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Abdullah Abbas Amer EA, Ali Meyad EM, Meyad AM, Mohsin A. Impacts of renewable and disaggregated non-renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions in GCC countries: A STIRPAT model analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30154. [PMID: 38694031 PMCID: PMC11061735 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This research investigates the effects of renewable (REC) and disaggregated non-renewable energy consumption (coal, oil, and natural gas) on CO2 emissions (CO2) in GCC countries, employing the STIRPAT model. The research also compares the impact of various non-renewable energy (NREC) sources to identify their contributions to CO2 emissions. Demographic factors like population and economic growth are considered main determinants of CO2. Panel data econometric methods are used, including diagnostic tests and unit root tests, to found long-run relationships among the variables. The study reveals significant positive associations between coal, natural gas, oil consumption and CO2, with oil having the highest impact. Conversely, REC shows a significant negative correlation with CO2. Economic growth and population are also linked to increased CO2. The findings emphasize the need for strategies promoting renewable energy usage, energy efficiency, public transportation, carbon pricing, and research in green technologies to alleviate CO2 and enhance sustainable development in the GCC countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali M. Meyad
- School of Economics, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - A.K.M. Mohsin
- Logistikum, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Steyr, Austria
- Faculty of Business and Entrepreneurship, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Kilinc-Ata N, Alshami M. Analysis of how environmental degradation affects clean energy transition: evidence from the UAE. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27540-x. [PMID: 37178283 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Considering the alarming rate of environmental degradation, all countries are looking for solutions to close their environmental gaps in order to ensure long-term sustainability. In order to achieve green ecosystems, economies seeking clean energy are motivated to embrace environmentally friendly practices that can support resource efficiency and sustainability. In this sense, the current paper addresses measuring the link between CO2 emissions, economic growth (GDP), renewable and non-renewable energy (RE), tourism, financial development, foreign direct investment, and urbanization in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The aim of this paper is to empirically evaluate the link between CO2 emissions and macroeconomic factors in the UAE. The UAE was chosen as the country for the case study as the UAE is one of the world's richest oil-based economies and one of the countries with the highest per capita income, adopts sustainable technologies, and has signed the Paris agreement supporting the transition to clean energy. To verify the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for UAE, the timespans for the years 1990-2021 have been chosen according to data availability. The long-run coefficients supported the EKC hypothesis of an inverted U shape for income and CO2 emissions, according to the findings. Notably, urbanization and financial development both reduce pollution while foreign direct investment increases environmental pollution. The study recommended the creation of more environmental policies to promote sustainable business operations and nationwide green awareness, increase the use of clean energy technology, reduce energy intensity, and achieve a net zero carbon target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Kilinc-Ata
- Al-Qasimia University, College of Economics and Management, Sharjah, UAE.
- Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mohamed Alshami
- Al-Qasimia University, College of Economics and Management, Sharjah, UAE
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Farooq U, Tabash MI, Anagreh S, Al-Rdaydeh M, Habib S. Economic growth, foreign investment, tourism, and electricity production as determinants of environmental quality: empirical evidence from GCC region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:45768-45780. [PMID: 36707478 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Each economic factor generates both positive and negative externalities regarding environmental quality. Owing to this, the current study aims to explore the impacts of various economic variables on the environmental quality of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. By sampling the 24 years (1996-2019) financial statistics of six GCC region countries, we investigate the impact of economic growth, foreign investment, trade volume, tourism investment and revenue, and electricity production on CO2 emissions. The empirical analysis is based upon dynamic least square and fully modified ordinary least square model due to the existence of cointegration. Following the results, economic growth, foreign investment, tourism investment, electricity production, and population density have a positive impact, while trade volume and banking development have a negative impact on the volume of CO2 emissions. The results support the pollution haven hypothesis in the GCC region and have many policies for environmental economists regarding the protection of the natural environment in the long run. In parallel to economic growth, the policy officials from the GCC region should focus on environmental sustainability. They should exert more effort for developing sustainable economic growth policies. The current analysis offers new insights regarding the dynamic role of various economic factors in establishing the CO2 emission volume in the GCC region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Farooq
- School of Economics and Finance, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mosab I Tabash
- College of Business, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suhaib Anagreh
- Higher Colleges of Technology, Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Samar Habib
- American University in the Emirates, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Alam N, Hashmi NI, Jamil SA, Murshed M, Mahmood H, Alam S. The marginal effects of economic growth, financial development, and low-carbon energy use on carbon footprints in Oman: fresh evidence from autoregressive distributed lag model analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76432-76445. [PMID: 35670939 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oman is committed to turning carbon neutral by 2040 whereby identifying the environmental sustainability-stimulating factors has become a critically important agenda for the nation. Against this backdrop, this study attempts to evaluate the marginal effects of economic growth, financial development, and low-carbon energy use on Oman's carbon footprint levels using quarterly frequency data spanning from 1984Q1 to 2018Q4. Controlling for structural break concerns in the data, the results from the empirical analysis verify the carbon footprint-related environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Oman in the long-run. In this regard, the threshold level of per capita real GDP level of Oman is predicted at around US $23,500 which is below the average and maximum per capita real GDP level of Oman during the period considered in this study. Besides, the development of the financial sector and scaling up consumption of low-carbon energy resources are evidenced to boost and curb Oman's short- and long-run carbon footprint figures, respectively. More importantly, the joint carbon footprint-mitigating impact of financial development and low-carbon energy use is also unearthed from the findings. In line with these major findings, a couple of relevant policy interventions are suggested to help Oman accomplish its 2040 carbon-neutrality agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Alam
- Department of Finance and Economics, College of Commerce and Business Administration, Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman
| | - Nazia Iqbal Hashmi
- Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ahsan Jamil
- Department of Finance and Economics, College of Commerce and Business Administration, Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman
| | - Muntasir Murshed
- School of Business and Economics, North South University, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh.
- Department of Journalism, Media and Communications, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), E-17 Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Haider Mahmood
- Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 173 Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shabbir Alam
- Department of Economics and Finance, College of Business Administration, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
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Kilinc-Ata N, Likhachev VL. Validation of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and role of carbon emission policies in the case of Russian Federation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:63407-63422. [PMID: 35460005 PMCID: PMC9033419 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change currently observed and expected in the future is associated with risks to security and sustainable development and natural and irreversible consequences. To minimize these risks, it is necessary to adapt the public administration, economic sectors, and regional infrastructure to the changing climate conditions. This paper discovers the links between CO2 emissions and their key determinants such as economic growth, energy consumption, population, trade openness, and financial development including the period from 1990 to 2020 to test the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by using ARDL bound test for the Russian Federation. Findings reveal that energy consumption and population have a positive impact on CO2 emissions, while economic growth, financial development, and trade openness have been found to decrease CO2 emissions in the long term. The results of this paper show that there is a "U"-shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth in the Russian Federation. This shows that EKC is valid up to a certain income level in the Russian Federation, and when this income level is exceeded, a positive relationship will begin between economic growth and environmental degradation. As a policy implementation, policymakers must implement clean energy technology policies to achieve the 2060 net zero carbon target. Policies such as fossil-based energy use and reducing energy intensity should be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Kilinc-Ata
- Institute of Economics and Utility Regulation, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Lvovich Likhachev
