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Câmara ABF, Silva MRL, de Longe C, Moura HOMA, Silva SRB, de Souza MAF, Rodríguez-Castellón E, de Carvalho LS. Computational and experimental assessment of efficient dye adsorption method from aqueous effluents by halloysite and palygorskite clay minerals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-31546-w. [PMID: 38158527 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The removal of dyes from effluents of textile industries represents a technological challenge, due to their significant environmental impact. The application of halloysite (Hal) and palygorskite (Pal) clay minerals as adsorbents for the removal of Congo red (CR) and methylene blue (MB) was evaluated in this work. The materials were applied both in natural and acid-treated forms, and characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm techniques to identify their properties and main active sites. The adsorbents showed potential to remove CR (> 98%) and MB (> 85%) within 180 min, using 0.3 g adsorbent and initial dye concentration of 250 mg L-1. Semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations (SQM) confirmed the interaction mechanism between dyes and the adsorbents via chemisorption (- 69.0 kcal mol-1 < Eads < - 28.8 kcal mol-1), which was further observed experimentally due to the high fit of adsorption data to pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2 > 0.99) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 > 0.98). The use of Pal and Hal to remove dyes was proven to be economically and environmentally viable for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B F Câmara
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Energetic Technologies Research Group, Natal, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana R L Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Energetic Technologies Research Group, Natal, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Clenildo de Longe
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Energetic Technologies Research Group, Natal, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Heloise O M A Moura
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Energetic Technologies Research Group, Natal, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Sérgio R B Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Energetic Technologies Research Group, Natal, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Miguel A F de Souza
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Energetic Technologies Research Group, Natal, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luciene S de Carvalho
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Energetic Technologies Research Group, Natal, 59078-900, Brazil.
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El-Habacha M, Dabagh A, Lagdali S, Miyah Y, Mahmoudy G, Sinan F, Chiban M, Iaich S, Zerbet M. An efficient and adsorption of methylene blue dye on a natural clay surface: modeling and equilibrium studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27413-3. [PMID: 37213016 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present research work revolves around the evaluation of the elimination of the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution by the exploitation of natural clay (TMG) from South-East Morocco. Several physicochemical techniques were used to characterize our TMG adsorbate, namely, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, and zero charge point (pHpzc). The morphological properties and elemental composition of our material were identified using scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The batch technique was used under different operating conditions to produce quantitative adsorption, namely, the amount of adsorbent, dye concentration, contact time, pH, and solution temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity of MB on TMG was 81.185 mg g-1 for a concentration of 100 mg L-1 MB at pHinitial = 6.43 (no initial adjustment of the pH-value was performed), temperature 293 K, and 1 g L-1 adsorbent. The adsorption data were examined by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm provides the best correlation with the experimental data, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model is more appropriate for the adsorption of the MB dye. The thermodynamic study of MB adsorption indicates that the process is physical, endothermic, and spontaneous. The Box-Behnken method was applied to identify the optimal conditions for MB removal in the design of batch experiments. The parameters examined result in >99% removal. The TMG material's regeneration cycles and low cost ($0.393 per gram) show that it is both environmentally friendly and very effective for dye removal in the various textile sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Habacha
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Abdelkader Dabagh
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Salek Lagdali
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Youssef Miyah
- Laboratory of Materials, Processes, Catalysis, and Environment, Higher School of Technology, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah Fez, Fez, Morocco
| | - Guellaa Mahmoudy
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Fouad Sinan
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Chiban
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Soulaiman Iaich
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- Research Team of Energy and Sustainable Development, Higher School of Technology Guelmim, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Zerbet
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Using Carbon-Doped ZnSn(OH)6 Composite Coated on Membrane. J CHEM-NY 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/8471214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The dye contamination of water is a global concern in the environment. In this study, the photocatalytic technology and membrane module were combined to improve the surface distribution of the active species of the catalyst for better degradation of the methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light. ZnSn(OH)6 was chosen due to carbon’s complex metal oxide doped to facilitate the application under visible light. The numerous characterizations were analyzed in the composites to verify the consistency of the optimum degradation of MB over the catalyst coated on the membrane. During the preparation of the ZnSn(OH)6 composite, the results confirmed that different reaction times and amounts of sodium hydroxide significantly affected the pollutant’s degradation. The carbon-doped composite denoted the largest surface area and increased the catalyst’s reactive sites on the membrane. The photocatalytic activity test showed that 1% carbon doped on ZnSn(OH)6 prepared at 160°C by hydrothermal method coated on the membrane had the optimal degradation of 89.74% of MB. This study contributes to the ongoing study and development of photocatalytic membranes for the photodegradation of wastewater treatment.
