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Zhu J, Xiao X, Du W, Cai Y, Yang Z, Yin Y, Wakisaka M, Wang J, Zhou Z, Liu D, Fang W. Leveraging microalgae as a sustainable ingredient for meat analogues. Food Chem 2024; 450:139360. [PMID: 38640528 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
As the world's population and income levels continue to rise, there is a substantial increase in the demand for meat, which poses significant environmental challenges due to large-scale livestock production. This review explores the potential of microalgae as a sustainable protein source for meat analogues. The nutritional composition, functional properties, and environmental advantages of microalgae are analyzed. Additionally, current obstacles to large-scale microalgal food production are addressed, such as strain development, contamination risks, water usage, and downstream processing. The challenges associated with creating meat-like textures and flavors using techniques like extrusion and emulsion formation with microalgae are also examined. Lastly, considerations related to consumer acceptance, marketing, and regulation are summarized. By focusing on improvements in cultivation, structure, sensory attributes, and affordability, microalgae demonstrate promise as a transformative and eco-friendly protein source to enhance the next generation of meat alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China.
| | - Xue Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Weihua Du
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yifei Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Zhengfei Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yongqi Yin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Minato Wakisaka
- Food Study Centre, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zixin Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Dongqin Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Weiming Fang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
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Park S, Lee SJ, Noh W, Kim YJ, Kim JH, Back SM, Ryu BG, Nam SW, Park SH, Kim J. Production of safe cyanobacterial biomass for animal feed using wastewater and drinking water treatment residuals. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25136. [PMID: 38322884 PMCID: PMC10844260 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in microalgae and cyanobacteria biomass as an alternative to traditional animal feed is hindered by high production costs. Using wastewater (WW) as a cultivation medium could offer a solution, but this approach risks introducing harmful substances into the biomass, leading to significant safety concerns. In this study, we addressed these challenges by selectively extracting nitrates and phosphates from WW using drinking water treatment residuals (DWTR) and chitosan. This method achieved peak adsorption capacities of 4.4 mg/g for nitrate and 6.1 mg/g for phosphate with a 2.5 wt% chitosan blend combined with DWTR-nitrogen. Subsequently, these extracted nutrients were employed to cultivate Spirulina platensis, yielding a biomass productivity rate of 0.15 g/L/d, which is comparable to rates achieved with commercial nutrients. By substituting commercial nutrients with nitrate and phosphate from WW, we can achieve a 18 % reduction in the culture medium cost. While the cultivated biomass was initially nitrogen-deficient due to low nitrate levels, it proved to be protein-rich, accounting for 50 % of its dry weight, and contained a high concentration of free amino acids (1260 mg/g), encompassing all essential amino acids. Both in vitro and in vivo toxicity tests affirmed the biomass's safety for use as an animal feed component. Future research should aim to enhance the economic feasibility of this alternative feed source by developing efficient adsorbents, utilizing cost-effective reagents, and implementing nutrient reuse strategies in spent mediums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghwan Park
- Biomass Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Lee
- Biomass Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Noh
- Biomass Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Kim
- Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hein Kim
- Human Risk Assessment Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seng-Min Back
- Genetic & Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gon Ryu
- Microbial Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Nam
- Bioresources Collection & Bioinformation Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Genetic & Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Biomass Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Exposure & Toxicology Research Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
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Kaur M, Bhatia S, Gupta U, Decker E, Tak Y, Bali M, Gupta VK, Dar RA, Bala S. Microalgal bioactive metabolites as promising implements in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals: inspiring therapy for health benefits. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2023; 22:1-31. [PMID: 36686403 PMCID: PMC9840174 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in global population and shrinkage of agricultural land necessitates the use of cost-effective renewable sources as alternative to excessive resource-demanding agricultural crops. Microalgae seem to be a potential substitute as it rapidly produces large biomass that can serve as a good source of various functional ingredients that are not produced/synthesized inside the human body and high-value nonessential bioactive compounds. Microalgae-derived bioactive metabolites possess various bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-carcinogenic, anti-hypertensive, anti-lipidemic, and anti-diabetic activities, thereof rapidly elevating their demand as interesting option in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and functional foods industries for developing new products. However, their utilization in these sectors has been limited. This demands more research to explore the functionality of microalgae derived functional ingredients. Therefore, in this review, we intended to furnish up-to-date knowledge on prospects of bioactive metabolites from microalgae, their bioactivities related to health, the process of microalgae cultivation and harvesting, extraction and purification of bioactive metabolites, role as dietary supplements or functional food, their commercial applications in nutritional and pharmaceutical industries and the challenges in this area of research. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Surekha Bhatia
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Urmila Gupta
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
| | - Eric Decker
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA USA
| | - Yamini Tak
- Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural University, Ummedganj, Kota India
| | - Manoj Bali
- Research & Development, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Center for Safe and Improved Food & Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC Barony Campus, Dumfries, Scotland, UK
| | - Rouf Ahmad Dar
- Sam Hiiginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211007 India
| | - Saroj Bala
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
