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Chen X, Zhao G, Yang Z, Li Q. Molecular comparison of organic matter removal from shale gas flowback wastewater: Ozonation versus Fenton process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167147. [PMID: 37730067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Shale gas extraction process generates a large amount of shale gas flowback wastewater (SGFW) containing refractory organic compounds, which can pose serious environmental threats if not properly treated. However, the extremely complex compositions of organics in SGFW are still unknown and their transformation pathways in O3- and •OH-dominated systems are not well recognized, which restrain the selection of treatment technology and optimization of operational parameters. The removal characteristics and reaction mechanism of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in SGFW treated by ozonation and Fenton processes were comparatively investigated using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The results showed that both processes could degrade low-oxygen highly unsaturated and phenolic organics, polyphenolics and polycyclic aromatics, and transform them into aliphatic organics and high-oxygen highly unsaturated and phenolic organics. With increasing action of reactive oxygen species (O3 for ozonation and •OH for Fenton process), the degradation products (mainly aliphatic organics) increased during ozonation. However, in Fenton process, a wider range of DOM was removed without aliphatic organics accumulation. The degradation mechanisms of DOM during ozonation and Fenton processes included oxygen addition reactions (+3O, +H2O2, and +2O) as dominant pathways. However, ozonation showed more violent oxygenation, hydroxylation, and carboxylation, while Fenton process presented more violent chain-breaking reactions. These results revealed the selective oxidation of ozone and nonselective oxidation of •OH during SGFW treatment, and provided theoretical support for selecting SGFW treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, China
| | - Guonan Zhao
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, China
| | - Zhuowen Yang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, China.
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Luo M, Yang H, Wang K, Song F, He Y, Zhang Y, Zhong C. Coupling iron-carbon micro-electrolysis with persulfate advanced oxidation for hydraulic fracturing return fluid treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137415. [PMID: 36464016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving the sustainability of the hydraulic fracturing water cycle of unconventional oil and gas development needs an advanced water treatment that can efferently treat flowback and produced water (FPW). In this study, we developed a robust two-stage process that combines flocculation, and iron-carbon micro-electrolysis plus sodium persulfate (ICEPS) advanced oxidation to treat field-based FPW from the Sulige tight gas field, China. Influencing factors and optimal conditions of the flocculation-ICEPS process were investigated. The flocculation-ICEPS system at optimal conditions sufficiently removed the total organic contents (95.71%), suspended solids (92.4%), and chroma (97.5%), but the reaction stoichiometric efficiency (RSE) value was generally less than 5%. The particles and chroma were effectively removed by flocculation, and the organic contents was mainly removed by the ICEPS system. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed to track the changes in FPW chemical compositions through the oxidation of the ICEPS process. Multiple analyses demonstrated that PS was involved in the activation of Fe oxides and hydroxides accreted on the surface of the ICE system for FPW treatment, which led to increasing organics removal rate of the ICEPS system compared to the conventional ICE system. Our study suggests that the flocculation-ICEPS system is a promising FPW treatment process, which provides technical and mechanistic foundations for further field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hanchao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuntai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Song
- Chengdu Xiyouhuawei Science & Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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Chloride-Enhanced Removal of Ammonia Nitrogen and Organic Matter from Landfill Leachate by a Microwave/Peroxymonosulfate System. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Landfill leachate contains not only high concentrations of refractory organic matter and ammonia nitrogen, but also high concentrations of chloride ions (Cl−). The modification of reactive species of the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation system by Cl− and its priority sequence for the removal of NH4+-N and organic matter from landfill leachate remain unclear. This study investigated the removal characteristics of NH4+-N and organic matter in the microwave (MW)/PMS system with high Cl− content. The results show that increasing Cl− concentration significantly improves the production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the MW/PMS system under acidic conditions, and that the thermal and non-thermal effects of MW irradiation have an important influence on the HOCl produced by PMS activation. The maximum cumulative concentration of HOCl was 748.24 μM after a reaction time of 2 min. The formation paths of HOCl are (i) SO4•− formed by the MW/PMS system interacting with Cl− and HO•, and (ii) the nucleophilic addition reaction of PMS and Cl−. Moreover, the high concentration of HOCl produced by the system can not only remove NH4+-N in situ, but also interact with PMS to continuously generate Cl• as an oxidant to participate in the reaction with pollutants (e.g., NH4+-N and organic matter). Common aqueous substances (e.g., CO32−, HCO3−, NO3−, and humic acid) in landfill leachate will compete with NH4+-N for reactive species in the system, and will thereby inhibit its removal to a certain extent. It was found that when NH4+-N and leachate DOM co-exist in landfill leachates, they would compete for reactive species, and that humic acid-like matter was preferentially removed, leading to the retention of fulvic acid-like matter. It is hoped that this study will provide theoretical support for the design and optimization of methods for removing NH4+-N and organic matter from landfill leachate with high chloride ion content.