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Melo ALFC, Carneiro MT, Nascimento AMSS, Morais AIS, Bezerra RDS, Viana BC, Osajima JA, Silva-Filho EC. Biochar Obtained from Caryocar brasiliense Endocarp for Removal of Dyes from the Aqueous Medium. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:9076. [PMID: 36556882 PMCID: PMC9787617 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the increase in environmental pollution, especially of water, the emergence of studies that seek to develop strategies to mitigate/treat such effects have gained prominence in the world scientific community. Among the numerous adsorption processes, those made from biochar production stand out. This study analyzed the adsorption properties of the blue methylene model dye in the aqueous solution of biochar and activated biochar developed from pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) endocarp. The biochar was characterized, before and after adsorption, by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The surface load of the materials was performed by the point of zero charge (pHPZC) method. The study also included analyses of contact time parameters and adsorbed concentration in the adsorption process. Morphological analysis showed that a more significant and profound number of fissures and pores appeared in the activated biochar compared to the biochar. Residual mass analysis evidenced that biochar lost about 15% more mass than the activated biochar, indicating that activation occurred satisfactorily. The adsorption process was well adjusted by pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir's isothermal model. The activated biochar achieved an excellent adsorption capacity of 476.19 mg.g-1, thus demonstrating to be a sound system for removing dyes from an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan I. S. Morais
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Bartolomeu C. Viana
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Josy A. Osajima
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Edson C. Silva-Filho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
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Hmoudah M, El-Qanni A, Abuhatab S, Marei NN, El-Hamouz A, Tarboush BJA, Alsurakji IH, Baniowda HM, Russo V, Di Serio M. Competitive adsorption of Alizarin Red S and Bromocresol Green from aqueous solutions using brookite TiO 2 nanoparticles: experimental and molecular dynamics simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:77992-78008. [PMID: 35688985 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effective adsorption and the subsequent photodegradation activity, of TiO2 brookite nanoparticles, for the removal of anionic dyes, namely, Alizarin Red S (ARS) and Bromocresol Green (BCG) were studied. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of both dyes' concentration, contact time, and temperature. Photodegradation experiments for the adsorbed dyes were achieved using ultraviolet light illumination (6 W, λ = 365 nm). The single adsorption isotherms were fitted to the Sips model. The binary adsorption isotherms were fitted using the Extended-Sips model. The results of adsorption isotherms showed that the estimated maximum adsorption uptakes in the binary system were around 140 mg g-1 and 45.5 mg g-1 for ARS and BCG, respectively. In terms of adsorption kinetics, the uptake toward ARS was faster than BCG molecules in which the equilibrium was obtained in 7 min for ARS, while it took 180 min for BCG. Moreover, the thermodynamics results showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous for both anionic dyes. All these macroscopic competitive adsorption results indicate high selectivity toward ARS molecules in the presence of BCG molecules. Additionally, the TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully regenerated using UV irradiation. Moreover, molecular dynamics computational modeling was performed to understand the molecules' optimum coordination, TiO2 geometry, adsorption selectivity, and binary solution adsorption energies. The simulation energies distribution exhibits lower adsorption energies for ARS in the range from - 628 to - 1046 [Formula: see text] for both single and binary systems. In addition to that, the water adsorption energy was found to be between - 42 and - 209 [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hmoudah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, West Bank, Palestine
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amjad El-Qanni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, West Bank, Palestine.
| | - Saqr Abuhatab
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nedal N Marei
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amer El-Hamouz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Belal J Abu Tarboush
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ihab H Alsurakji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Hanaa M Baniowda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martino Di Serio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Azo Dye Wastewater by Molybdenum Disulfide Nanomaterials. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, flower-like MoS2 nanomaterials were synthesized by hydrothermal method with excess thiourea. The adsorption performance of MoS2 adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) in azo dye wastewater was studied. The morphology, crystal phase, and microstructure of nano MoS2 samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of adsorption isotherm, kinetics, different hydrothermal time, and pH on the adsorption experiment were studied. The results showed that the MoS2 adsorbent with a hydrothermal time of 1 h had good adsorption properties for MB. The adsorption data accord with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity of MoS2 adsorbent is 200 mg/g, and the adsorption kinetics agrees well with the pseudo two-level model. The removal rate of MB is not significantly affected by the pH values. The large pH range can still maintain the removal rate above 93.47%, and the regeneration and recovery properties of MoS2 were also explored. Finally, the adsorption mechanism of MoS2 on MB is discussed.
