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Belkessa N, Assadi AA, Bouzaza A, Nguyen-Tri P, Amrane A, Khezami L. A review of non-thermal plasma -catalysis: The mutual influence and sources of synergetic effect for boosting volatile organic compounds removal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119333. [PMID: 38849000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
This review is aimed at researchers in air pollution control seeking to understand the latest advancements in volatile organic compound (VOC) removal. Implementing of plasma-catalysis technology for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) led to a significant boost in terms of degradation yield and mineralization rate with low by-product formation. The plasma-catalysis combination can be used in two distinct ways: (I) the catalyst is positioned downstream of the plasma discharge, known as the "post plasma catalysis configuration" (PPC), and (II) the catalyst is located in the plasma zone and exposed directly to the discharge, called "in plasma catalysis configuration" (IPC). Coupling these two technologies, especially for VOCs elimination has attracted the interest of many researchers in recent years. The term "synergy" is widely reported in their works and associated with the positive effect of the plasma catalysis combination. This review paper investigates the state of the art of newly published papers about catalysis, photocatalysis, non-thermal plasma, and their combination for VOC removal application. The focus is on understanding different synergy sources operating mutually between plasma and catalysis discussed and classified into two main parts: the effect of the plasma discharge on the catalyst and the effect of the catalyst on plasma discharge. This approach has the potential for application in air purification systems for industrial processes or indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacer Belkessa
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Aymen Amin Assadi
- College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, IMSIU, Riyadh, 11432, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdelkrim Bouzaza
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Phuong Nguyen-Tri
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Energy and Environnent, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351, Boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Abdetif Amrane
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lotfi Khezami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Baaloudj O, Vu NN, Assadi AA, Le VQ, Nguyen-Tri P. Recent advances in designing and developing efficient sillenite-based materials for photocatalytic applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 327:103136. [PMID: 38598926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Sillenite materials have been the subject of intense investigation for recent years due to their unique characteristics. They possess a distinct structure with space group I23, allowing them to exhibit distinctive features, such as an electronic structure ideal for certain applications such as photocatalysis. The present research delves into the structure, synthesis, and properties of sillenites, highlighting their suitability for photocatalysis. It explores also advanced engineering strategies for designing sillenite-based photocatalysts, including heterojunction formation, morphology modification, doping, and hybrid processes. Each strategy offers advantages and limitations that are critically discussed. The review then lists and discusses the photocatalytic performance of various sillenite-based systems recently developed for common applications, such as removing hazardous organic and inorganic contaminants, and even infrequent applications, such as microbial inactivation, H2 generation, CO2 reduction and N2 fixation. Finally, valuable insights and suggestions are put forward for future research directions in the field of sillenite-based photocatalysis. This comprehensive overview would provide a valuable resource for the development of efficient photocatalytic systems to address environmental and energy challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Baaloudj
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G8Z 4M3, Canada; Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G8Z 4M3, Canada; Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, USTHB, BP 32, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nhu-Nang Vu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G8Z 4M3, Canada; Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Aymen Amin Assadi
- College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, IMSIU, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; Univ Rennes, ENSCR-équipe Chimie et Ingénierie des Procédés, URM 6226 CNRS, ENSCR-11, Allée de Beaulieu, CS, 508307-35708 Rennes, France
| | - Van Quyet Le
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Nguyen-Tri
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G8Z 4M3, Canada; Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G8Z 4M3, Canada.
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Valadez-Renteria E, Perez-Carrasco C, Medina-Velazquez DY, Rodriguez-Gonzalez V, Oliva J. Efficient removal of the recalcitrant metamizole contaminant from drinking water by using a CaLaCoO 9 perovskite supported on recycled polyethylene. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:56-67. [PMID: 37923465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Metamizole (MZ) is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug. Due to its common use, this contaminant is found in sewage and rivers. In order to reduce the contamination produced by the MZ, we fabricated in this work a photocatalytic composite using recycled polyethylene (RPE) and the CaLaCoO9 (LCCO) perovskite. Those nanoparticles had a microplate-like morphology and sizes of 1.4-5.5 µm according to the analysis of microscopy. The photocatalytic properties of the LCCO powders were evaluated under ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) irradiation and found a removal efficiency of 96%. When the RPE+LCCO composite was employed for the photocatalytic degradation of MZ, a maximum degradation of 92.5% was obtained. The influence of the pH on the photocatalytic activity was also studied and found that an initial pH = 3 produced a total degradation of MZ after 240 min of UV-Vis irradiation. Moreover, three reuse cycles were carried out for the pure LCCO powders and for the RPE+LCCO composites and found that the maximum loss of degradation was 5%. Furthermore, scavenger experiments demonstrated that the super oxide and hydroxyl radicals are formed during the photocatalytic reaction and were responsible for the degradation of MZ. Additionally, the X-ray photoelectron-spectroscopy and Raman analysis demonstrated the formation of defects (oxygen vacancies), those ones delayed the electron-hole recombination, which in turn, enhanced the degradation of the MZ. Thus, the studies performed in this work proved that composites made with recycled plastics and LCCO perovskites are a low-cost and feasible alternative for the cleaning of water sources polluted with pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Valadez-Renteria
- CONACYT-División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, México
| | - Christian Perez-Carrasco
- División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco, Col. Reynosa-Tamaulipas, C.P., México, DF 02200, México
| | - Dulce Yolotzin Medina-Velazquez
- División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco, Col. Reynosa-Tamaulipas, C.P., México, DF 02200, México.
| | - Vicente Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- CONACYT-División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, México
| | - Jorge Oliva
- CONACYT-División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, México.
