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Zhang C, Bai Z, Liu X, Xia D, Li X, Long J, Sun Z, Li Y, Sun Y. Co-incineration of medical waste in municipal solid waste incineration increased emission of chlorine/brominated organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173544. [PMID: 38802016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Co-incineration of medical waste (MW) in municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) is a crucial disposal method for emergency disposal of MW and the management of MW in small and medium-sized towns. This study aims to analyze and compare the levels and distribution patterns of chlorine/brominated dioxins and their precursors in fly ash from MSWIs and medical waste incinerators (MWIs) while also focusing on identifying the new pollution concerns that may arise from the co-incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) mixed with MW (MSW/MW). The concentration of chlorobenzene (CBzs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in fly ash from co-incineration of MSW/MW are 887.4, 134.4 and 27.6 μg/kg, respectively, which are 5.1, 2.0 and 2.9 times higher than that from MSWIs. The levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) are about three orders of magnitude lower than that of PCDD/Fs. For the fly ash from MSWIs, the predominant PCDD/Fs congener is OCDD, which prefers synthesis and adsorption on fine-grained fly ash. For fly ash from MWIs, the major PCDD/Fs congeners are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,7, 8-HpCDF, and OCDF, which prefer synthesis and adsorption on coarse-grained fly ash. Correlation analysis exhibited that both 1,2,3-TriCBz and 1,2,4-TriCBz in fly ash have a markedly linear correlation with PCDD/Fs and PCBs, but PBDD/Fs shows a poor negative correlation with PCDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ziang Bai
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xingshuang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Dan Xia
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jisheng Long
- Shanghai SUS Environment Co., LTD., Shanghai 201703, PR China
| | - Zhongtao Sun
- Shanghai SUS Environment Co., LTD., Shanghai 201703, PR China
| | - Yaojian Li
- Headquarters, China Tianying Inc., Jiangsu 226600, PR China
| | - Yifei Sun
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
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Nguyen TTT, Vuong XT, Tu MB, Trinh MH, Hoang AQ. Insights into Full-congener Profiles of Chlorinated Benzenes in Fly and Bottom Ash: Case Study in Vietnamese Industrial and Municipal Waste Incinerators. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:46. [PMID: 38459996 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated benzenes (CBzs) are a group of organic pollutants, which have been industrially or unintentionally produced through various chemical and thermal processes. Studies on full congener profiles of CBzs in waste and environmental samples are relatively limited and not updated. In the present study, concentrations of 12 CBzs were determined in fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) samples collected from one municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and one industrial waste incinerator (IWI) in northern Vietnam. Levels of Σ12CBzs were higher in bottom ash (median 25.3; range 1.59-45.7 ng/g) than in fly ash (median 7.30; range 1.04-30.0 ng/g). The CBz profiles were dominated by di- and tri-chlorinated congeners with the major congeners as 1,2,4-TCB, 1,2,3-TCB, 1,2-DCB, and 1,3-DCB. However, CBz profiles varied greatly between sample types and incinerators, implying differences in input materials, formation pathways, and pollutant behaviors. Incomplete combustion is possibly responsible for high levels of CBzs in industrial bottom ash. The emission factors of Σ12CBzs ranged from 21 to 600 µg/ton for fly ash and from 190 to 4570 µg/ton for bottom ash, resulting in annual emissions of about 6 and 3 g/year for the IWI and MWI, respectively. Our results suggest additional investigations on industrial emission and environmental occurrence of all 12 CBzs rather than solely focusing on regulated congeners like hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU-University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Truong Vuong
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU-University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Hai Trinh
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam.