- Institute of Economics and Utility Regulation, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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Satrovic E, Ahmad M, Muslija A. Does democracy improve environmental quality of GCC region? Analysis robust to cross-section dependence and slope heterogeneity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62927-62942. [PMID: 34218384 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the developed world's economic prosperity has been heavily reliant on excessive fossil-based energy consumption, it has posed severe environmental quality challenges. This research attempts to revisit the relationship between income and anthropogenic emissions in the context of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory by considering electric power consumption, urbanization, and democratic accountability index in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. It employs annual frequency panel data from 1990 through 2019 and three alternative advanced econometric estimation techniques. The main findings are as follows: Firstly, the EKC results for the whole sample strongly support the proposition of an inverse U-shaped connection between anthropogenic emissions and affluence in the long run. Secondly, the country-specific results confirm EKC only in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, while the remaining countries demonstrate a U-shaped connection. Thirdly, the democratic accountability promoted anthropogenic emissions implying that it failed to contribute to environmental protection. It means that democratic setup in the GCC region performs poorly in accomplishing climate change mitigation and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Fourthly, electric power consumption and urbanization impart positive and negative impacts on anthropogenic emission, respectively. These findings are found robust across the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), bias-corrected LSDV (least squares dummy variable) (LSDV), and pooled mean group (PMG) estimators. Finally, Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality shows that (i) income and urbanization establish a two-way causality with the anthropogenic emissions. (ii) However, a unidirectional causal connection is revealed from electric power consumption and democratic accountability index to anthropogenic emissions. The findings suggest that the GCC region should prioritize environmental protection and SDGs across the political aims' recipe since it would direct the region on the path of climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Satrovic
- Department of Economics, University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Munir Ahmad
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Adnan Muslija
- Faculty of Administration, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Verbič M, Satrovic E, Muslija A. Environmental Kuznets curve in Southeastern Europe: the role of urbanization and energy consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57807-57817. [PMID: 34097219 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the dynamic short-term and long-term relationships among real GDP per capita, energy consumption, urbanization, and carbon dioxide emissions within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for Southeastern Europe (SEE) from 1997 to 2014. The evidence highlights an inverted U-shaped nexus between real GDP per capita and carbon dioxide emissions (i.e., the EKC hypothesis is verified in the long-run in the sample as a whole). The short-run estimates provide evidence of inverted U-shaped EKC only for Greece and Moldova. Two-way causal relationship between urbanization and pollutant emission was also established in the short-run, as well as one-way causality flowing from real GDP per capita to pollutant emission. The coefficients with the real GDP per capita and energy consumption are negative and statistically significant in the long-term. These findings indicate the existence of an error correction mechanism that drives the observed variables back to their equilibrium. Moreover, the findings show that the consistent increase in energy consumption has not reduced environmental pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Verbič
- School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana & Institute for Economic Research, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Elma Satrovic
- Department of Economics, University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Adnan Muslija
- Faculty of Administration, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Probing the Energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Oil and Natural Gas Consumption Models Considering Urbanization and Financial Development in Middle East Countries. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14113178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Economic growth, urbanization, and financial market development (FMD) may increase energy demand in any economy. Non-renewable sources of energy consumption, i.e., oil consumption and natural gas consumption (NGC), could have environmental consequences. We examine the effects of economic growth, urbanization, and FMD on the oil consumption and NGC in Middle East countries using the period 1975–2019. In the panel results, we found a positive effect of income and a negative effect of income-squared on oil and natural gas consumption. Hence, we corroborate the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in oil and natural gas consumption models of the Middle East region. Urbanization has a positive effect on oil and natural gas consumption. FMD has a positive effect on oil consumption and has a negative effect on NGC. From the long-run, country-specific results, we validate the existence of the EKC hypothesis in the oil consumption models of Iran and Iraq. The EKC is also found in the natural gas consumption models of Iran, Kuwait, and the UAE. From the short-run results, the EKC hypothesis is validated in the oil consumption models of Iran, Iraq, and Israel. The EKC is also corroborated in the NGC models of Iran, Kuwait, and the UAE. In the long run, urbanization has a positive effect on oil consumption in Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. Further, urbanization has a positive effect on the NGC in Iraq, Israel, and Saudi Arabia. Conversely, urbanization has a negative effect on oil consumption in Israel. In the short run, urbanization has a positive effect on oil consumption in Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, and Qatar. Moreover, urbanization has a positive effect on the NGC in Iraq. On the other hand, urbanization has a negative effect on oil consumption in Saudi Arabia and Iran. In the long run, FMD has a positive effect on oil consumption in Saudi Arabia and Israel. In the short run, FMD has a positive effect on oil consumption in Israel, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. In contrast, FMD has a negative effect on oil consumption in the UAE. Moreover, a positive effect of FMD on NGC is found in the UAE. However, FMD has a negative effect on the NGC in Israel.