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Sahu O. Remediation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with nano ceramic clay: Synthesis, characterization, scale-up and regenerations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121241. [PMID: 36764378 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the ecosystem, resulting from industrial effluent and water bodies, has attracted greater concern. An economical treatment is in demand to optimize the current issue. In this research work, Perfluorooctanoic Acid was treated from drinking water sources with nano-ceramic clay. The ceramic clay was synthesized and characterized with Fourier infrared transformation, scanning electron micrograph, transmission electron micrograph, x-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis. An adsorption process was performed in batch and continuous modes for the effective conditions for maximum removal. In batch mode 82 ± 12 nm ceramic clay particle size; 3.0 initial pH; 210 rpm agitation 1.2 mg/L PFOA concentration; 100 mg/L clay dosage; 27 °C temperature, and 20hrs experimental time shows maximum 99.15% adsorption. The experimental data is well fitted with kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics calculated data. In fixed bed, continuous column study 10 h treatment time, 10 cm of bed height, and 2 ml/min were adsorbed 99.99% of PFOA. The experimental data from the fixed bed adsorption equipment was correlated using a number of different mathematical models, including the Thomas, Adams-Bohart, Yoon-Nelson, and Clark models. Overall nano ceramic clay was found to potential adsorbent for Perfluorooctanoic acid removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omprakash Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, UIE, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
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5
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Moghaddam AA, Mohammadi L, Bazrafshan E, Batool M, Behnampour M, Baniasadi M, Mohammadi L, Zafar MN. Antibiotics sequestration using metal nanoparticles: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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6
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Kumar A, Gora MK, Lal G, Choudhary BL, Meena PL, Dhaka RS, Singhal RK, Kumar S, Dolia SN. Impact of Gd 3+ doping on structural, electronic, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties of MnFe 2O 4 nanoferrites and application in dye-polluted wastewater remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18820-18842. [PMID: 36219287 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present work focuses on developing Gd-doped Mn spinel nanoferrites and their potential application in the photodegradation of water pollutants. The impact of Gd3+ ion substitution on structural, electronic, and magnetic characteristics of manganese ferrites has been studied. Nanocrystalline samples of MnGdxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.0 to 0.10, in step size of 0.02) ferrites were prepared via sol-gel self-ignition route. The Rietveld, XPS, HRTEM, and SAED characterization methods confirmed the formation of phase pure ferrite nanoparticles (~ 8-22 nm) in the cubic spinel structure. The Gd3+ content in these nanoferrites responded to a systematic reduction in the size of nanocrystallites and an upsurge in the density of nanoferrites. The XPS study revealed fine assimilation of constituent elements in the fcc lattice and ruled out impurities in the nanoferrites. The Fe and the Gd ions were found to be in Fe3+ and Gd3+ states, respectively. While a major fraction of the Mn ions were found to be in the Mn2+ state, a small fraction of Mn4+ ions was observed on the surface of nanoparticles. The nanoferrites were found to exhibit a soft ferromagnetic state from 300 to 20 K limits. The highest saturation magnetization was observed for x = 0.02 (MS = 66.6 emu/g at 20 K). The observed magnetic properties can be understood with the competing (Fe3+ and Mn2+)A-O2--[Fe3+, Mn2+, and Gd3+]B superexchange interactions and magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Due to the small band gap energy of Gd-doped Mn ferrites than that of the pure Mn ferrite, they have demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light illumination. As much as 96.35% of the MB dye was found to get degraded in 70 min of light illumination over synthesized nanoparticles and the photodegradation reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The increased optical absorbance due to lower band gap, suppressed recombination rate of charge carriers, and enhanced charge mobility make them effective visible light active photocatalysts. This study revealed that the electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of MnFe2O4 nanoferrites could be easily tuned by varying the Gd3+ content and the prepared Gd-doped MnFe2O4 nanomaterials have boundless potential to be utilized in the future making promising active photocatalysts and degradation of harmful industrial dyes for enhanced protection in the fields of environment and health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar
- Department of Physics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Mahendra Kumar Gora
- Department of Physics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ganesh Lal
- Department of Physics, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313002, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Parmeshwar Lal Meena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajendra Singh Dhaka
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Rishi Kumar Singhal
- Department of Physics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sudhish Kumar
- Department of Physics, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Satya Narain Dolia
- Department of Physics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, Rajasthan, India
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7
