Efficiency evaluation of reverse osmosis desalination plant using hybridized multilayer perceptron with particle swarm optimization

Temporal trends and predictive modeling of air pollutants in Delhi: a comparative study of artificial intelligence models

Air pollution monitoring and modeling are the most important focus of climate and environment decision-making organizations. The development of new methods for air quality prediction is one of the best strategies for understanding weather contamination. In this research, different air quality parameters were forecasted, including Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Monoxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Fine Particles Matter (PM2.5), Coarse Particles Matter (PM10), and Ammonia (NH3). Hourly datasets were collected for air quality monitoring stations near Delhi, India, from November 25, 2020 to January 24, 2023. In this context, five intelligent models were developed, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The modelling results revealed that Bi-LSTM model had the best predictability performance for forecasting CO with (R2 = 0.979), NO with (R2 = 0.961), NO2 with (R2 = 0.956), SO2 with (R2 = 0.955), PM10 with (R2 = 0.9751) and NH3 with (R2 = 0.971). Meanwhile, GRU and LSTM models performed better in forecasting O3 and PM2.5 with (R2 = 0.9624) and (R2 = 0.973), respectively. The current research provides illuminating visuals highlighting the potential of deep learning to comprehend air quality modeling, enabling improved environmental decisions.

A review of recent advances and future prospects in calculation of reference evapotranspiration in Bangladesh using soft computing models

Evapotranspiration (ETo) is a complex and non-linear hydrological process with a significant impact on efficient water resource planning and long-term management. The Penman-Monteith (PM) equation method, developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), represents an advancement over earlier approaches for estimating ETo. Eto though reliable, faces limitations due to the requirement for climatological data not always available at specific locations. To address this, researchers have explored soft computing (SC) models as alternatives to conventional methods, known for their exceptional accuracy across disciplines. This critical review aims to enhance understanding of cutting-edge SC frameworks for ETo estimation, highlighting advancements in evolutionary models, hybrid and ensemble approaches, and optimization strategies. Recent applications of SC in various climatic zones in Bangladesh are evaluated, with the order of preference being ANFIS > Bi-LSTM > RT > DENFIS > SVR-PSOGWO > PSO-HFS due to their consistently high accuracy (RMSE and R2). This review introduces a benchmark for incorporating evolutionary computation algorithms (EC) into ETo modeling. Each subsection addresses the strengths and weaknesses of known SC models, offering valuable insights. The review serves as a valuable resource for experienced water resource engineers and hydrologists, both domestically and internationally, providing comprehensive SC modeling studies for ETo forecasting. Furthermore, it provides an improved water resources monitoring and management plans.

A novel IEF-DLNN and multi-objective based optimizing control strategy for seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant

Over the past years, Seawater Desalination (SWD) has been enhanced regularly. In this desalination process, numerous technologies are available. The Reverse Osmosis (RO) process, which requires effectual control strategies, is the most commercially-dominant technology. Therefore, for SWD, a novel Interpolation and Exponential Function-centered Deep Learning Neural Network (IEF-DLNN) and multi-objective-based optimizing control system has been proposed in this research methodology. Initially, the input data are gathered; then, to control the desalination process, an optimal control technique has been utilized by employing Probability-centric Dove Swarm Optimization-Proportional Integral Derivative (PDSO-PID). The attributes of permeate are extracted before entering the RO process; after that, by utilizing the IEF-DLNN, the trajectory is predicted. For optimal selection, the extracted attributes are deemed if the trajectory is present, or else to mitigate energy consumption along with cost, the RO Desalination (ROD) is performed. In an experimental evaluation, regarding certain performance metrics, the proposed model's performance is analogized with the prevailing methodologies. The outcomes demonstrated that the proposed system achieved better performance.

