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Sang W, Du C, Ni L, Li S, Hamad AAA, Xu C, Shao C. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of artemisinin on Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134241. [PMID: 38608594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a novel plant allelochemical, has attracted attention for its potential selective inhibitory effects on algae, yet to be fully explored. This study compares the sensitivity and action targets of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) and Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) to artemisinin algaecide (AMA), highlighting their differences. Results indicate that at high concentrations, AMA displaces the natural PQ at the QB binding site within M. aeruginosa photosynthetic system, impairing the D1 protein repair function. Furthermore, AMA disrupts electron transfer from reduced ferredoxin (Fd) to NADP+ by interfering with the iron-sulfur clusters in the ferredoxin-NADP+ reductases (FNR) domain of Fd. Moreover, significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation triggers oxidative stress and interrupts the tricarboxylic acid cycle, hindering energy acquisition. Notably, AMA suppresses arginine synthesis in M. aeruginosa, leading to reduced microcystins (MCs) release. Conversely, C. pyrenoidosa counters ROS accumulation via photosynthesis protection, antioxidant defenses, and by regulating intracellular osmotic pressure, accelerating damaged protein degradation, and effectively repairing DNA for cellular detoxification. Additionally, AMA stimulates the expression of DNA replication-related genes, facilitating cell proliferation. Our finding offer a unique approach for selectively eradicating cyanobacteria while preserving beneficial algae, and shed new light on employing eco-friendly algicides with high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Cunhao Du
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Lixiao Ni
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Amar Ali Adam Hamad
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Chu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Chenxi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Wang C, Yu X, Wu L, Feng C, Ye J, Wu F. A contrast of emerging contaminants rac- and l-menthol toxicities to Microcystis aeruginosa through biochemical, physiological, and morphological investigations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169508. [PMID: 38154634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Fragrances rac- and l-menthol extracted from peppermint are widely used and considered as emerging contaminants recently, which are persistent in the environment. Menthol has always been considered as a safe chemical for humans, but its potential adverse ecological effects on aquatic organisms and the toxic mechanisms have not yet been fully understood. The present study aims to investigate the physiological response of Microcystis aeruginosa after exposure to the two menthol isomers, and to explore the toxic mechanisms and ecological risks of these two chemicals. Results showed that rac-menthol exhibited a hormesis effect on the cell growth, chlorophyll a and protein contents; while l-menthol showed an inhibition effect. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content increased significantly at day 3 and then decreased markedly at day 6 after exposure to the two chemicals. Compared with rac-menthol, l-menthol can cause damage to the antioxidant system and plasmalemma more severely, promote the production and release of microcystins-LR (MC-LR) more dramatically, upregulate the expression of MC-transportation-related gene mcyH, and induce higher apoptosis rates. Overall results revealed that the toxic effects of l-menthol on cyanobacteria were significantly greater than those of rac-menthol. The significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the ultrastructural characteristics of the cells indicated that the plasma membranes were damaged. Thus, further attention should be paid to the scientific use, ecological and environmental risk assessment of chiral menthol. This study will also provide a scientific basis for future water quality criteria establishment on emerging contaminants such as fragrances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xinyue Yu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board, Los Angeles, CA 90013, United States
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Cunha DS, Neto VG, Santos ID, Andrade MVS, Takahashi D, Loureiro MB, Fernandez LG, Ribeiro PR, de Castro RD. Castor (Ricinus communis L.) differential cell cycle and metabolism reactivation, germinability, and seedling performance under NaCl and PEG osmoticum: Stress tolerance related to genotype-preestablished superoxide dismutase activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108372. [PMID: 38228015 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Castor (Ricinus communis) is a relevant industrial oilseed feedstock for many industrial applications, being globally mainly cultivated by smallholder farmers in semiarid areas, where abiotic stresses predominate. Therefore, susceptible to generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative stress, compromising cell metabolism upon seed imbibition and germination, seedling and crop establishment, and yield. The present study evaluated the consequences of water restriction by Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Sodium chloride (NaCl) on cell cycle and metabolism reactivation on germinability, seedling growth, and vigor parameters in 2 commercial castor genotypes (Nordestina and Paraguaçu). PEG water restriction inhibited germination completely at -0.23 MPa or higher, presumably due to reduced oxygen availability. The restrictive effects of NaCl saline stress on germination were observed only from -0.46 MPa onwards, affecting dry mass accumulation and the production of normal seedlings. In general, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in NaCl -0.23 MPa, whereas its modulation during the onset of imbibition (24h) seemed to depend on its initial levels in dry seeds in a genotype-specific manner, therefore, resulting in the higher stress tolerance of Nordestina compared to Paraguaçu. Overall, results show that Castor germination and seedling development are more sensitive to the restrictive effects of PEG than NaCl at similar osmotic potentials, contributing to a better understanding of the responses to water restriction stresses by different Castor genotypes. Ultimately, SOD may constitute a potential marker for characterizing castor genotypes in stressful situations during germination, early seedling, and crop establishment, and a target for breeding for Castor-improved stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego S Cunha
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40160-100, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Valdir G Neto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40160-100, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Isabela D Santos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40160-100, Salvador, Brazil; Undergraduate Course in Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences - ICS, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40160-100, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marcos V S Andrade
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40160-100, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniele Takahashi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40160-100, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marta B Loureiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40160-100, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luzimar G Fernandez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40160-100, Salvador, Brazil; Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, 40170-115, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40160-100, Salvador, Brazil; Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, 40170-115, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Renato D de Castro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40160-100, Salvador, Brazil; Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, 40170-115, Salvador, Brazil.
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Zhou Z, Xia L, Wang X, Wu C, Liu J, Li J, Lu Z, Song S, Zhu J, Montes ML, Benzaazoua M. Coal slime as a good modifier for the restoration of copper tailings with improved soil properties and microbial function. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109266-109282. [PMID: 37759064 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the solid wastes from the coal industry have been widely used as soil amendments. Nevertheless, the impact of utilizing coal slime for copper tailing restoration in terms of plant growth, physicochemical characteristics of the tailing soil, and microbial succession remains uncertain.Herein, the coal slime was employed as a modifier into copper tailings. Their effect on the growth and physiological response of Ryegrass, and the soil physicochemical properties as well as the bacterial community structure were investigated. The results indicated that after a 30-day of restoration, the addition of coal slime at a ratio of 40% enhanced plant growth, with a 21.69% rise in chlorophyll content, and a 62.44% increase in peroxidase activity. The addition of 40% coal slime also increased the content of nutrient elements in copper tailings. Following a 20-day period of restoration, the concentrations of available copper and available zinc in the modified tailings decreased by 39.6% and 48.51%, respectively, with 40% of coal slime added. In the meantime, there was an observed augmentation in the species diversity of the bacterial community in the modified tailings. The alterations in both community structure and function were primarily influenced by variations in pH value, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and available copper. The addition of 40% coal slime makes the physicochemical properties and microbial community evolution of copper tailings reach a balance point. The utilization of coal slime has the potential to enhance the physicochemical characteristics of tailings and promote the proliferation of microbial communities, hence facilitating the soil evolution of two distinct solid waste materials. Consequently, the application of coal slime in the restoration of heavy metal tailings is a viable approach, offering both cost-effectiveness and efficacy as an enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Xia
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Xizhuo Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiazhi Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Instituto de Física de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Álvaro Obregón 64, 78000, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Zijing Lu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shaoxian Song
