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Siddiq S, Rauf N, Bibi F, Malik TSS, Kalsoom R, Hussain F, Farooq M. Smoke-water obtained via different biotics: a cost-effective and safer approach to biochemically sound banana ripening with prolonged shelf-life. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:14971-14979. [PMID: 38285253 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of smoke-water obtained from biotics, for example coconut shells, rice husk, and pine cones on banana ripening, and compared with calcium carbide. Bio-chemical composition and remarkable bactericidal effect towards ATCC cultures of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus discovered the biological safety of the smoke-water in all collected smoke-water samples. Further, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was carried out to investigate heavy metals; however, no traces were found in all collected samples. Consequently, it is proposed that heavy metal-free smoke-water obtained from various biotics series might be employed as ultrasafe fruit ripening as compared to calcium carbide (CaC2) that was found with heavy metal traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Siddiq
- National Physical and Standards Lab, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Islamabad, H-9, Pakistan
| | - Naseem Rauf
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), 1-Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Fatima Bibi
- National Physical and Standards Lab, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Islamabad, H-9, Pakistan
| | - Tahir S S Malik
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), 1-Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Razia Kalsoom
- National Physical and Standards Lab, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Islamabad, H-9, Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Hussain
- National Physical and Standards Lab, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Islamabad, H-9, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), 1-Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Akhlaq M, Chuan Z, Haofang Y, Shaowei L, Ni Y, Zhou J, Xue R, Li J, Hussain Z, Iqbal S. Exploring adequate CO 2 elevation for optimum tomato growth and yield under protected cultivation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 289:154093. [PMID: 37742534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The adequate elevation of CO2 concentrations (e [CO2]) could not be assessed by constrained analysis of comparative experimental study for optimum plant growth and yield with improved fruit quality owing to the lack of conjunctive investigation of plant parametric responses. Instead, the principal component analysis (PCA) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) assessed and quantified the parametric plant responses to identify the adequate level of e [CO2] for optimum plant growth and yield. In this study, tomato plants were grown under an ambient CO2 (a [CO2], 500 μmol mol-1) and three e [CO2] (700, 850 and 1000 μmol mol-1): named EC700, EC850 and EC1000, respectively, in autumn-winter (AW) 2020 and spring summer (SS) 2021 growing seasons to investigate and evaluate the plant parametric responses under e [CO2]. The tomato plant's response with maximum transportability of biomass to fruits was observed under 700 μmol mol-1. The plant height, stem diameter and LAI were enhanced compared to a [CO2] at the optimum level under 1000 μmol mol-1 (by 50.53, 20.98 and 44.44%) and 700 μmol mol-1 (by 22.41, 12.09 and 26.88%) in Aw 2020; Ss 2021, respectively. The optimum yield was increased under 700 μmol mol-1 by 73.95% and 55.58% in Aw 2020; Ss 2021, respectively. EC700 was ranked as a priority by TOPSIS with 0.632 and 0.694 plant response performance index in Aw 2020; Ss 2021, respectively, to get optimum tomato growth, yield, water use efficiency and fruit quality. The results of this study are beneficial for commercial greenhouse crop production by fumigating the adequate level of e [CO2], to reduce the cost of CO2 fertigation, enhance the yield and save the water quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akhlaq
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Zhang Chuan
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Yan Haofang
- Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Liang Shaowei
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuxin Ni
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Junan Zhou
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Run Xue
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zawar Hussain
- Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Iqbal
- Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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Ge J, Liu H, Gong X, Yu Z, Li L, Li Y. Root Distribution of Tomato Cultivated in Greenhouse under Different Ventilation and Water Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1625. [PMID: 37111850 PMCID: PMC10146697 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mastering root distribution is essential for optimizing the root zone environment and for improving water use efficiency, especially for crops cultivated in greenhouses. Here, we set up two irrigation amount levels based on measurements of the cumulative 20 cm pan evaporation (Ep) (i.e., K0.9: 0.9 Ep; K0.5: 0.5 Ep), and three ventilation modes through opening the greenhouse vents at different locations (TR: open the roof vents only; TRS: open both the roof and south vents; TS: open the south vents only) to reveal the effects of the ventilation mode and irrigation amount on the root distribution of greenhouse tomato. Six treatments were designed in blocks with the ventilation mode as the main treatment and the irrigation amount as the vice treatment. On this basis, the normalized root length density (NRLD) model of six treatments was developed by considering air environment, soil water and temperature conditions, root length density (RLD) and yield. The results showed that air speed of the TRS was significantly higher than TR and TS (p < 0.01), and the air temperature and relative humidity under different ventilation showed the rule: TR > TS > TRS. There was a significant third-order polynomial function relationship between NRLD and soil depth, and the coefficient of the cubic term (R0) had a bivariate quadratic polynomial function relationship with irrigation amount and air speed (determination coefficient, R2 = 0.86). Root mean square errors of the simulated and measured value of NRLD under TR, TRS and TS were 0.20, 0.23 and 0.27 in 2020, and 0.31, 0.23 and 0.28 in 2021, respectively, normalized root mean squared errors were 15%, 17%, 20% in 2020, and 23%, 18% and 21% in 2021. The RLD distribution ratio from the ground surface to a one-quarter relative root depth was 74.1%, and 88.0% from the surface to a one-half relative root depth. The results of the yield showed that a better combination of ventilation and irrigation was recommended as TRS combined with K0.9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuewen Gong
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-371-69127197
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Ghorbal A, Kallel A, Ksibi M, Dhia HB, Khélifi N. Developing new approaches and strategies to promote sustainability and environmental integration in the Mediterranean region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46414-46422. [PMID: 34244949 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Achraf Ghorbal
- ENIG (LR18ES33) & ISSAT, University of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia.
| | | | - Mohamed Ksibi
- ISBS & LGEET-ENIS, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Nabil Khélifi
- MENA Program, Springer, Springer Nature, Heidelberg, Germany
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