1
|
Milinovic J, Santos P, Sant'Ovaia H, Futuro A, Pereira CM, Murton BJ, Flores D, Azenha M. Multivariate analysis applied to X-ray fluorescence to assess soil contamination pathways: case studies of mass magnetic susceptibility in soils near abandoned coal and W/Sn mines. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:202. [PMID: 38696051 PMCID: PMC11065930 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Determining the origin and pathways of contaminants in the natural environment is key to informing any mitigation process. The mass magnetic susceptibility of soils allows a rapid method to measure the concentration of magnetic minerals, derived from anthropogenic activities such as mining or industrial processes, i.e., smelting metals (technogenic origin), or from the local bedrock (of geogenic origin). This is especially effective when combined with rapid geochemical analyses of soils. The use of multivariate analysis (MVA) elucidates complex multiple-component relationships between soil geochemistry and magnetic susceptibility. In the case of soil mining sites, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopic data of soils contaminated by mine waste shows statistically significant relationships between magnetic susceptibility and some base metal species (e.g., Fe, Pb, Zn, etc.). Here, we show how qualitative and quantitative MVA methodologies can be used to assess soil contamination pathways using mass magnetic susceptibility and XRF spectra of soils near abandoned coal and W/Sn mines (NW Portugal). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed how the first two primary components (PC-1 + PC-2) explained 94% of the sample variability, grouped them according to their geochemistry and magnetic susceptibility in to geogenic and technogenic groups. Regression analyses showed a strong positive correlation (R2 > 0.95) between soil geochemistry and magnetic properties at the local scale. These parameters provided an insight into the multi-element variables that control magnetic susceptibility and indicated the possibility of efficient assessment of potentially contaminated sites through mass-specific soil magnetism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milinovic
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, CIQ‑UP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169‑007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Santos
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning FCUP, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Sant'Ovaia
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning FCUP, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Aurora Futuro
- CERENA, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Pereira
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, CIQ‑UP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169‑007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bramley J Murton
- NOC, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Deolinda Flores
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Pole of University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning FCUP, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Azenha
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, CIQ‑UP, Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169‑007, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bourliva A, Aidona E, Papadopoulou L, Ferreira da Silva E, Patinha C, Sarafidis C, Kantiranis N. An integrated approach combining magnetic, geochemical and particle-based techniques to assess metal(loid) loadings in urban venues frequented by children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153600. [PMID: 35121035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban venues frequented by children, such as playgrounds, are potentially important sources of exposure to anthropogenic metal(loids). Environmental quality of outdoor playgrounds is mainly assessed through direct geochemical monitoring, which is time-consuming and expensive. In this study we adapted a multidisciplinary approach combining magnetic measurements, geochemical analyses, particle-based techniques and bioaccessibility data so as to evaluate the applicability of magnetic methods as a low-cost and easy-to-use technology to monitor pollution level in public playgrounds. Playground sands were collected and their magnetic characteristics were studied in detail aiming to gain helpful additional details in relation to the type, concentration and particle-size distribution of the sand-bound magnetic particles. The obtained χlf values indicated an enhanced level of sand-bound magnetic components, while the dominant control of SSD grains on the magnetic load of playground-PG sands was revealed. Hysteresis parameters and thermomagnetic curves indicated low-coercivity ferrimagnetic minerals, such as magnetite and/or maghemite, as the predominant magnetic carriers. Ratios of χARM/χlf and χARM/SIRM indicated the dominance of coarser anthropogenic magnetic grains in the sampled PG sands compared to other recreational areas. Correlation analysis among magnetic variables and reported metal(loid) contents designated χARM as a more effective indicator for the detection of anthropogenic load in PG sand samples than χlf or SIRM. Simultaneously, through geochemical analyses in magnetic extracts separated from PG sands, metal(loid) contents were notably enriched in the magnetic fraction validating their strong affinity with sand-bound magnetic particles. Finally, bioaccessibility tests revealed lower UBM-extracted fractions for the magnetic extracts of PG sands compared to bulk samples. However, arsenic (As) was more bioaccessible in the sand-bound magnetic particles raising serious concerns for the children exposed to playground sands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bourliva
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas-CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - E Aidona
- Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - L Papadopoulou
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GREECE
| | - E Ferreira da Silva
- GeoBioTec, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Patinha
- GeoBioTec, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Sarafidis
- Laboratory of Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Kantiranis
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GREECE
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Early Effect of Black Land Protection Plan in Northeast China on Industrial Pollution Using Synthetic Control Method. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study used relevant industrial pollution emission data collected between 2004 and 2020 in northeastern China. It utilized the synthetic control method (SCM) and used entire county-level areas within the scope of the typical black land protection as the experimental group. Thirty regions in China (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan), including the three non-black land areas of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia, and the other 26 entire provinces were taken as the control group. We studied whether the Outline of Black Land Protection Plan in Northeast China (2017–2030) (BLPP) has reduced local industrial pollution emissions since it was issued in 2017. The study found that implementation of the BLPP reduced industrial wastewater and sulfur dioxide emissions in black land areas significantly. Between 2017 and 2020, local industrial wastewater production decreased by 29.3% compared to the period without implementation of the outline, while industrial sulfur dioxide decreased by 12%. These results remained robust under the placebo and difference-in-difference (DID) tests. This once again showed that implementation of the outline had a significant effect on reducing industrial pollutant emissions in the black land area of northeastern China.