Environmental pollution influence to soil-plant-air system in organic vineyard: bioavailability, environmental, and health risk assessment

Assessing wineries' performance in managing critical control points for arsenic, lead, and cadmium contamination risk in the wine-making industry: A survey-based analysis utilizing performance indicators as a results tool

Human health hazards appear in wine production. Wineries have implemented food safety management systems to control food hazards through Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). Wine-making industry applies HACCP by evaluating Critical Control Points (CCPs). One of the CCPs that exhibits inadequate control is the potential contamination risk of arsenic, cadmium, and lead throughout the winemaking procedure. Wineries performance level about controlling CCPs related to contamination risk by arsenic, cadmium and lead in the winemaking were analyzed. A sixteen-question questionnaire was made to achieve this research. Three indicators were calculated for training, legislation, and analysis performance components in CCPs control. Results revealed that wineries fault in analysis and legislation components. Identification and updating of legislation about As, Cd and Pb contamination risk is in starting performance level for wineries that produce less than 250,000 L/year wineries. Analysis performance level is even lower than legislation. Only one out of every three wineries possess information regarding the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in the soils of vineyards where grapes are cultivated. Furthermore, the availability of data on their available concentrations in the soil solution is even more limited. Those wineries that controlled As, Cd and Pb concentrations make it according to official recommendations using techniques based on atomic absorption spectrometry. However, there is a lack of this spectrometry equipment in the wineries own laboratories.

A 50-year systemic review of bioavailability application in Soil environmental criteria and risk assessment

Bioavailability has become a critical factor in improving ecological risk assessment and environmental remediation efficiency in contaminated soil research. However, the soil environmental quality standards and risk assessment procedures used in most countries are still based on the total amount of pollutants for lacking sufficient understanding of the exposure pathways and action mechanisms of pollutants. we collected relevant literature from the Web of Science database, spanning the period from 1950 to 2021 by using Citespace to analyze the scientific development of bioavailability. As of January 09, 2022, the database contained 118,813 publications on bioavailability. The review summarizes the progress in bioavailability research and emerging trends, including exploring advanced analytical techniques, advancing modeling approaches, and integrating interdisciplinary approaches to better understand the fate and behavior of pollutants in complex environmental matrices. In particular, the review emphasizes the need for better integration of bioavailability concepts into soil environmental reference, risk assessment procedures, and environmental remediation strategies. Overall, this review emphasized the necessity of incorporating the concept of bioavailability into soil environmental reference, risk assessment procedures, and environmental remediation strategies.

Stability of exogenous Cadmium in different vineyard soils and its effect on grape seedlings

Cadmium (Cd) being potentially toxic heavy metal, has become increasingly serious to vineyard soil and grapes in recent years. Soil type is one of the main factors affecting the absorption of Cd in grapes. To investigate the stabilization characteristics and form changes of Cd in different types of vineyard soils, a 90-days incubation experiment was conducted after exogenous Cd addition to 12 vineyard soils from typical vineyards in China. The inhibition of exogenous Cd on grape seedlings was determined based on the pit-pot incubation experiment (200 kg soil per pot). The results demonstrate that Cd concentration in all the sampling sites did not exceed the national screening values (GB15618-2018; i.e., 0.3 mg/kg when pH was lower than 7.5, 0.6 mg/kg when pH was higher than 7.5);. Cd in Fluvo-aquic soil 2, Red soils1, 2, 3 and Grey-Cinnamon soil is dominated by acid-soluble fraction, but was mainly in residual fraction in the remain soils. Throughout the aging process, proportion of the acid-soluble fraction increased and then decreased, while proportion of the residual fraction decreased and then increased, after exogenous Cd was added. The mobility coefficients of Cd in Fluvo-aquic soil 2 and Red soil 1, 2 increased 2.5, 3 and 2 folds, after exogenous Cd addition, respectively. Compared with CK (control), the correlation between total Cd content and its different fractions was relatively weak in the Cdl (low concentration) and Cdh (high concentration) groups. Poor Cd stabilization and strong inhibition of seedling growth rate were observed in Brown soil 1, black soil, red soil 1 and cinnamomic soil. Fluvo-aquic soil 2, 3 and Brown soil 2 showed good Cd stability and small inhibition effect on grape seedlings. These results show that Cd stability in soils and inhibition rate of grape seedlings by Cd are strongly influenced by soil type.

Non-destructive techniques for the determination of magnetic particle and element contents in grapevine leaves and soil as an eco-sustainable tool for environmental pollution assessment in the agricultural areas

The concentration of magnetic particulate matter (PM) on the leaf surface (an indicator of current pollution) and topsoil (an indicator of magnetic PMs which have geogenic natural signal or historical pollution origin) was assessed in agricultural areas (conventional and organic vineyards). The main aim of this study was to explore whether magnetic parameters such as saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) and mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) can be a proxy for magnetic particulate matter (PM) pollution and associated potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural areas. Besides, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WD-XRF) was investigated as a screening method for total PTE content in soil and leaf samples. Both magnetic parameters (SIRM and χ) pinpoint soil pollution, while SIRM was more suitable for evaluating magnetic PM accumulated on leaves. The values of both magnetic parameters were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated within the same type of sample (soil-soil or leaf-leaf), but not between different matrixes (soil-leaf). Differences between magnetic particles' grain sizes among vegetation seasons in vineyards were obtained by observing the SIRM/χ ratio. WD-XRF was revealed to be an appropriate screening method for soil and leaf total element contents in agricultural ambient. For a more precise application of WD-XRF leaf measurements, specific calibration using a similar matrix to plant material is required. In parallel, measurements of SIRM, χ, and element content (by WD-XRF) can be recommended as user-friendly, fast, and eco-sustainable techniques for determining magnetic PM and PTE pollution hotspots in agricultural ambient.