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Jin B, Han M, Huang C, Arp HPH, Zhang G. Towards improved characterization of the fate and impact of hydraulic fracturing chemicals to better secure regional water quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:497-503. [PMID: 35404376 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00034b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) of shale and other permeable rock formations to extract gas and oil is a water-intensive process that returns a significant amount of flowback and produced water (FPW). Due to the complex chemical composition of HF fluids and FPW, this process has led to public concern on the impacts of FPW disposal, spillage and spreading to regional freshwater resources, in particular to shallow groundwater aquifers. To address this, a better understanding of the chemical composition of HF fluid and FPW is needed, as well as the environmental fate properties of the chemical constituents, such as their persistence, mobility and toxicity (PMT) properties. Such research would support risk-based management strategies for the protection of regional water quality, including both the phase-out of problematic chemicals and better hydraulic safeguards against FPW contamination. This article presents recent strategies to advance the assessment and analysis of HF and FPW associated organic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10069, China
| | - Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10069, China
| | - Chen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10069, China
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevaal Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Xia H, Li C, Yang G, Shi Z, Jin C, He W, Xu J, Li G. A review of microwave-assisted advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:131981. [PMID: 34826886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microwave (MW) technology has gained increasing interest in wastewater treatment due to its unique properties, such as fast and uniform heating, hot spots effect, and non-thermal effect. MW enhances the production of active radicals (e.g., OH, SO4-), which exerts a stronger integrated treatment effect in combination with advanced oxidation processes. Over the years, microwave-assisted advanced oxidation processes (MW-AOPs) have developed rapidly to degrade pollutants as innovative treatment approaches. This paper provides a detailed classification and a comprehensive review of MW-AOPs. The latest applications of MW in different advanced oxidation systems (oxidation systems, catalytic oxidation systems, and photochemical, electrochemical and sonochemical systems) are reviewed. The reaction parameters and performance of MW-AOPs in wastewater treatment are discussed, and the enhancement of pollutant degradation by MW is highlighted. In addition, the operating costs of MW-AOPs are evaluated. Some recommendations on MW-AOPs are made for future research. This review provides meaningful information on the potential development and evolution of MW-AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Chengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Guoying Yang
- Suzhou Pioneer Environmental Technology Co.,Ltd. (Singapore), Room 1905, Hengtong Finance, 7070 East Taihu Avenue, Wujiang District, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiang Shi
- Suzhou Pioneer Environmental Technology Co.,Ltd. (Singapore), Room 1905, Hengtong Finance, 7070 East Taihu Avenue, Wujiang District, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wenzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Jingcheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Guangming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Faber AH, Brunner AM, Dingemans MML, Baken KA, Kools SAE, Schot PP, de Voogt P, van Wezel AP. Comparing conventional and green fracturing fluids by chemical characterisation and effect-based screening. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148727. [PMID: 34323756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is public and scientific concern about air, soil and water contamination and possible adverse environmental and human health effects as a result of hydraulic fracturing activities. The use of greener chemicals in fracturing fluid aims to mitigate these effects. This study compares fracturing fluids marketed as either 'conventional' or 'green', as assessed by their chemical composition and their toxicity in bioassays. Chemical composition was analysed via non-target screening using liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry, while toxicity was evaluated by the Ames fluctuation test to assess mutagenicity and CALUX reporter gene assays to determine specific toxicity. Overall, the results do not indicate that the 'green' fluids are less harmful than the 'conventional' ones. First, there is no clear indication that the selected green fluids contain chemicals present at lower concentrations than the selected conventional fluids. Second, the predicted environmental fate of the identified compounds does not seem to be clearly distinct between the 'green' and 'conventional' fluids, based on the available data for the top five chemicals based on signal intensity that were tentatively identified. Furthermore, Ames fluctuation test results indicate that the green fluids have a similar genotoxic potential than the conventional fluids. Results of the CALUX reporter gene assays add to the evidence that there is no clear difference between the green and conventional fluids. These results do not support the claim that currently available and tested green-labeled fracturing fluids are environmentally more friendly alternatives to conventional fracturing fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Hélène Faber
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Milou M L Dingemans
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Paul P Schot