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bourliva A, Aidona E, Papadopoulou L, Ferreira da Silva E, Patinha C. Levels, oral bioaccessibility and health risk of sand-bound potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in public playgrounds: Exploring magnetic properties as a pollution proxy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118122. [PMID: 34500396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Children in urban environments are exposed to potential harmful elements (PHEs) through variable exposure media. Playing activities in outdoor playgrounds have been considered of high concern due to children's exposure to sand-bound PHEs through unintentional or intentional sand ingestion. Furthermore, the affinity of magnetic particles with dust-bound PHEs in playgrounds has been reported. In this study, playground sands (PG sands) from public playgrounds in the city of Thessaloniki, N. Greece were sampled and the levels, the contamination degree, oral bioaccessibility and exposure assessment of PHEs were evaluated. In addition, low-cost and fast magnetic measurements (i.e. mass specific magnetic susceptibility, χlf) were explored as potential pollution and health risk proxies. Mineralogically, siliceous PG sands dominated, while morphologically angular magnetic particles and Fe-rich "spherules" of anthropogenic origin were revealed and verified by enhanced χlf values. The average total elemental contents exhibited a descending order of Mn > Ba > Cr > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > Co > As > Sn > Bi > Cd, however only Cd, Bi, Pb, Cr, As and Zn were presented anthropogenically enhanced. Notable increase on PHEs levels and finer sand fractions were observed with continuous sand use. Anthropogenically derived elements (i.e. Cd and Pb with high Igeo values) exhibited higher bioaccessible fractions in PG sands and considered easily soluble in gastric fluids through ingestion. However, increased risks were found for specific PHEs (especially Pb) only in a worst case exposure scenario of an intentional sand ingestion (pica disorder). Statistical analysis results revealed a linkage of anthropogenic components with sand-bound magnetic particles. Moreover, the recorded high affinity of Pb contents (in an enhanced magnetized sub-set of PG sands) and bioaccessible Cd fractions with χlf provide a preliminary indication on the successful applicability of low-cost and fast magnetic measurements in high impacted playground environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bourliva
- Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - E Aidona
- Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - L Papadopoulou
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - E Ferreira da Silva
- GeoBioTec, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - C Patinha
- GeoBioTec, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jordanova N, Jordanova D, Tcherkezova E, Georgieva B, Ishlyamski D. Advanced mineral magnetic and geochemical investigations of road dusts for assessment of pollution in urban areas near the largest copper smelter in SE Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148402. [PMID: 34465059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the urban pollution by combined magnetometric and geochemical analyses on road dusts from three towns in the vicinity of Cu-smelter and ore mining. A collection of 117 road dust samples was investigated for their magnetic characteristics (magnetic susceptibility (χ), frequency dependent susceptibility, anhysteretic and isothermal (IRM) remanences), IRM step-wise acquisition and thermal demagnetization. Coarse grained magnetite and hematite were identified as major iron oxides in the emissions from ore spills and smelter, while traffic-related magnetic minerals were finer magnetite grains. Degree of pollution is assessed by geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor and Pollution Load Index (PLI) for a set of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Using the geochemical data, we evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks for the population. Our results show that dust emissions from the industrial facilities likely pose significant health hazard for adults and children caused largely by Arsenic pollution in "hot spots". Based on the strong correlation between χ and most of the PTEs, detailed variations in pollution degree inside the urban areas are inferred. Strong linear regression between χ and PLI allows designating limit susceptibility values, corresponding to the PLI categories. This approach can be successfully applied for monitoring and mapping purposes at high spatial and temporal resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neli Jordanova
- National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bochev str., block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Diana Jordanova
- National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bochev str., block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Emilia Tcherkezova
- National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bochev str., block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bozhurka Georgieva
- National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bochev str., block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Ishlyamski
- National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bochev str., block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiao P, Dong N, Yang S, Gou Y. Quantitative analysis of the main sources of pollutants in the soils around key areas based on the positive matrix factorization method. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116518. [PMID: 33493759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative identification of the main sources of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils around multiple types of key areas is of great significance for blocking pollution sources. However, there is a lack of more comprehensive relevant research. In this study, Beijing was taken as the research area and four main sources were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method. The concentration of Pb, PAHs, Cr, and Hg in soils was significantly affected by the presence of landuse type, road traffic, natural factor, and industrial production, respectively, and the farmland, distance to main road, Proterozoic Changcheng-Jixian parent material and cinnamon soil type, and the gross industrial production make greater contributions to these four factors respectively than other variables. Moreover, the uncertainty of the PMF indicates that this four-factor PMF solution is stable and appropriate. These results provide support for the comprehensive control of soil environmental risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Remediation of Industrial Pollution Sites, Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Nan Dong
- Comprehensive Institute of Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying, Ltd., Beijing, 100007, China
| | - Sucai Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Remediation of Industrial Pollution Sites, Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, China.