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Hubei Sanxin Gold Copper Limited Company, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | | | - Mostafa Benzaazoua
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Geology and Sustainable Mining, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
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5
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Yang N, He X, Ran L, Yang F, Ma C, Chen H, Xiang D, Shen G, Zhang P, He L, Qian K. The mechanism of coumarin inhibits germination of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and its application as coumarin-carbon dots nanocomposites. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2182-2190. [PMID: 36740923 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important plant allelochemical, coumarin can effectively inhibit the germination of various seeds. However, little is known about the inhibition mechanism of coumarin on weed seed germination. Moreover, the herbicidal activity of coumarin is needed to be improved as a natural pesticide. RESULTS Coumarin had the highest inhibition effect on the ryegrass (Lolium perenne) seed, where coumarin disturbed the hormone pathway by decreasing the content of gibberellic acid 3, resulting in the reduction of amylase activity and consumption of starch during the germination process of ryegrass seed. Moreover, coumarin induced decreased activity of catalase and subsequently led to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, causing oxidative stress during the germination process of ryegrass seed. Furthermore, to enhance the herbicidal activity of coumarin, carbon dots (CDs) modified with polyetherimide were prepared, characterized, and then combined with coumarin to form coumarin-carbon dots (Cm-CDs) nanocomposites. Compared with coumarin, Cm-CDs nanocomposites significantly increased the herbicidal activity of coumarin on ryegrass, which implies that Cm-CDs nanocomposites could be used as a potential formulation to improve the herbicidal activity of coumarin. CONCLUSION This study not only reveals the mechanism of coumarin on ryegrass germination, but also develop Cm-CDs nanocomposites to enhance the herbicidal activity of coumarin. Our findings will stimulate the application of Cm-CDs nanomaterials as an effective and environmentally friendly formulation in agriculture. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiulong He
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Lulu Ran
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Furong Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqiu Chen
- Institute of Vegetable, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Institute of Vegetable, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Guangmao Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Sun S, Fan X, Feng Y, Wang X, Gao H, Song F. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence the uptake of cadmium in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138728. [PMID: 37080470 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is currently a more environmentally friendly and economical measure for the remediation of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil. Heavy metal-resistant plant species, Cannabis sativa L. was inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis to investigate the mechanisms of mycorrhizal in improving the Cd remediation ability of C. sativa. The results showed that after inoculation with R. irregularis, C. sativa root Cd contents increased significantly, and leaf Cd enrichment decreased significantly. At the transcriptional level, R. irregularis down-regulated the expression of the ABC transporter family but up-regulated differentially expressed genes regulating low molecular weight organic acids. The levels of malic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid were significantly increased in the rhizosphere soil, and they were significantly and strongly related to oxidizable Cd concentrations. Then citric acid levels were considerably and positively connected to exchangeable Cd concentrations. Our findings revealed that through regulating the movement of root molecules, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus enhanced the heavy metal tolerance of C. sativa even more, meanwhile, they changed the Cd chemical forms by altering the composition of low molecular weight organic acids, which in turn affected soil Cd bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Jiaxiang Industrial Technology Research Institute, Heilongjiang University, Jining, 272400, China; Heilongjiang Fertilizer Engineering Technology Research Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China; Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xiaoxu Fan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yuhan Feng
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Jiaxiang Industrial Technology Research Institute, Heilongjiang University, Jining, 272400, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Jiaxiang Industrial Technology Research Institute, Heilongjiang University, Jining, 272400, China
| | - Hongsheng Gao
- Heilongjiang Fertilizer Engineering Technology Research Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China; Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Fuqiang Song
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China; Jiaxiang Industrial Technology Research Institute, Heilongjiang University, Jining, 272400, China.