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Zhang W, Du C, Zhang N, Zheng Z, Tie J. Reactive blue 19 adsorption behaviors of magnesium hydroxide modified biochar derived from the traditional Chinese medical residual. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Yang X, Lu W, Wang M, De La Cruz LK, Tan C, Wang B. Activated charcoal dispersion of carbon monoxide prodrugs for oral delivery of CO in a pill. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121650. [PMID: 35276229 PMCID: PMC9060424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel orally bioavailable solid formulation to deliver a gaseous signaling molecule, carbon monoxide (CO), was developed by adsorbing oxalyl saccharin, a newly developed organic CO prodrug, in activated charcoal (AC). The resulting solid dispersion formulation addresses key developability issues of this CO prodrug. By taking advantage of the large surface area of AC, the paradoxical problem of low water solubility of the prodrug and the requirement of hydrolysis to release CO is resolved, and the need for an organic cosolvent is completely circumvented. The AC formulation also mitigates the adverse effect of low pH on the CO release yield, allowing steady CO release in simulated gastric and intestine fluids. This formulation allows encapsulation in normal and enteric-coated gel capsules, which enables controllable CO delivery to the upper or lower GI system. It also features an advantage of trapping CO prodrug and CO release product in the AC, therefore lowering systemic absorption of these chemicals. Through in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies in mice, the AC formulation showed better efficiency of delivering CO through oral administration compared to the prodrug dosed with an organic cosolvent. The AC formulation has also been applied to address similar developability issues of another cheletropic reaction-based CO prodrug. We envision the wide applicability of this formulation in facilitating the future development of CO-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Minjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ladie Kimberly De La Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Ali F, Ali N, Bibi I, Said A, Nawaz S, Ali Z, Salman SM, Iqbal HM, Bilal M. Adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic of acid blue and basic blue dyes onto activated charcoal. CASE STUDIES IN CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Removal of 17β-Estradiol by Activated Charcoal Supported Titanate Nanotubes (TNTs@AC) through Initial Adsorption and Subsequent Photo-Degradation: Intermediates, DFT calculation, and Mechanisms. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12082121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost composite of activated charcoal supported titanate nanotubes (TNTs@AC) was developed via the facile hydrothermal method to remove the 17β-estradiol (E2, a model of pharmaceutical and personal care products) in water matrix by initial adsorption and subsequent photo-degradation. Characterizations indicated that the modification occurred, i.e., the titanate nanotubes would be grafted onto the activated charcoal (AC) surface, and the micro-carbon could modify the tubular structure of TNTs. E2 was rapidly adsorbed onto TNTs@AC, and the uptake reached 1.87 mg/g from the dual-mode model fitting. Subsequently, the adsorbed E2 could be degraded 99.8% within 2 h under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. TNTs@AC was attributed with a unique hybrid structure, providing the hydrophobic effect, π−π interaction, and capillary condensation for E2 adsorption, and facilitating the electron transfer and then enhancing photocatalytic ability for E2-degradation. In addition, the removal mechanism of E2 was elucidated through the density functional theory calculation. Our study is expected to provide a promising material for environmental application.
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Shenoy S, Sridharan K. Bismuth oxybromide nanoplates embedded on activated charcoal as effective visible light driven photocatalyst. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Huang B, Zhao R, Xu H, Deng J, Li W, Wang J, Yang H, Zhang L. Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Bituminous Coal: Adsorption Mechanism and Molecular Simulation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:14032-14039. [PMID: 31497721 PMCID: PMC6714604 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Coal with its complex porous medium and abundant oxygen functional groups could be used as an adsorbent to adsorb organic compounds. Adsorption experiments and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the behavior of methylene blue (MB) on the surface of Wiser bituminous coal. The influence of adsorption through factors, such as pulverized coal dosage, adsorption reaction time, initial concentration, and temperature effect, was investigated. The removal efficiency of MB reached 96.5% under optimum reactive conditions. The adsorption equilibrium was accorded with a Langmuir isotherm adsorption equation. The adsorption of MB onto coal was a spontaneous process because the adsorption free energy ΔG 0 was negative. It was consistent with the conclusion of a negative interaction energy between bituminous coal and MB obtained by molecular dynamics simulation. Moreover, the density distribution along z-axis of each component molecule showed that MB molecules were adsorbed on the coal surface because of the polar interactions between the methyl groups of MB and the hydrophilic sites at the coal surface. Also, the diffusion degree of water molecule in liquid phase showed that as MB molecules formed hydrogen bonds with the water molecules, the activity of water molecules was restricted.
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Abbas WA, Abdullah IH, Ali BA, Ahmed N, Mohamed AM, Rezk MY, Ismail N, Mohamed MA, Allam NK. Recent advances in the use of TiO 2 nanotube powder in biological, environmental, and energy applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2801-2816. [PMID: 36133585 PMCID: PMC9418402 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00339h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of titanium dioxide nanotubes in the powder form (TNTP) has been a hot topic for the past few decades in many applications. The high quality of the fabricated TNTP by various synthetic routes may meet the required threshold of performance in a plethora of fields such as drug delivery, sensors, supercapacitors, and photocatalytic applications. This review briefly discusses the synthesis techniques of TNTP, their use in various applications, and future perspectives to expand their use in more applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A Abbas
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H Abdullah
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Basant A Ali
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Nashaat Ahmed
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Aya M Mohamed
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Marwan Y Rezk
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Noha Ismail
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Mona A Mohamed
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
| | - Nageh K Allam
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo 11835 Egypt
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