| | - Yaling Gou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Remediation of Industrial Pollution Sites, Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qiao P, Yang S, Lei M, Chen T, Dong N. Quantitative analysis of the factors influencing spatial distribution of soil heavy metals based on geographical detector. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:392-413. [PMID: 30754008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of modern industry, heavy metals in the soil introduce the risk of serious pollution. To reduce this pollution risk, the following four research questions needed to be addressed: What are the main influencing factors of soil pollution? What is the degree of influence? Do factors operate independently or are they interconnected? Which regions have high pollution risk and should be paid more attention? The study area was in Huanjiang County, with 273 km2, and geographical detector proved to be a useful tool to solve these four problems. We found that mine activity and pH value were the primary influencing factors for total and water-soluble heavy metals. The interaction effects of mine activity and soil type, pH values, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for total heavy metals, as well as pH value and mine activity for water-soluble heavy metals, were greater than the sum effect of two factors. Zones with a high concentration of heavy metals were closer to the road and farther from the mine area, which had low NDVI, large slope, high terrain, and large pH values. Concentrations of total heavy metals were higher in calcareous soils and in dryland and forests. Zones with a higher concentration of water-soluble heavy metals were closer to the mine and river, which had lower DEM and pH values. The uncertainty of geographical detector was also analyzed on the basis of their interpolation accuracy and the stratification number of influencing factors, and we found that the existing sample numbers and the stratification number of influencing factors met the needs of geographical detector calculation. This study's conclusions are useful for soil pollution control and restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Remediation of Industrial Pollution Sites, Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Sucai Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Remediation of Industrial Pollution Sites, Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Mei Lei
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nan Dong
- Comprehensive Institute of Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying, Ltd., Beijing 100007, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bourliva A, Kantiranis N, Papadopoulou L, Aidona E, Christophoridis C, Kollias P, Evgenakis M, Fytianos K. Seasonal and spatial variations of magnetic susceptibility and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in road dusts of Thessaloniki city, Greece: A one-year monitoring period. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:417-427. [PMID: 29800837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A one-year sampling campaign of road dusts was carried out at 10 distinct sites in the broader area of the city of Thessaloniki, Greece and concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) along with magnetic susceptibility were evaluated. The concentrations of HMs in road dusts were higher than their local background values, while magnetic parameters indicated a significant anthropogenic load. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified non-exhaust vehicular emissions, oil/fuel combustion and industrial activities as major sources of heavy metals accounted for approximately 73% of the total variance. A significant seasonal variability for Cr, Cu, Mn, and χlf was observed with constantly higher values during summer. Moreover, variations among urban and industrial sites were more pronounced for Cr, Cu, Zn, and χlf, while they displayed insignificant variations across all urban sites. On the contrary, concentration peaks in the urban cluster were observed for Cd, Mn, and Ni coinciding with the port area. Based on multiple pollution indices, a severe polluted area was revealed, while potential ecological risk index (RI) indicated a high potential ecological risk with Cd being regarded as the pollutant of high concern. The health risk assessment model indicated ingestion as the major exposure pathway. For both adults and children, Cr and Pb had the highest risk values, mainly recorded in the urban cluster underscoring the need of potential measures to reduce road dust in urban environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bourliva
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - N Kantiranis
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - L Papadopoulou
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Aidona
- Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C Christophoridis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P Kollias
- Department of Meteorology-Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Evgenakis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|