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Ahmad M, Muslija A, Satrovic E. Does economic prosperity lead to environmental sustainability in developing economies? Environmental Kuznets curve theory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22588-22601. [PMID: 33420933 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Since developing countries experience economic and environmental sustainability challenges, it is desirable digging into the linkages between economic and environmental parameters. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory (i.e., the inverse U-shape connection between real GDP per capita and per capita carbon dioxide emissions) in the sample of 11 developing countries. By using balanced annual panel data in the period between 1992 and 2014 and two alternative estimation techniques, we explored the potential inverted U-shaped linkage between carbon dioxide emissions and real GDP per capita in the sample of interest. For analysis purposes, Pedroni and Westerlund co-integration techniques are employed. Then, fully modified ordinary least squares, pooled mean group methods are applied for long-run parameter estimations. And, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality approach is employed for causal directions. Firstly, this work's findings provide the supportive evidence to the inverse U-shaped linkage in the long-run, indicating that an increase in real GDP per capita and electricity consumption tends to mitigate long-run carbon dioxide emissions in the developing countries, for the whole sample. Secondly, the country-specific findings suggested the presence of EKC theory for Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, the Russian Federation, Thailand, and Turkey. It implicated that these countries are on the path of attaining environmental sustainability in the long-run. However, Mexico, Philippines, Indonesia, and South Africa failed to lend credence to the EKC theory. It manifested that these countries need to design strategies directed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from economic activity and electricity generation through efficiency improvement or promotion of renewables. Finally, bidirectional causal links are observed among all the variables of interest. The findings suggest that country-specific targeted action plans should be implemented to ensure the environmental sustainability in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Ahmad
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Adnan Muslija
- Faculty of Administration, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Elma Satrovic
- Department of Economics, University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
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Godil DI, Ahmad P, Ashraf MS, Sarwat S, Sharif A, Shabib-Ul-Hasan S, Jermsittiparsert K. The step towards environmental mitigation in Pakistan: do transportation services, urbanization, and financial development matter? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:21486-21498. [PMID: 33415625 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is a scholarly effort to broaden the existing literature on the impact of transportation services, urbanization, and financial development on ecological footprints in Pakistan. Data used in this study covers the period of 39 years from 1980 to 2018. This study adopted the QARDL model to tackle the non-linear association of variables and test their long-run stability across the different quantiles. The findings of this study indicated a significant negative association of transportation services and financial development with ecological footprints in Pakistan at almost all quantiles whereas, the urban population was found to be positively associated with the ecological footprint in Pakistan. Results also justify the existence of the EKC hypothesis in the scenario of Pakistan. Policymakers are advised to frame strategies for investors to invest more in eco-friendly projects to curtail the ecological footprints in Pakistan. Minimizing the dependency of the transportation sector on fossil fuel, and increased use of energy-efficient appliances in the urban population would be beneficial to control the negative influence on ecological footprints in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Iqbal Godil
- Business Studies Department, Bahria Business School, Bahria University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Paiman Ahmad
- Law Department, University of Raparin, Sulaimania, Iraq
- International Relations and Diplomacy Department, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | | | - Salman Sarwat
- Benazir BhuttoShaheed University Lyari, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arshian Sharif
- Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia
- Faculty of Management Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Ilma University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Kittisak Jermsittiparsert