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Nguyen TH, Pham QV, Nguyen TPM, Vu VT, Do TH, Hoang MT, Thu Thuy Thi N, Minh TB. Distribution characteristics and ecological risks of heavy metals in bottom ash, fly ash, and particulate matter released from municipal solid waste incinerators in northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2579-2590. [PMID: 36063242 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Residue concentrations of heavy metals, including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, were determined in bottom ash, fly ash, and particulate matter (PM10) samples collected from five municipal incinerators in northern Vietnam to assess their occurrence, distribution characteristics, and potential risks. Concentrations and profiles of heavy metals are presented, showing the dominance of Zn in all types of samples. Highly volatile elements (Cd, Pb, and Zn) were found at elevated proportions in PM10 but not fly ash. The large difference in the heavy metal profiles could be explained by the variation of input raw materials, the absence of an appropriate cycle for the material feeding process, and post-combustion technology applied. Mass balance of heavy metals in the bottom ash, fly ash, and PM10 varied significantly between the investigated incinerators, largely due to the difference in incineration technology and air pollution control system. Emission factors and annual emissions were also estimated, indicating the highest value and amount in bottom ash, followed by PM10 and fly ash. Our results are among the first studies reporting contents and emissions of toxic elements in incinerated solid wastes in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hue Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Quoc Viet Pham
- Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Phuong Mai Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Tu Vu
- Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hien Do
- Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Thang Hoang
- Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thu Thuy Thi
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, , Thai Nguyen, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Debrah JK, Dinis MAP. Chemical characteristics of bottom ash from biomedical waste incinerators in Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:568. [PMID: 37058242 PMCID: PMC10102684 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11132-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical waste (BMW) incineration is the most used alternative disposal method in developing countries, such as Ghana. The improper disposal of incinerator-generated bottom ash (BA) is a significant concern due to the hazardous nature of waste. A study was conducted at Tema Hospital (TGH) and Asuogyaman Hospital (VRAH) incinerator sites. The BA samples were sent to the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Industrial Research, Ghana. The BA samples were weighed with fisher analytical balance, ground, and sieved with standard grade meshes of 120, 100, and 80 to determine the BA particle size distribution. The chemical composition and heavy metals were analysed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) techniques. The results indicated the chemical composition of the analysed BA samples was CaCO3 (49.90%), CaO (27.96%) and MgCO3 (6.02%) for TGH and CaCO3 (48.30%), CaO (27.07%), and SiO2 (6.10%) for VRAH, respectively. The mean concentration (M) (kg m-3) and standard deviation (SD) for TGH in the BA were 7.082 ± 0.478 (Ti), 4.657 ± 0.127 (Zn) and 4.271 ± 1.263 (Fe), while that of VRAH consisted of 10.469 ± 1.588 (Ti), 7.896 ± 2.154 (Fe) and 4.389 ± 0.371 (Zn). Therefore, the heavy metals' mean concentration at the BA is above the WHO permissible limits of soil, i.e., 0.056 kg m-3 (Ti), 0.085 kg m-3 (Pb), 0.100 kg m-3 (Cr) and 0.036 kg m-3 (Cu). Furthermore, the heavy metal mean concentrations of TGH and VRAH present in the BA analysed samples were ranked in descending order: Ti > Zn > Fe and Ti > Fe > Zn, respectively. It is therefore recommended that BA must be properly disposed of because of the hazardous nature of heavy metals present in the analysed samples, which are able to cause environmental and public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justice Kofi Debrah
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal.
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Nguyen HT, Pham VQ, Nguyen TPM, Nguyen TTT, Tu BM, Le PT. Emission and distribution profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solid residues of municipal and industrial waste incinerators, Northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:38255-38268. [PMID: 36580247 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and profiles of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM10), fly ash (FA), and bottom ash (BA) were examined in three incineration residues. Samples were collected from different municipal and industrial solid waste incinerators in Northern Vietnam. The average concentrations of total PAHs in PM10, fly ash, and bottom ash were 9.55 × 103 ng/Nm3, 215 × 103 ng/g, and 2.38 ng/g, respectively. Low-molecular-weight PAHs (2 to 3 rings) were predominant in most samples. The emission factor of total PAHs decreased in the order of FA > BA > PM10. A higher concentration of total PAHs was found in industrial facilities than that in municipal ones. The high carcinogenic proportion of PAHs together with significantly high annual emissions reflect the high pollution risk to the ecosystem by PAHs in the case of reuse of incineration ashes (e.g., brick production). Regarding the carcinogenic risk of PAH-bounded ashes or particles, calculations from this study imply the significant threat for workers who have been manipulated in the incineration facilities, directly exposed to fly and bottom ashes. Meanwhile, the risk from PAH-bound particulate was not considered a significant threat for both normal adults and children. Further study on PAHs contained in incinerator waste dumps should be conducted in Vietnam to assess the potential contamination risk of these incineration by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Viet Quoc Pham
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Phuong Mai Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Thanh Xuan, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City, 24000, Vietnam
| | - Binh Minh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong street, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thu Le