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Ye J, Hua S, Liu S, Tian F, Ji X, Li Y, Hou M, Xu W, Meng L, Sun L. Enantioselective effects of chiral fragrance carvone (L- and D-carvone) on the physiology, oxidative damage, synthesis, and release of microcystin-LR in Microcystis aeruginosa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158631. [PMID: 36084777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carvone is a widely used chiral fragrance with two isomers (L-carvone and D-carvone). D-carvone smells like a caraway, whereas L-carvone smells like mint. Carvone imposes a potential burden on the aquatic ecosystem. However, the enantioselective toxic effect of carvone enantiomers on cyanobacteria remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of L- and D-carvone on the physiological processes and related gene transcription (phoU, rbcL, and mcyH) in M. aeruginosa. Results showed that in the presence of L- and D-carvone, the oxidative damage and inhibitory effects on growth occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The contents of chlorophyll a and protein and the rbcL transcription level were inhibited in M. aeruginosa. In addition, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was heavily depleted because of various biological processes, including growth, oxidation reactions, and gene regulation. Meanwhile, L- and D-carvone stimulated the production and release of MC-LR and upregulated the expression level of the MC-LR-related gene mcyH. Intracellular MC-LR likely leaked to the water body under L-carvone exposure, posing a potential threat to the water environment. This study indicated that L- and D-carvone can regulate the physiological and metabolic activity of M. aeruginosa and show enantioselective toxic effects. The findings will also provide important insights into the influence of chiral fragrance on cyanobacterial blooms. Furthermore, this study will guide the safe application of chiral fragrance as personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Sijia Hua
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Fuxiang Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xiyan Ji
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yuanting Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Meifang Hou
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- School of Railway Transportation, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Liang Meng
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 201403, China
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Chen HH, Chen XF, Zheng ZC, Huang WL, Guo J, Yang LT, Chen LS. Characterization of copper-induced-release of exudates by Citrus sinensis roots and their possible roles in copper-tolerance. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136348. [PMID: 36087738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) excess is often observed in old Citrus orchards. Little information is available on the characterization of Cu-induced-release of root exudates and their possible roles in plant Cu-tolerance. Using sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Xuegan] seedlings as materials, we investigated the impacts of 0, 0.5, 25, 150, 350, 550, 1000, 2000 or 5000 μM CuCl2 (pH 4.8) on Cu uptake, root exudates [malate, citrate, total phenolics (TP), total soluble sugars (TSS) and total free amino acids (TFAA)], electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde, and solution pH under hydroponic conditions; the time-course of root exudates and solution pH in response to Cu; and the impacts of protein synthesis and anion-channel inhibitors, and temperature on Cu-induced-secretion of root exudates and solution pH. About 70% of Cu was accumulated in 0 and 0.5 μM Cu-exposed roots, while over 97% of Cu was accumulated in ≥25 μM Cu-exposed roots. Without Cu, the seedlings could alkalize the solution pH from 4.8 to above 6.0. Cu-stimulated-secretion of root exudates elevated with the increment of Cu concentration from 0 to 1000 μM, then decreased or remained unchanged with the further increment of Cu concentration, while root electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (root-induced alkalization) increased (lessened) with the increment of Cu concentration from 0 to 5000 μM. Further analysis indicated that Cu-stimulated-secretion of root exudates was an energy-dependent process and could repressed by inhibitors, and that there was no discernible delay between the onset of exudate release and the addition of Cu. To conclude, both root-induced alkalization and Cu-stimulated-release of root exudates played a key role in sweet orange Cu-tolerance via increasing root Cu accumulation and reducing Cu uptake and phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Xu-Feng Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Zhi-Chao Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Wei-Lin Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Jiuxin Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Li-Song Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Chen J, Li K, Hu A, Fu Q, He H, Wang D, Shi J, Zhang W. The molecular characteristics of DOMs derived from bio-stabilized wastewater activated sludge and its effect on alleviating Cd-stress in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157157. [PMID: 35803417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To recycle fertilizing contents in wastewater activated sludge (WAS) is attracting increasing interest. Dissolved organic matters (DOMs) in WAS with high content are biologically active. In this work, the molecular composition of DOMs derived from two typical bio-stabilized WAS (DOMBWS), aerobic composting (DOMACS) and anaerobic digestion (DOMADS), were analyzed. The mitigative effect and molecular mechanisms of DOMBWS on rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) under Cd-stress were investigated. Our study indicated that DOMBWS significantly alleviated Cd-stress and facilitated growth recovery of rice seedlings with distinct absorption mechanisms. DOMACS, primarily composed of CHO class with low molecular weight rich in carboxyl groups, forming labile Cd-DOM complexes, which promoted Cd-absorption of rice seedlings. While DOMADS comprised large molecular weight of CHON class interacted with Cd to produce stable macromolecular complexes in the form of microaggregates, consequently reducing Cd-absorption. At transcriptional level, DOMBWS restored auxin signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways in root cells, and got the expression of glutathione S-transferase well. Besides, DOMACS significantly promoted the metabolism of amino acids to alleviate phytotoxicity, while DOMADS improved the DNA repair function of rice seedlings. These findings provided novel insights into land-use of bio-stabilized WAS for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Kewei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Aibin Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Qinglong Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
| | - Hang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China.