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Murshed M, Nurmakhanova M, Elheddad M, Ahmed R. Value addition in the services sector and its heterogeneous impacts on CO 2 emissions: revisiting the EKC hypothesis for the OPEC using panel spatial estimation techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:38951-38973. [PMID: 32638298 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the context of 12 members of the OPEC by utilizing data on both the aggregate gross value added and the services' sectoral value-added between 1992 and 2015. This empirical work contributes to the literature by applying the panel spatial techniques which resulted in the findings as follows. Firstly, the results verify the authenticity of the EKC hypothesis for the aggregate level of gross value added as perceived from its inverted-U shaped association with CO2 emissions. Secondly, the disaggregated analysis affirms the heterogeneity of the validity of the EKC hypothesis across the subsectors within the services sector; this justifies the importance of analyzing the EKC hypothesis from a comprehensive (disaggregated) perspective for unearthing key sector-specific policy implications. The results reveal that the EKC hypothesis holds only in the context of construction services only but not for the cases of restaurant services, tourism and transportation services. These key findings call for effective measures to be undertaken to address the adverse environmental impacts that can be attributed to thse three sub-sectors for which the EKC did not hold. In line with the overall findings from the empirical exercises, it is recommended that the concerned OPEC members reduce their monotonic dependency on the consumption of fossil fuels, oil in particular, and gradually incorporate renewable energy resources into the energy-mix particularly within their respective services sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Murshed
- School of Business and Economics, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Mira Nurmakhanova
- Department of Accounting and Finance, KIMEP University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Mohamed Elheddad
- Scholars School System, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
- Faculty of Economics, Misurata University, Misurata City, Libya
| | - Rizwan Ahmed
- Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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12
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Mahmood H, Alkhateeb TTY, Al-Qahtani MMZ, Allam Z, Ahmad N, Furqan M. Agriculture development and CO2 emissions nexus in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225865. [PMID: 31790491 PMCID: PMC6886762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The agriculture sector may help to improve the environment of any country. The purpose of this research is to test the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis while keeping the energy consumption and agriculture share in income into account and analyze their effects on the CO2 emissions per capita of Saudi Arabia. We test both symmetrical, asymmetrical and quadratic effects of agriculture sector on the CO2 emissions. An inverted U-shaped relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and CO2 emissions per capita is found. Hence, EKC hypothesis is validated with a turning point at GDP per capita of 77,068 constant Saudi Riyal. Further, a negative and significant effect of agriculture sector on the CO2 emissions per capita has been found both in symmetrical and asymmetrical analyses. The magnitudes of effects of increasing and decreasing agriculture share are found statistically different on the CO2 emissions, and rising agriculture share in GDP has larger effect than that of decreasing agriculture share. An inverted U-shaped relationship is also found between agriculture share in GDP and CO2 emissions per capita with a turning point at 3.22% agriculture share in GDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider Mahmood
- College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb
- College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- Kafr Elshiekh University, Kafr Elshiekh, Egypt
| | | | - Zafrul Allam
- College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maham Furqan
- S&P Global Market Intelligence, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Hassan ST, Xia E, Khan NH, Shah SMA. Economic growth, natural resources, and ecological footprints: evidence from Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:2929-2938. [PMID: 30499092 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ecological footprint, a measure of human demand on earth's ecosystems, represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area that is necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes and to mitigate associated waste. This study estimates the impact of economic growth and natural resources on Pakistan's ecological footprint using an autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model for long-run estimation. The empirical findings indicate that natural resources have a positive effect on an ecological footprint that deteriorates environmental quality and that natural resources help to support the environmental Kuznets hypothesis (EKC). Bidirectional causality is found between natural resources and the ecological footprint, along with a long-run causality between biocapacity and the ecological footprint. The innovative findings have important implications for policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Tauseef Hassan
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100,081, China.
| | - Enjun Xia
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100,081, China
| | - Noor Hashim Khan
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100,081, China
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