Influence of Public Sports Services on Residents' Mental Health at Communities Level: New Insights from China

It is generally believed that sports play an important role in healing and boosting mental health. The provision of public sports services is important for enhancing residents' physical fitness and mental health, and for promoting their satisfaction with government public services. To build and strengthen a high-quality sports service-oriented society, it is important to explore whether community public sports services influence residents' mental health. To explore this phenomenon, the study gathered data from China and employed multi-level regression models to meet the study objective. The results show that the residents' age difference is 0.03, and the average daily exercise time is 0.02, which is significantly correlated with residents' mental health. The results show that the lower the availability and greening of sports facilities, and the fewer rest facilities there are, the higher the mental distress of residents may be. Conversely, the improvement of the greening and availability of sports facilities can facilitate the promotion of residents' mental health levels. Moreover, it was found that the mental health of residents is mainly and positively affected by the cleanliness of sports facilities. The street environment affects mental health and is attributed to the damage to sports facilities. Neighborhood communication also improves residents' mental health, and trust between neighbors has the greatest impact on reducing mental distress. Finally, the study proposes that the government should propose strategies to optimize the provision of community public sports services in the study area to boost both social and mental health benefits.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Retention Risk Assessment in a Drinking Water Source Area under Anthropogenic Activities

Excessive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) input resulting from anthropogenic activities seriously threatens the supply security of drinking water sources. Assessing nutrient input and export as well as retention risks is critical to ensuring the quality and safety of drinking water sources. Conventional balance methods for nutrient estimation rely on statistical data and a huge number of estimation coefficients, which introduces uncertainty into the model results. This study aimed to propose a convenient, reliable, and accurate nutrient prediction model to evaluate the potential nutrient retention risks of drinking water sources and reduce the uncertainty inherent in the traditional balance model. The spatial distribution of pollutants was characterized using time-series satellite images. By embedding human activity indicators, machine learning models, such as Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), were constructed to estimate the input and export of nutrients. We demonstrated the proposed model’s potential using a case study in the Yanghe Reservoir Basin in the North China Plain. The results indicate that the area information concerning pollution source types was effectively established based on a multi-temporal fusion method and the RF classification algorithm, and the overall classification low-end accuracy was 92%. The SVM model was found to be the best in terms of predicting nutrient input and export. The determination coefficient (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of N input, P input, N export, and P export were 0.95, 0.94, 0.91, and 0.93, respectively, and 32.75, 5.18, 1.45, and 0.18, respectively. The low export ratios (2.8–3.0% and 1.1–2.2%) of N and P, the ratio of export to input, further confirmed that more than 97% and 98% of N and P, respectively, were retained in the watershed, which poses a pollution risk to the soil and the quality of drinking water sources. This nutrient prediction model is able to improve the accuracy of non-point source pollution risk assessment and provide useful information for water environment management in drinking water source regions.

Predicting evaporation with optimized artificial neural network using multi-objective salp swarm algorithm

Evaporation is a crucial component to be established in agriculture management and water engineering. Evaporation prediction is thus an essential issue for modeling researchers. In this study, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) was used for predicting daily evaporation. MLP model is as one of the famous ANN models with multilayers for predicting different target variables. A new strategy was used to enhance the accuracy of the MLP model. Three multi-objective algorithms, namely, the multi-objective salp swarm algorithm (MOSSA), the multi-objective crow algorithm (MOCA), and the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), were respectively and separately coupled to the MLP model for determining the model parameters, the best input combination, and the best activation function. In this study, three stations in Malaysia, namely, the Muadzam Shah (MS), the Kuala Terengganu (KT), and the Kuantan (KU), were selected for the prediction of the respective daily evaporation. The spacing (SP) and maximum spread (MS) indices were used to evaluate the quality of generated Pareto front (PF) by the algorithms. The lower SP and higher MS showed better PF for the models. It was observed that the MOSSA had higher MS and lower SP than the other algorithms, at all stations. The root means square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), percent bias (PBIAS), and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) quantifiers were used to compare the ability of the models with each other. The MLP-MOSSA had reduced RMSE compared to the MLP-MOCA, MLP-MOPSO, and MLP models by 18%, 25%, and 35%, respectively, at the MS station. The MAE of the MLP-MOSSA was 2.7%, 4.1%, and 26%, respectively lower than those of the MLP-MOCA, MLP-MOPSO, and MLP models at the KU station. The MLP-MOSSA showed lower MAE than the MLP-MOCA, MLP-MOPSO, and MLP models by 16%, 18%, and 19%, respectively, at the KT station. An uncertainty analysis was performed based on the input and parameter uncertainty. The results indicated that the MLP-MOSSA had the lowest uncertainty among the models. Also, the input uncertainty was lower than the parameter uncertainty. The general results indicated that the MLP-MOSSA had the high efficiency for predicting evaporation.