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10
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Duan Y, Zhang Y, Zhao B. Lead, zinc tolerance mechanism and phytoremediation potential of Alcea rosea (Linn.) Cavan. and Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid effect. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41329-41343. [PMID: 35088277 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to elucidate the defense mechanism of Alcea rosea (Linn.) Cavan. and Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. against the single and compound toxicity of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) along with the synergistic effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in accumulation of metals in these two species. The two plant species were subjected to single metal treatment (Pb 1000 mg kg-1, Zn 600 mg kg-1) and compound metal treatment (Pb 1000 mg kg-1 + Zn 600 mg kg-1) in a greenhouse. Besides, different levels of EDTA were applied (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mmol kg-1) with compound metal treatment. Several physiological and biochemical parameters, including plant photosynthetic parameters, enzymatic antioxidant system, accumulation concentration of metals, and subcellular distribution were estimated. The results showed that the antioxidative enzymes, proline, root morphological changes, and metal localization all played important roles in resisting Pb and Zn toxicity. A notable difference was that Zn was concentrated in the roots (58.5%) of H. macrophylla to reduce the damage but in the leaves (38.5%) of A. rosea to promote photosynthesis and resist the toxicity of metals. In addition, Zn reduced the toxicity of Pb to plants by regulating photosynthesis, Pb absorption and Pb distribution in subcells. The biological concentration factors (BCF) and translocation factors (TF) for Pb in two plants were less than 1, indicating that they could be considered as phytostabilizators in Pb-contaminated soils. Moreover, EDTA could enhance the enrichment and transport capacity of Pb and Zn to promote the phytoremediation effect. In summary, both plants have a certain application potential for repairing Pb-Zn-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Duan
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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11
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Xu J, Wang X, Han C, Jiang Y, Zhong W, Liu B. Trait-based comparison of transgenic Bt rice and its non-Bt counterpart in response to soil copper pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:2773-2782. [PMID: 34374018 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice can provide economic and environmental benefits under the current increasing demand for food and socioeconomic pressures for sustainability. However, information about the ecological adaptation of Bt rice under nontarget environmental stress is still lacking. This study compared the adaptability of one Bt rice and its nontransgenic counterpart to soil copper (Cu) pollution in terms of agronomic and physiological traits. With Cu addition, grain yield and biomass of both cultivars were significantly decreased. Within the same Cu treatment, Bt rice exhibited higher biomass and close plant height, chlorophyll content, grain yield, and grain quality compared with non-Bt rice, except for the grain yield with a 35 mg kg-1 Cu addition with respect to which Bt rice was significantly lower by 22%. The Cu content in Bt rice was generally lower, whereas the antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation were stronger than the non-Bt. These results demonstrated that Bt rice exhibited close adaptability but higher Cu tolerance compared with the non-Bt under Cu stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng Han
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunbin Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenhui Zhong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Biao Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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12
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Yin Z, Zhang Y, Hu N, Shi Y, Li T, Zhao Z. Differential responses of 23 maize cultivar seedlings to an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus when grown in a metal-polluted soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:148015. [PMID: 34051499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Modern breeding efforts have been accelerating crop improvement and yielding numerous cultivars with distinct genetic traits; however, interactions between different cultivars and their root-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are not clear. Herein, we selected the 22 most common commercial maize (Zea mays) varieties in China and an inbred line (B73) to study the differential responses of these 23 cultivars to mycorrhizal inoculation when grown in an arable soil polluted by multiple metals (Pb, Zn, and Cd). We found that the different cultivars exhibited significant variations in plant metal accumulation, ranging from strong metal exclusion (ZYY9) to strong metal accumulation (B73). Mycorrhizal colonization substantially altered metal uptake and repartitioning, while bioaugmenting the inherent characteristics of metal accumulation; for example, the AMF enhanced leaf accumulation of the metal-accumulator B73, and