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Lin X, Sun B, Wang P, Zhao M, Liu D, Zhang Q, Wu B, Liu D. Enhanced low-concentration phosphate adsorption using magnetic UiO-66@Fe 3O 4 composite with potential linker exchange. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143126. [PMID: 39154763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
A magnetic FenUiO-66 adsorbent was created to achieve high phosphate adsorption capacity. The incorporation of Fe3O4 facilitated the precipitation and growth of UiO-66 during crystallization, resulting in a shift towards a multilayer heterogeneous distribution of adsorption sites. The increased Fe3O4 content notably enhanced the magnetic properties of FenUiO-66, while negligibly affecting its adsorption performance. The Fe1.5UiO-66 demonstrated exceptional phosphate adsorption capacity (136.54 mg/g), outstanding selectivity, and sustained reusability, with an 80% removal efficiency after nine cycles of treating actual water. The mechanism of phosphate adsorption by FenUiO-66 involved electrostatic attraction, ligand exchange, and linker exchange. Notably, while linker exchange significantly contributed to high adsorption capacity, it resulted in irreversible damage to the FenUiO-66 crystal. These unequivocal findings will serve as a solid foundation for further research and underline the critical role of linkers in the process of phosphate adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochang Lin
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Institute of Agri-biological Environment Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Sun
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Pengsen Wang
- Institute of Agri-biological Environment Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Min Zhao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Dejia Liu
- Institute of Agri-biological Environment Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Institute of Agri-biological Environment Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Baile Wu
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA
| | - Dezhao Liu
- Institute of Agri-biological Environment Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Chen X, Liu L, Wang Y, You X, Yan W, Li M, Li Q, He X, Zhang L, Zhou L, Xiao J, Zhu D, Yan J, Hang X. Combining lanthanum-modified bentonite and calcium peroxide to enhance phosphorus removal from lake sediments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120150. [PMID: 38278118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Lanthanum-modified bentonite (LMB) and calcium peroxide (CP) are known for their effective removal phosphorus (P) capacities. The present study aims to investigate the effects of the combined use of LMB and CP(LMB + CP)on the sediment P, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and iron (Fe) concentrations through a 90-day incubation experiment. The combined treatment showed strong removal effects on sediment P and DOM. Indeed, the SRP and DOM concentrations in the 0-10 cm sediment layer decreased following the combined application of LMB and CP by 40.67 and 28.95%, respectively, compared to those of the control group (CK). In contrast, the HCl-P in the 0-5 cm sediment layer increased following the combined treatment by 13.28%. In addition, compared with the single application of LMB, the LMB + CP treatment significantly reduced the soluble Fe (Ⅱ) in the sediment pore water and promoted the oxidation of Fe. Therefore, LMB + CP can enhance the removal of internal P from sediments. The DOM removal and Fe oxidation in sediment pore waters are beneficial for enhancing the adsorption of P by LMB. On the other hand, the single and combined applications of LMB and CP increased the richness of the sediment microbial communities while exhibiting slight effects on their diversity. According to the results of this study, the combined use of LMB and oxidizing materials represents a novel method for treating lakes with high internal phosphorus and DOM loads in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China; College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xiaohui You
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Wenming Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Minjuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xiangyu He
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Dongdong Zhu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jiabao Yan
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Hang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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Wang Y, Tang X, Gong C, Huang C, Wu X, Li F, Zhou Z. Effect of controlling nitrogen and phosphorus release from sediment using a biological aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (BA-PIA). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:86425-86436. [PMID: 37405603 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
A biological aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (BA-PIA) has been developed and demonstrated to effectively remove nitrogen and phosphorus; however, whether it can control the release of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment still needs study. This study aimed to examine the effect of BA-PIA on controlling sediment nitrogen and phosphorus release. BA-PIA was prepared by artificial aeration. The use of BA-PIA in controlling nitrogen and phosphorus release was studied using water and sediment from a landscape lake in static simulation experiments. The sediment microbial community was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Static simulation showed that the reduction rates of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) by BA-PIA were 66.8 ± 1.46% and 96.0 ± 0.98%, respectively. In addition, capping of BA-PIA promotes the conversion of easily released nitrogen (free nitrogen) in the sediment to stable nitrogen (acid-hydrolyzable nitrogen). The content of weakly adsorbed phosphorus and iron-adsorbed phosphorus in the sediment was reduced. The relative abundance of nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and microorganisms carrying phosphatase genes (such as Actinobacteria) in the sediment increased by 109.78%. The capping of BA-PIA not only effectively removed the nitrogen and phosphorus in water but greatly reduced the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus release from sediment. BA-PIA was able to make up for the deficiency of the aluminum-based phosphorus-locking agent (Al-PIA) that only removes phosphorus, giving it improved application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei Avenue 668, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xueping Tang