Long-term orchard practice affects the ecological and human health risk of soil heavy metals in a calcareous environment

The contamination of agroecosystems with heavy metals, caused by the long-term agricultural practices (e.g., the application of extensive agrochemical), has become a high-priority issue for soil-food-human health. Our study aimed to estimate the effect of the agricultural activities on contamination severity and health risk potential of heavy metals in the soil-urban apple orchards versus control soils across various soil types and apple cultivars. This research assessed pollution index (PI), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk (ER), bio-concentration factor (BCF), hazard quotient (HQ), and overall hazard index (HI). The results revealed a significant increase in the concentration of all metals of the orchard soils, ranging 30-51%, 19-24%, 70-137%, 25-33%, and 16-23% for Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni, respectively, versus those in the control soils. Compared to the control soils, PI, PLI, and ER reflected a significant increase in the orchard soils ranging 13-67%, 18-45%, and 18-33%, respectively, which has downgraded their scoring class by one grade. Cd and Pb were not detected in the samples collected from the apple cultivars 'Golden Delicious' (GD) and 'Red Delicious' (RD), indicating no toxic levels of Cd and Pb. Compared to the GD, the concentration of Zn, Cu, and Ni was comparatively higher in RD, implying varying heavy metal accumulation potentials in two different apple cultivars. The mean HQ and HI were in the low category (0.1 ≤ HQ and HI < 1) in both GD and RD cultivars, meaning that GD and RD are safe for local residents to be consumed and do not pose a significant potential risk to the health of consumers. However, HQ and HI were significantly higher in the RD cultivar than in the GD cultivar in most apple samples.

Migration of heavy metals in the soil-grape system and potential health risk assessment

The accumulation of heavy metals in soil may introduce them to the food chain and cause health risks for humans. In the present study, 43 pairs of soil and grape samples (leaf and fruit) were collected form vineyards in the suburbs of Kaifeng city (wastewater-irrigated area in Henan Province, China) to assess the heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni) pollution level in soil, heavy metal accumulation in different grape tissues and the potential health risk via consumption of grapes. The results showed that the average contents of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni in vineyard soil were 42.27, 3.08, 62.33, 262.54 and 26.60 mg/kg, respectively. Some of these soil samples were severely contaminated with Cd and Zn, with an average pollution index (P_i) of 5.14 and 0.88, respectively. Most of these soil samples were severely polluted by heavy metals, with an average Nemerow integrated pollution index (P_N) of 3.77. The bioavailable heavy metals were negatively correlated with soil pH and positively correlated with soil organic matter (OM). In addition, heavy metals were more likely to accumulate in grape leaves, and their contents in grape pulp were all within the maximum permissible limit set by China (GB 2762-2017). The average bioaccumulation factors (BFs) of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni in grape pulp were 0.007, 0.096, 0.160, 0.078 and 0.023, respectively. Health risk assessment indicated that there was no noncarcinogenic risk for grape consumers (adults and children). However, the carcinogenic risk (CR) ranged from 4.95 × 10^-7 to 2.17 × 10^-4, and the CR value of three grape samples was higher than 10^-4, indicating that a probability of carcinogenic disease existed for humans who regularly consumed the grapes from this region.

Biostimulants in Viticulture: A Sustainable Approach against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Climate change and disproportionate anthropogenic interventions, such as the excess of phytopharmaceutical products and continuous soil tillage, are jeopardizing viticulture by subjecting plants to continuous abiotic stress. One of the main physiological repercussions of abiotic stress is represented by the unbalanced redox homeostasis due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to a state of oxidative stress (detrimental to grape quality). To these are added the direct and indirect damages caused by pathogens (biotic stresses). In light of this scenario, it is inevitable that sustainable techniques and sensitivity approaches for environmental and human health have to be applied in viticulture. Sustainable viticulture can only be made with the aid of sustainable products. Biostimulant (PB) applications (including resistance inducers or elicitors) in the vineyard have become interesting maneuvers for counteracting vine diseases and improving grape quality. These also represent a partial alternative to soil fertilization by improving nutrient absorption and avoiding its leaching into the groundwater. Their role as elicitors has important repercussions in the stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway by triggering the activation of several enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase (with the accumulation of phenolic compounds). The present review paper summarizes the PBs' implications in viticulture, gathering historical, functional, and applicative information. This work aims to highlight the innumerable beneficial effects on vines brought by these products. It also serves to spur the scientific community to a greater contribution in investigating the response mechanisms of the plant to positive inductions.

Phytochemical Profiles, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Seeds and Skin from Organic and Conventional Vineyards

The therapeutic benefits of extracts obtained from different red grape fractions were thoroughly studied, however, data regarding the comparison of phytochemical extracts prepared from the same varieties coming from organic versus conventional management systems are rather lacking. The present study aimed at comparing some of the phytochemical characteristics and antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic (50% v/v) extracts obtained from four varieties of red grapes cultivated respectively in organic and conventional vineyards. Total flavonoid content, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity were determined by molecular absorption spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity of the studied extracts was evaluated against common bacterial strains isolated from different habitats according to specific lab procedures. The analyses were performed in solid broths by applying the disk diffusion method, which allowed for the simultaneous determination of the spectrum of the sensitivity of the tested bacteria as well as the values of the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). It was found that favorable antagonistic activities against the tested bacteria strains were exhibited by the hydroalcoholic extracts from the seeds of the organic varieties, respectively the skin of the conventional varieties.