markedly reduced the root uptake of the metal-excluder ZYY9. However, such AMF-induced alterations were also substantially dependent on plant organs (roots and shoots) and metal species. We found that the extent of the AMF-induced leaf alterations was substantially greater than that of the root alterations. Similarly, the number of instances where the AMF significantly altered the Zn and Cd accumulation was far higher than the number of instances where Pb accumulation was significantly altered by AMF. In addition, the presence of AMF appeared to trigger the maize antioxidant systems, which may have alleviated the toxicity of excessive Cd, increased the leaf chlorophyll content, augmented the net photosynthetic rate, and promoted the growth of 17.39% of the maize cultivars. Our results suggest that a future crop breeding challenge is to produce cultivars for safe production or phytoremediation, thereby optimizing the combinations of crop cultivars and their root-associated AMF in slightly to moderately metal-polluted arable soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Na Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yichen Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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Huang G, Zhou X, Guo G, Ren C, Rizwan MS, Islam MS, Hu H. Variations of dissolved organic matter and Cu fractions in rhizosphere soil induced by the root activities of castor bean. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126800. [PMID: 32334255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The root soil interaction affects metal bioavailability in the rhizosphere, thus impacting the uptake and accumulation of metals by plants. In this study, a greenhouse experiment using a root-bag technique for castor bean plants was conducted to determine the i) rhizosphere effect on the fractions of Cu, and ii) the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the rhizosphere soil. Results showed that the Cu concentration in the leaves, stems, and roots was 15.41, 6.71, and 47.85 mg kg-1, respectively, in the control and reached up to 96.5, 254.9, and 3204 mg kg-1 in Cu400 treatment, respectively. After cultivating castor bean plants, the concentration of acid exchangeable Cu in rhizosphere soil was higher than that in the bulk soil for the same Cu addition, whereas the concentrations of reducible Cu, oxidizable Cu, and residual Cu in the rhizosphere soil were all lower than those in the bulk soil, respectively. In comparison to the bulk soil, the pH decreased while the total nitrogen and total carbon concentrations both increased in the rhizosphere soil. Moreover, the concentrations of total low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) and total amino acids in the rhizosphere soil of the Cu treatments increased by between 15.18% to 47.17% and 36.35%-200%, respectively with respect to the control. The less complex DOM with a high LMWOAs concentration in the rhizosphere soil shifted the soil Cu from a relative stable fraction to available fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiupei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guagguang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid Rizwan
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Md Shoffikul Islam
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Hongqing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Iqbal A, Mushtaq MU, Khan AHA, Nawaz I, Yousaf S, Iqbal M. Influence of Pseudomonas japonica and organic amendments on the growth and metal tolerance of Celosia argentea L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:24671-24685. [PMID: 31428967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a pot experiment was piloted in a greenhouse to evaluate the potential of Celosia argentea var. cristata L. for tolerating/accumulating heavy metals in synthetic wastewater in the presence of Pseudomonas japonica and organic amendment, i.e., moss and compost. Two-week-old seedlings were transferred to pots, and after 4 weeks, the bacterial strain was inoculated, then watered with synthetic wastewater for 5 weeks and harvested after 9 weeks. After harvesting, physiological and biochemical parameters, as well as metal contents of plants, were quantified. The results indicated highest growth and biomass production in moss- and compost-associated plants while highest metal uptake has been found in the presence of P. japonica and synthetic wastewater-irrigated plants. Synthetic wastewater-irrigated plants have shown highest Pb uptake of 2899 mg kg-1 DW, while with P. japonica in soil those plants have shown highest Cd, Cu, Ni, and Cr uptake of 962, 1479, 1042, and 956 mg kg-1 DW, respectively. The production of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST), was high in P. japonica-amended plants because of increased uptake of metals. It is concluded that moss and compost have improved growth while P. japonica improved metal accumulation and translocation to aerial parts with little involvement in plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameena Iqbal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Mushtaq
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aqib Hassan Ali Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ismat Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Yousaf
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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