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chunming Gong
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Xiamen Environmental Monitoring Station, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiaohai Wu
- CCCC First Highway Xiamen Engineering Co., Ltd, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei Avenue 668, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei Avenue 668, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Lu Y, Lin J, Wu X, Zhan Y. Control of phosphorus release from sediment by hydrous zirconium oxide combined with calcite, bentonite and zeolite. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138892. [PMID: 37169085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness and mechanism for the control of internal phosphorus (P) liberation from sediment by hydrous zirconium oxide (HZrO2) combined with calcite, bentonite and zeolite. The results suggested that coexisting calcite, calcium-modified bentonite (CaBT) and calcium-modified zeolite (CaZ) all had the ability to promote the adsorption of phosphate (PO43-) onto HZrO2. The mechanisms of PO43- elimination by HZrO2/calcite mixture involved the adsorption of PO43- on calcite, the precipitation of PO43- with Ca2+, and the inner-sphere complexation of PO43- with HZrO2. The amendment of sediment with HZrO2/calcite, HZrO2/CaBT or HZrO2/CaZ mixture can effectively prevent the sedimentary P release, and the immobilization of mobile P in the sediment and the uptake of dissolved reactive P (DRP) from the interstitial water by the amendment material played a key role in the control of P release from sediment by the combined amendment. Capping sediment with HZrO2/calcite, HZrO2/CaBT or HZrO2/CaZ mixture also can effectively intercept sediment P release, and the formation of P static layer attributed to the uptake of interstitial water DRP and DGT (diffusive gradient in thin-films)-unstable P in the upper sediment by the capping material was a key to the inhibition of sedimentary P migration into the overlying water by the combined capping. The great majority of P immobilized by the HZrO2/calcite, HZrO2/CaBT or HZrO2/CaZ combined covering layer is stable P and it has a low re-releasing risk under dissolved oxygen-deficit and pH 5-9 condition. The stability of P bound by the combined covering layer was larger than that by the single HZrO2 covering layer. The results of this research show that the combined use of HZrO2 and calcite, HZrO2 and CaBT, or HZrO2 and CaZ as a capping material has great potential in the reduction of sediment P loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Lu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jianwei Lin
- College of Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Xugan Wu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Yanhui Zhan
- College of Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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Wang Y, Yuan S, Liu S, Li F, Zhou Z. Removal efficacy and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus by biological aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (BA-PIA). J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:187-196. [PMID: 36522052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (Al-PIA) was used as a high-efficiency microbial carrier, and the biological Al-PIA (BA-PIA) was prepared by artificial aeration. Laboratory static experiments were conducted to study the effect of BA-PIA on reducing nitrogen and phosphorus contents in water. Physicochemical characterization and isotope tracing method were applied to analyze the removal mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus. High-throughput techniques were used to analyze the characteristic bacterial genus in the BA-PIA system. The nitrogen and phosphorus removal experiment was conducted for 30 days, and the removal rates of NH4+-N, TN and TP by BA-PIA were 81.87%, 66.08% and 87.97%, respectively. The nitrogen removal pathways of BA-PIA were as follows: the nitrification reaction accounted for 59.0% (of which denitrification reaction accounted for 56.4%), microbial assimilation accounted for 18.1%, and the unreacted part accounted for 22.9%. The characteristic bacteria in the BA-PIA system were Streptomyces, Nocardioides, Saccharopolyspora, Nitrosomonas, and Marinobacter. The loading of microorganisms only changed the surface physical properties of Al-PIA (such as specific surface area, pore volume and pore size), without changing its surface chemical properties. The removal mechanism of nitrogen by BA-PIA is the conversion of NH4+-N into NO2--N and NO3--N by nitrifying bacteria, which are then reduced to nitrogen-containing gas by aerobic denitrifying bacteria. The phosphorus removal mechanism is that metal compounds (such as Al) on the surface of BA-PIA fix phosphorus through chemisorption processes, such as ligand exchange. Therefore, BA-PIA overcomes the deficiency of Al-PIA with only phosphorus removal ability, and has better application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shupo Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Wang Y, Li S, Liu S, Li F, Zhou Z. Three kinds of active thin-layer capping materials for reducing the phosphorus load in eutrophic water body: comparison in dynamic experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:16427-16435. [PMID: 34651265 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this article, dynamic simulation experiments have studied the effects of three capping materials, quartz sand (QS), aluminum-based phosphorus-locking agent (Al-PIA), and lanthanum-modified bentonite (LMB) in reducing phosphorus load in eutrophic water bodies. The changes of various forms of phosphorus in Al-PIA and sediment before and after the test were analyzed, and the mechanism of phosphorus migration and transformation in different capping systems was described. The dynamic simulation test lasted 95 days. The results showed that when the initial concentration of total phosphorus (TP) was 3.55 mg/L, the capping strength was 2 kg/m2 and the hydraulic retention time of water circulation was 0.5 days, indicating that the average reduction rates of TP by LMB, Al-PIA and QS systems were 74.66%, 69.54%, and 3.64%, respectively, compared with the control system. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the TP concentration of the overlying water between the LMB, Al-PIA capping system, and the control system. Lanthanum ions in LMB can fix phosphorus. Al-PIA reduces the phosphorus concentration in water by means of ion exchange, adsorption, complexation, etc. LMB and Al-PIA promoted the migration of phosphorus in sediment. Among them, the phosphorus fixed by Al-PIA was mainly in the form of non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) in inorganic phosphorus (IP), which can be seen; Al-PIA can effectively reduce the phosphorus load of eutrophic water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shuwen Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shupo Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Chen X, Liu L, Yan W, Li M, Xing X, Li Q, Zhu L, Wu T, He X. Effects of nFe 3O 4 capping on phosphorus release from sediments in a eutrophic lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:47056-47065. [PMID: 33886054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study applied the techniques of high-resolution dialysis (HR-Peeper) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to explore the effects and the behind mechanism for inhibition phosphorus (P) releasing from sediments by nFe3O4 capping. The highest decreasing rates of SRP and labile P (i.e., 49% and 47%, respectively) and the decreased flux of SRP showed that nFe3O4 capping can successfully control sediment internal P release. Adsorption by Fe(III) hydroxides with the oxidation of Fe(II) was one of the reasons for the decrease of P concentrations in nFe3O4 capping sediments. This was supported by the increase of Eh and significant negative correlation between Eh with Fe(II) (soluble and labile Fe(II)) and P (SRP and labile P) and significant positive correlation between Fe(II) and P in sediments by nFe3O4 capping. An outer-sphere complex between positively charged nFe3O4 surface groups and P formation was the other reason to decrease the concentrations of P in the nFe3O4 capping sediments. This was supported by the decrease of pH value in sediments by the capping of nFe3O4. This study shows that nFe3O4, when used as capping agent, can effectively control the sediment internal P release, which is expected to be used as a potential material for repairing lake eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Wenming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Minjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xiaolei Xing
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Liangzhen Zhu
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Tingfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiangyu He
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Zhu B, Li S, Lin C, Liu S, Li F, Zhou Z. The effect of secondary capping on the control of phosphorus release from sediment by activated thin-layer capping with Al-PIA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18062-18069. [PMID: 33410060 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that the activated thin-layer capping covering by secondary capping of contaminated sediment poses a threat to the inactivation of activated material. In this study, the static simulation experiment was conducted to study the effect of secondary capping thickness by sediment on the control of TP release from the sediment by aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (Al-PIA), and to propose the phosphorus adsorption pathway of Al-PIA. The results showed that Al-PIA could effectively reduce the release of phosphorus pollutants from the sediment at the capping intensity of 2 kg/m2. When the secondary capping thickness of sediment were 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 15 mm, the average removal rates of TP were 87.57%, 76.39%, 61.22%, 51.32%, 41.93%, and 32.11%, respectively, indicating that the removal efficiency of phosphorus decreased with the increase of the secondary capping thickness of the sediment. The adsorbed phosphorus by Al-PIA was mainly non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) in inorganic phosphorus. With the increase of the secondary capping thickness of sediment, the NAIP proportion of phosphorus adsorbed by Al-PIA increased. Meanwhile, the removal rate of phosphorus in the activated capping system showed a first increase and then decrease trend, and the removal rates of total phosphorus (TP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), and organic phosphorus (OP) were obvious except for that of organic phosphorus (OP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Zhu
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei Avenue 668, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shuwen Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei Avenue 668, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Canyang Lin
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei Avenue 668, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shupo Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei Avenue 668, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei Avenue 668, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Jimei Avenue 668, Jimei District, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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