A hybrid novel SVM model for predicting CO2 emissions using Multiobjective Seagull Optimization

The agricultural sector is one of the most important sources of CO₂ emissions. Thus, the current study predicted CO₂ emissions based on data from the agricultural sectors of 25 provinces in Iran. The gross domestic product (GDP), the square of the GDP (GDP²), energy use, and income inequality (Gini index) were used as the inputs. The study used support vector machine (SVM) models to predict CO2 emissions. Multiobjective algorithms (MOAs), such as the seagull optimization algorithm (MOSOA), salp swarm algorithm (MOSSA), bat algorithm (MOBA), and particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm, were used to perform three important tasks for improving the SVM models. Additionally, an inclusive multiple model (IMM) used the outputs of the MOSOA, MOSSA, MOBA, and MOPSO algorithms as the inputs for predicting CO₂ emissions. It was observed that the best kernel function based on the SVM-MOSOA was the radial function. Additionally, the best input combination used all the gross domestic product (GDP), squared GDP (GDP²), energy use, and income inequality (Gini index) inputs. The results indicated that the quality of the obtained Pareto front based on the MOSOA was better than those of the other algorithms. Regarding the obtained results, the IMM model decreased the mean absolute errors of the SVM-MOSOA, SVM-MOSSA, SVM-MOBA, and SVM-PSO models by 24, 31, 69, and 76%, respectively, during the training stage. The current study showed that the IMM model was the best model for predicting CO₂ emissions.

Streamflow prediction using an integrated methodology based on convolutional neural network and long short-term memory networks

Streamflow (Qflow) prediction is one of the essential steps for the reliable and robust water resources planning and management. It is highly vital for hydropower operation, agricultural planning, and flood control. In this study, the convolution neural network (CNN) and Long-Short-term Memory network (LSTM) are combined to make a new integrated model called CNN-LSTM to predict the hourly Qflow (short-term) at Brisbane River and Teewah Creek, Australia. The CNN layers were used to extract the features of Qflow time-series, while the LSTM networks use these features from CNN for Qflow time series prediction. The proposed CNN-LSTM model is benchmarked against the standalone model CNN, LSTM, and Deep Neural Network models and several conventional artificial intelligence (AI) models. Qflow prediction is conducted for different time intervals with the length of 1-Week, 2-Weeks, 4-Weeks, and 9-Months, respectively. With the help of different performance metrics and graphical analysis visualization, the experimental results reveal that with small residual error between the actual and predicted Qflow, the CNN-LSTM model outperforms all the benchmarked conventional AI models as well as ensemble models for all the time intervals. With 84% of Qflow prediction error below the range of 0.05 m3 s-1, CNN-LSTM demonstrates a better performance compared to 80% and 66% for LSTM and DNN, respectively. In summary, the results reveal that the proposed CNN-LSTM model based on the novel framework yields more accurate predictions. Thus, CNN-LSTM has significant practical value in Qflow prediction.

Suspended sediment load prediction based on soft computing models and Black Widow Optimization Algorithm using an enhanced gamma test

The suspended sediment load (SSL) prediction is one of the most important issues in water engineering. In this article, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system (ANFIS) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to estimate the SLL of two main tributaries of the Telar River placed in the north of Iran. The main Telar River had two main tributaries, namely, the Telar and the Kasilian. A new evolutionary algorithm, namely, the black widow optimization algorithm (BWOA), was used to enhance the precision of the ANFIS and SVM models for predicting daily SSL. The lagged rainfall, temperature, discharge, and SSL were used as the inputs to the models. The present study used a new hybrid Gamma test to determine the best input scenario. In the next step, the best input combination was determined based on the gamma value. In this research, the abilities of the ANFIS-BWOA and SVM-BWOA were benchmarked with the ANFIS-bat algorithm (BA), SVM-BA, SVM-particle swarm optimization (PSO), and ANFIS-PSO. The mean absolute error (MAE) of ANFIS-BWOA was 0.40%, 2.2%, and 2.5% lower than those of ANFIS-BA, ANFIS-PSO, and ANFIS models in the training level for Telar River. It was concluded that the ANFIS-BWOA had the highest value of R² among other models in the Telar River. The MAE of the ANFIS-BWOA, SVM-BWOA, SVM-PSO, SVM-BA, and SVM models were 899.12 (Ton/day), 934.23 (Ton/day), 987.12 (Ton/day), 976.12, and 989.12 (Ton/day), respectively, in the testing level for the Kasilian River. An uncertainty analysis was used to investigate the effect of uncertainty of the inputs (first scenario) and the model parameters (the second scenario) on the accuracy of models. It was observed that the input uncertainty higher than the parameter uncertainty.

