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Nati N, Galter IN, Souza Costa I, Fabre Garcia E, Amorim Lopes G, Seibert França H, Pompermayer Machado L, da Silva RMG, Tamie Matsumoto S. Cytotoxicity, chemical, and nutritional profile evaluation of biomass extracts of the Lemna aequinoctialis (duckweed) aquatic plant. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:934-952. [PMID: 39248695 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2397643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Lemna aequinoctialis (duckweed) is the smallest and fast-growing aquatic plant species producing protein-rich biomass with high protein nutritional value, phytoremediation capacity, and nutrient removal from wastewater. Duckweed may also be used as a new potential bioreactor for biological products, such as vaccines, antibodies, and pharmaceutical proteins. Based upon the potential importanc of L. aequinoctialis in phytoremediation and as a bioreactor the aim of this study was to (1) characterize the chemical and nutritional profiles of L. aequinoctialis biomass utilizing an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system (IMTA) and a pond, and (2) investigate the cytotoxic potential of different concentrations of organic extracts and fractions using the MTT bioassay. EDXRF and ICP-MS analyses indicated the presence of trace elements in lower amounts in relation to the biomass of L. aequinoctialis in the lagoon, emphasizing the importance of plant inclusion management to reduce bioaccumulation of these elements. Analysis of mineral profiles, fatty acids, and amino acids indicated a satisfactory nutritional composition for the use of biomass as a bioproduct. Pigment analysis showed a high concentration of carotenoids, especially astaxanthin. After standardizing the controls, the MTT cell viability test was carried out utilizing rat hepatoma cell line (HTC), which are metabolizing cells that were treated with aqueous or ethanolic extracts and the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions at different concentrations. No apparent cytotoxic potential was observed following treatments, since there was no significant reduction in cell viability. Therefore, this study provides information regarding the biomass of L. aequinoctialis derived from the IMTA system, which might support further research into the application of this species as a bioproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nati
- Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Iasmini Nicoli Galter
- Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Iara Souza Costa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (DCF/UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emily Fabre Garcia
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo (IFES), Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Levi Pompermayer Machado
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Fisheries Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regildo Márcio Gonçalves da Silva
- School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Department of Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Tamie Matsumoto
- Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Soldi KC, Londero JEL, Schavinski CR, Schuch AP. Genotoxicity of surface waters in Brazil. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 888:503638. [PMID: 37188436 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Brazil has abundant surface water resources, huge aquatic biodiversity and is home to 213 million people. Genotoxicity assays are sensitive tools to detect the effects of contaminants in surface waters and wastewaters, as well as to determine potential risks of contaminated waters to aquatic organisms and human health. This work aimed to survey the articles published in 2000-2021 that evaluated the genotoxicity of surface waters within Brazilian territory to unveil the profile and trends of this topic over time. In our searches, we considered articles focused on assessing aquatic biota, articles that conducted experiments with caged organisms or standardized tests in the aquatic sites, as well as articles that transported water or sediment samples from aquatic sites to the laboratory, where exposures were performed with organisms or standardized tests. We retrieved geographical information on the aquatic sites evaluated, the genotoxicity assays used, the percentage of genotoxicity detected, and, when possible, the causative agent of aquatic pollution. A total of 248 articles were identified. There was a trend of increase in the number of publications and annual diversity of hydrographic regions evaluated over time. Most articles focused on rivers from large metropolises. A very low number of articles were conducted on coastal and marine ecosystems. Water genotoxicity was detected in most articles, regardless of methodological approach, even in little-studied hydrographic regions. The micronucleus test and the alkaline comet assay were widely applied with blood samples, mainly derived from fish. Allium and Salmonella tests were the most frequently used standard protocols. Despite most articles did not confirm polluting sources and genotoxic agents, the detection of genotoxicity provides useful information for the management of water pollution. We discuss key points to be assessed to reach a more complete picture of the genotoxicity of surface waters in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Costa Soldi
- Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - James Eduardo Lago Londero
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Ricardo Schavinski
- Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - André Passaglia Schuch
- Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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