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Rehman F, Khan IU, Khalid SH, Asghar S, Irfan M, Khalid I, Rasul A, Mahmood H, Yousaf AM, Shahzad Y, Mudassar M, Mohsin NUA. Optimization, in vitro release and toxicity evaluation of novel pH sensitive itaconic acid-g-poly(acrylamide)/sterculia gum semi-interpenetrating networks. Daru 2021; 29:171-184. [PMID: 33899162 PMCID: PMC8149496 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent era, pH sensitive polymeric carriers that combines the materials engineering and medicine is gaining researcher's attention as they maximizes drug concentration at site of absorption and reduces side effects for e.g. orally administered cetirizine HCl (CTZ HCl) upsets the stomach and furthermore shows high intestinal absorption. Thus, development of pH sensitive hydrogels with sufficient mechanical strength will be good candidate to address this issue. METHODS Here, we developed pH sensitive itaconic acid-g-poly(acrylamide)/sterculia gum (IA-g-poly(AM)/sterculia gum) semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) by free radical polymerization technique for intestinal delivery of CTZ HCL. RESULTS Optimized formulation (I5) with 6% w/w IA showed negligible swelling at pH 1.2, and maximum swelling at pH 7.4. Solid state characterization of optimized formulation showed successful development of semi-IPN structure and incorporation of drug without any noticeable drug-carrier interaction. In vitro release study showed biphasic pH dependent release of CTZ HCl, where initial burst release was observed at acidic pH followed by sustained release at basic pH. Acute oral toxicity and histopathological studies confirmed the non-toxic nature of IA-g-poly(AM)/sterculia gum. CONCLUSION Conclusively, developed biocompatible semi-IPN hydrogels with sufficient pH sensitivity and mechanical strength could serve as a potential carrier for intestinal delivery of CTZ HCL to maximize its absorption and reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Haroon Khalid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Asghar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ikrima Khalid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Huma Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abid Mehmood Yousaf
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yasser Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mudassar
- Pathology Department, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Ul Amin Mohsin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Seed a Candidate Protein Source with Potential for Combating SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Obesity. Drug Target Insights 2021; 15:5-12. [PMID: 33840996 PMCID: PMC8025844 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2021.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity and coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 are overlapping pandemics, and one might worsen the other. Methods: This narrative review discusses one of the primary mechanisms to initiate acute respiratory distress syndrome, uncontrolled systemic inflammation in COVID-19, and presents a potential candidate for adjuvant treatment. Blocking the S protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and the 3C-like protease (3CL pro) is an effective strategy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Results: Host proteases such as FURIN, trypsin, and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS) act in S protein activation. Tamarind trypsin inhibitor (TTI) shows several beneficial effects on the reduction of inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], leptin) and biochemical parameters (fasting glycemia, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein [VLDL]), in addition to improving pancreatic function and mucosal integrity in an obesity model. TTI may inhibit the action of proteases that collaborate with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the neutrophil activity characteristic of lung injury promoted by the virus. Conclusion: Thus, TTI may contribute to combating two severe overlapping problems with high cost and social complex implications, obesity and COVID-19.
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Lima VC, Luz AB, Amarante MDSM, Lima MC, Carvalho FM, Figueredo JB, Santos PP, Camillo CS, Ladd FV, Maciel BL, Uchôa AF, Morais AH. Tamarind Multifunctional Protein: Safety and Anti-Inflammatory Potential in Intestinal Mucosa and Adipose Tissue in a Preclinical Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. Obes Facts 2021; 14:357-369. [PMID: 34256373 PMCID: PMC8406341 DOI: 10.1159/000516548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity has emerged as one of the main public health problems. This condition triggers a series of hormonal and metabolic changes related to a low-grade chronic inflammatory condition. The trypsin inhibitor purified from tamarind (TTIp) seeds is a promising anti-inflammatory molecule, but its safety needs to be evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate TTIp bioactive dose effects on organs involved in its metabolism (liver and pancreas) and affected tissues (small intestine and perirenal adipose tissue) in an obesity model. METHODS Three groups of adult male Wistar rats were used (n = 5). Two of these groups had diet-induced obesity, and a third group was eutrophic. TTIp was administered by gavage in one of the obese groups for 10 days, while the remaining groups received a vehicle. The chromatographic profile and the inhibition assay corroded the purification of the inhibitor. Physical and behavioral changes, liver enzymes, and stereological and histopathological analyses of tissues were evaluated. RESULTS TTIp did not cause visible signs of toxicity, nor caused changes in liver enzymes, the liver, and pancreatic tissues. TTIp did not cause changes in the intestinal mucosa, showing improvement in the villi's histopathological characteristics compared to the group of animals with obesity without treatment with TTIp (p = 0.004). The analysis of perirenal adipose tissue showed that the average sectional area of animals with obesity that received TTIp did not differ from the control. There was a difference between the high glycemic load diet group and the group treated with the inhibitor (351.8 ± 55.5) (p = 0.016). In addition, the group that received TTIp had no inflammatory infiltrates. CONCLUSION Based on histological and stereological analysis, the use of TTIp is potentially safe and anti-inflammatory in the evaluated obesity model and can be investigated as a possible adjuvant in obesity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C.O. Lima
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Anna B.S. Luz
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabiana M.C. Carvalho
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Julia B.S. Figueredo
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Pedro P.A. Santos
- Morphology Department, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Christina S. Camillo
- Morphology Department, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Fernando V.L. Ladd
- Morphology Department, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Bruna L.L. Maciel
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Adriana F. Uchôa
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Proteome Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana H.A. Morais
- Biochemistry Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- *Correspondence to: Ana H.A. Morais,
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