An insight into machine learning models era in simulating soil, water bodies and adsorption heavy metals: Review, challenges and solutions

The development of computer aid models for heavy metals (HMs) simulation has been remarkably advanced over the past two decades. Several machine learning (ML) models have been developed for modeling HMs over the past two decades with outstanding progress. Although there have been a noticeable number of diverse ML models investigations, it is essential to have an informative vision on the progression of those computer aid models. In the current short review covering the simulation of heavy metals in contaminated soil, water bodies and removal from aqueous solution, numerous aspects on the methodological and conceptual HMs modeling are reviewed and discussed in detail. For instance, the limitation of the classical analytical methods, types of heavy metal dataset, necessity for new versions of ML models exploration, HM input parameters selection, ML models internal parameters tuning, performance metrics selection and the types of the modelled HM. The current review provides few outlooks in understanding the underlying od the ML models application for HM simulation. Tackling these modeling aspects is significantly essential for ML developers and environmental scientists to obtain creditability and scientific consistency in the domain of environmental science. Based on the discussed modeling aspects, it was concluded several future research directions, which will promote environmental scientists for better understanding of the underlying HMs simulation.

Development of artificial intelligence models for well groundwater quality simulation: Different modeling scenarios

Groundwater is one of the most important freshwater resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where the annual amounts of precipitation are small with frequent drought durations. Information on qualitative parameters of these valuable resources is very crucial as it might affect its applicability from agricultural, drinking, and industrial aspects. Although geo-statistics methods can provide insight about spatial distribution of quality factors, applications of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models can contribute to produce more accurate results as robust alternative for such a complex geo-science problem. The present research investigates the capacity of several types of AI models for modeling four key water quality variables namely electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), total dissolved solid (TDS) and Sulfate (SO₄) using dataset obtained from 90 wells in Tabriz Plain, Iran; assessed by k-fold testing. Two different modeling scenarios were established to make simulations using other quality parameters and the geographical information. The obtained results confirmed the capabilities of the AI models for modeling the well groundwater quality variables. Among all the applied AI models, the developed hybrid support vector machine-firefly algorithm (SVM-FFA) model achieved the best predictability performance for both investigated scenarios. The introduced computer aid methodology provided a reliable technology for groundwater monitoring and assessment.

Prediction of sediment heavy metal at the Australian Bays using newly developed hybrid artificial intelligence models

Hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) models are developed for sediment lead (Pb) prediction in two Bays (i.e., Bramble (BB) and Deception (DB)) stations, Australia. A feature selection (FS) algorithm called extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) is proposed to abstract the correlated input parameters for the Pb prediction and validated against principal component of analysis (PCA), recursive feature elimination (RFE), and the genetic algorithm (GA). XGBoost model is applied using a grid search strategy (Grid-XGBoost) for predicting Pb and validated against the commonly used AI models, artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM). The input parameter selection approaches redimensioned the 21 parameters into 9-5 parameters without losing their learned information over the models' training phase. At the BB station, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values (0.06, 0.32, 0.34, and 0.33) were achieved for the XGBoost-SVM, XGBoost-ANN, XGBoost-Grid-XGBoost, and Grid-XGBoost models, respectively. At the DB station, the lowest MAPE values, 0.25 and 0.24, were attained for the XGBoost-Grid-XGBoost and Grid-XGBoost models, respectively. Overall, the proposed hybrid AI models provided a reliable and robust computer aid technology for sediment Pb prediction that contribute to the best knowledge of environmental pollution monitoring and assessment.