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Javid F, Xin X, Anderson WA, Derraik JG, Anderson YC, Baroutian S. Deconstruction and valorisation of a mixture of personal protective equipment using hydrothermal processing. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Tseng CH, Chen LL, Su SM. Development of a system dynamics model for dioxin flow and its application to the energy sector. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08361. [PMID: 34841101 PMCID: PMC8605426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioxin pollution has been problematic in Taiwan. Although the government has established emission standards and emission inventory to control dioxin pollution, such efforts only apply to pollution emissions; no attempt has been made to understand the flow of dioxins in different environmental media. In this study, the STELLA software was used to model the flow pattern of dioxins in various media. This model and the RAIDAR model established by the Canadian Environmental Model Research Center were used to simulate dioxin flow in Taiwan, and their results were compared with the measured values. The accuracies of the RAIDAR and STELLA models were 63.92% and 49.78%, respectively. This shows that the simulation with the STELLA model provided results closer to the measured values and that the error was less than ten times that of the RAIDAR model, indicating that the proposed model is predictive. In addition, we used the results of a system dynamics model for dioxin flow and an air resource co-benefits (ARCoB) model to apply the obtained results to the energy sector to quantify the co-benefits of reducing dioxin, greenhouse gas, and air pollutant emissions on the basis of the policy target for the year 2030. The total co-benefits of natural gas and renewable energy (RE) scenarios were US$9.63 billion and US$12.57 billion, respectively; the benefit-cost ratios were 2.89 and 20.67, respectively. The development of an RE policy as an alternative to a coal-fired power generation policy will contribute to the best co-benefits of integrated reductions and will also contribute to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Heng Tseng
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ming Su
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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Wang X, Gao M, Wang M, Wu C, Wang Q, Wang Y. Removal of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash using lactic acid fermentation broth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62716-62725. [PMID: 34215983 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) is considered as a hazardous solid waste because of the high mobility of heavy metals. In this study, the removal of heavy metals in MSWIFA using lactic acid fermentation broth (LAFB) under various leaching protocols (i.e. LAFB addition amount and timing) was investigated. Results revealed that compared with that in pure lactic acid solution, the synergistic effect of various substances in LAFB was more favourable to the dissolution of heavy metals. Although the content of acid-soluble heavy metals in MSWIFA decreased after leaching with LAFB, the leaching toxicity measured by acetic acid buffer solution method increased to varying degrees (except that of Cr). Moreover, the maximum leaching concentration of Pb was 14.1 mg/L (standard limit, 0.25 mg/L), which was not conducive to the landfill treatment of MSWIFA. However, if the LAFB-treated MSWIFA was used in cement kiln for co-disposal, the amount of MSWIFA entering the kiln was 6.0 percentage points higher than that in pure water leaching. Therefore, LAFB leaching instead of water leaching is expected to be an effective pre-treatment method for the utilisation of MSWIFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 10083, China
| | - Menglu Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chuanfu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 10083, China.
| | - Qunhui Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 10083, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Chengdu Environmental Investment Group Co., LTD, Building 1, Tianfushijia, No. 1000 Jincheng Street, Chengdu, China
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Ramesh Kumar A, Vaidya AN, Singh I, Ambekar K, Gurjar S, Prajapati A, Kanade GS, Hippargi G, Kale G, Bodkhe S. Leaching characteristics and hazard evaluation of bottom ash generated from common biomedical waste incinerators. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:1069-1079. [PMID: 34355647 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1962159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
India has more than 202 biomedical waste incinerators, however, knowledge on the chemical characteristics of incinerator ash is lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lecahablility characteristics of bottom ash and to study the levels of incineration by-products viz. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Bottom ash samples from 13 common biomedical waste treatment facilities (CBMWTF) were colleted and subjected to leachig test, sequential extraction procedure (SEP) and PAHs and PCBs analysis. Among metals, cadmium, chromium, manganese, lead and zinc were found higher than the regulatory limits indicating its hazardous nature. SEP showed that substantial fraction of Cd (30%) and Zn (25%) were associated with leachable fractions, whereas metals such as Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni were mainly associated with reducible, organics and residual fractions. Concentrations of USEPA 16 priority PAHs ranged between 0.17-12.67 mg kg-1 and the total toxic equivalents (TEQ) were in the range of 0.9-421.9 ng TEQ/g. PAHs with 4-rings dominated all the samples and accounted for 68% to total PAHs concentrations. Concentration of Σ19 PCB congeners ranged from 420.4 to 724.3 µg kg-1. PCBs homologue pattern was dominated by mono- to tetra chlorinated congeners (60-86%). The findings indicate the need for segregation of plastics from biomedical waste, improvement of combustion efficiency, and efficient air pollution control devices for the existing incinerators in CBMWTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramesh Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | | | - Ishan Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Kajal Ambekar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Suyog Gurjar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Archana Prajapati
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | | | | | - Ganesh Kale
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Sandeep Bodkhe
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
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