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Mehralipour J, Kermani M. Optimization of photo-electro/Persulfate/nZVI process on 2-4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation via central composite design: a novel combination of advanced oxidation process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:941-957. [PMID: 34150284 PMCID: PMC8172659 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2-4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid is most publicly applied from chlorinated phenoxy acids herbicides. In this research, central composite design for optimization of photo-Elecro/persulfate/nZVI process to degradation and mineralization of this herbicide in aqueous solution to environment protection was applied. The initial pH (2-4), persulfate anion concentration (0.25-0.5 mg/L), direct electrical (0.5-1 A), herbicide concentration (50-100 mg/l), nZVI dose (0.05-1 mg/L), and reaction time (50-100 mg/l) are independent variables optimized. Also, the synergist effect, COD and TOC removal, the effect of radical scavengers, and by-products were investigated. The fitting of the model, suggested a quadratic model (R2 = 0.9926). F-value and P value of ANOVA were 719.81 and 0.0001 respectivelty. After optimizing the PEP/nZVI process, the proposed optimal conditions was pH = 3.4, persulfate concentration equal to 0.49 mg/l, in 1 A direct current, nZVI dose equal to 0.1 mg/l, in 50.05 mg/l herbicide concentration as an initial concentration, in 80 min reaction time. The theoretical and actual removal was evaluated 91.99% and 92%, respectively. In the optimum condition, 45.4% synergist effect indicated. 78.3% and 66.5% of initial COD and TOC were decreased. 39.02% of Cl ion was released form 2,4-D structure. The presence of radical scavengers have an adverse impact on the performance of process. The highest amount of radical scavenging was in methanol, tert-butyl alcohol and bicarbonate ions at concentrations at 50 mM/l. The kinetic data was fitted via pseudo-first-order reaction (R2 = 0.99).The direct and indirect oxidation process lead to formation of several organic by-products which were confirmed by GC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Mehralipour
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wang B, Xiong M, Wang P, Shi B. Chemical characterization in hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (HF-FPW) of shale gas in Sichuan of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26532-26542. [PMID: 32372354 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of fracturing flowback and wastewater with complex compositions are produced during hydraulic fracturing. Characterization of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (HF-FPW) is an important initial step in efforts to determine a suitable treatment method for this type of wastewater. In the present study, fracturing flowback and produced water samples were obtained from well CN-F and well CN-E in the prophase and anaphase stages of the Changning shale gas mining area. Chemical characterization of inorganic and organic substances was then conducted. Metal contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and all inorganic anions involved were determined by ion chromatography. The organic pollutant components were analyzed in detail by combining Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Results showed that samples contained salt (TDS = 30,000-50,000 mg/L), metals (e.g., 650 ± 50 mg/L calcium), and total organic carbon (TOC = 32-178 mg/L). The organic substances detected in all samples could be divided into six categories, alkanes, aromatics, halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, and ketones. C6-C21 straight-chain alkanes and C7-C13 naphthenes had the highest amount of organic matter, reaching more than 48%. The organic matter contained fracturing fluid additives, such as surfactants (e.g., ethylene glycol), and nitrotrichloromethane, which is a chlorinated product of some additives. These results provide information on the chemical composition of HF-FPW in Sichuan, China, as well as a basis for subsequent processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Prevention on Oil and Gas Fields and Environmental Safety, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Mingyang Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Peijie Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
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Hu L, Wang P, Shen T, Wang Q, Wang X, Xu P, Zheng Q, Zhang G. The application of microwaves in sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes for environmental remediation: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137831. [PMID: 32199371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The generation of sulfate radicals is a key factor to limit the catalytic activities of sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). Microwave irradiation is a specific method to heat solutions via thermal and nonthermal effects, and has attracted an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Herein, we focus on the application of microwaves in SR-AOPs that called SR-MAOPs in environmental remediation, including wastewater, landfill leachate, biological waste sludge and soil, etc. treatment. Various systems including homogeneous and heterogeneous SR-MAOPs were reviewed. In wastewater treatment, not only the dyes and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were considered, the application in actual water matrices was also summarized. In addition, the function of remediation for organic-contaminated soil, landfill leachate and biological waste sludge were assessed using SR-MAOPs. In addition to evaluating the degradation efficiency of various organic pollutants from environment, the dewaterability is another key to treat biological waste sludge. The SR-MAOPs could break up hydrogen bonds and inactivate and denature complex biological molecules via microwave effects to achieve the dewatering of microorganisms in sludge. Furthermore, the COD of the sludge increased to a high level after microwave irradiation of sludge, which means that biopolymers released from microbial cells into the solution. Then, the released COD could be well treated by the SR-MAOPs. Based on the summary, we reveal that SR-MAOPs are potential technologies for environmental remediation, especially for systems with complicated organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Hu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Tianyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zheng
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Guangshan Zhang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.
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