factors (REPs). The samples were further screened using GC coupled with Orbitrap™ high resolution MS (GC-HRMS) to investigate the presence of other PACs that could potentially contribute to the AhR-activity of the extracts. 114 unique candidate compounds were tentatively identified and divided into four groups based on their AhR-activity and environmental occurrence. Twelve substances satisfied all the criteria, and these compounds are suggested to be included in regular screening in future studies, although their identities were not confirmed by standards in this study. High unexplained bio-TEQ fractions in three of the samples may be explained by tentatively identified compounds (n = 35) with high potential of being toxic. This study demonstrates the benefit of combining targeted and non-targeted chemical analysis with bioassay analysis to assess the diversity and effects of PACs at contaminated sites. The applied prioritization strategy revealed a number of tentatively identified compounds, which likely contributed to the overall bioactivity of the soil extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Monika M Lam
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Bülow
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anja Enell
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-581 93, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
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