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Water Cleaning by a Continuous Fixed-Bed Column for Cr(VI) Eco-Adsorption with Green Adsorbent-Based Biomass: An Experimental Modeling Study. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, chromate adsorption onto red peanut skin (RPS) was investigated in a fixed-bed column; FTIR, PZC, SEM, DLS, and BET were used to evaluate its adsorption properties. The experiments were conducted to determine the effect of physical parameters, including the inlet initial Cr(VI) concentration (100–500 mg L−1), bed height (10–20 cm), and feed flow rate (13.59–23.45 mL min−1). They were carried out to predict breakthrough curves. The adsorption capacity coefficients were determined using the most widely used Bohart–Adams model. It was tested to fit experimental data, for a better understand the dynamic behavior, and for further optimize column performance. It was found that the Cr(VI) uptake decreases when increasing the flow rate and that high chromate concentration and bed height consequently increase the column’s life span. A high column adsorption capacity can be achieved with a higher Cr(VI) concentration due to the higher driving force. The results indicated that the Bohart–Adams model provides a good description (R2 > 0.98) of the experimental data of the Cr(VI)’s removal from the aqueous solution on the RPS suggesting that the surface diffusion is the rate-limiting step in the continues adsorption process.. Breakthrough adsorption capacity is crucial for comparing RPS with other similar materials. Indeed, possible mechanisms have been suggested for illustrating adsorption onto RPS. The obtained results showed significant potential of 26.23 mg g−1 of RPS on Cr(VI) elimination at a natural pH of 5.35. Furthermore, this global investigation allowed for the design of a promising low-cost material for the future scale-up of cleaning wastewater polluted by metal and determine the properly conditions for operating column adsorption. This material provides an economical, efficient means of eliminating pollutants, thus meeting the main aims of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs).
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AbuMousa RA, Khezami L, Ismail M, Ben Aissa MA, Modwi A, Bououdina M. Efficient Mesoporous MgO/g-C 3N 4 for Heavy Metal Uptake: Modeling Process and Adsorption Mechanism. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3945. [PMID: 36432231 PMCID: PMC9693060 DOI: 10.3390/nano12223945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Removing toxic metal ions arising from contaminated wastewaters caused by industrial effluents with a cost-effective method tackles a serious concern worldwide. The adsorption process onto metal oxide and carbon-based materials offers one of the most efficient technologies adopted for metal ion removal. In this study, mesoporous MgO/g-C3N4 sorbent is fabricated by ultrasonication method for the uptake Pb (II) and Cd (II) heavy metal ions from an aqueous solution. The optimum conditions for maximum uptake: initial concentration of metal ions 250 mg g-1, pH = 5 and pH = 3 for Pb++ and Cd++, and a 60 mg dose of adsorbent. In less than 50 min, the equilibrium is reached with a good adsorption capacity of 114 and 90 mg g-1 corresponding to Pb++ and Cd++, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption isotherm models fit well with the Langmuir isotherm, while the kinetics model fitting study manifest a perfect fit with the pseudo-second order. The as fabricated mesoporous MgO/g-C3N4 sorbent exhibit excellent Pb++ and Cd++ ions uptake and can be utilized as a potential adsorbent in wastewater purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A. AbuMousa
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Khezami
- College of Science, Chemistry Department, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukhtar Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ali Ben Aissa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abueliz Modwi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Bououdina
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of α-Fe2O3@TiO2 Photocatalyst: Optimization of Effective Factors in the Fabrication of Photocatalyst and Removal of Non-biodegradable Cefixime via Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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10
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Trawiński J, Wroński M, Skibiński R. Efficient removal of anti-HIV drug - maraviroc from natural water by peroxymonosulfate and TiO 2 photocatalytic oxidation: Kinetic studies and identification of transformation products. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115735. [PMID: 35863307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study photochemical transformation of the antiretroviral pharmaceutical maraviroc under the simulated UV-Vis radiation was presented. The drug was shown to be extremely photo-resistant, with a half-life over 250 h, which is particularly significant, considering its presence in the aquatic environments. Addition of the natural river water matrix substantially increased the degradation rate, albeit the process led to formation of numerous phototransformation products. Due to high photostability and presumable environmental persistence of maraviroc, a photocatalytic method of its elimination was proposed. Although titanium dioxide alone presented acceptable results, its combination with peroxymonosulfate enormously accelerated the degradation process, increasing it over 67 000 times in comparison with the direct photolysis. Substitution of ultrapure water with river water resulted in inhibition of the PMS-driven processes, however the decomposition efficiency was still very high. Noteworthy, majority of the identified photoproducts were still present after termination of irradiation in all the experiments, which may indicate necessity of ecotoxicological assessment of those compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Wroński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
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11
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Sorbent and Photocatalytic Potentials of Local Clays for the Removal of Organic Xenobiotic: Case of Crystal Violet. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural materials are widely used in the field of environmental remediation and are appreciated for their surface physical and chemical properties. Clay constitutes a typical example. In this work, we report the evaluation of sorbent and photocatalytic potentials of local clay of two irrigated rice field waters in the degradation of crystal violet. The structural, textural and compositional properties of the local clay were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The analysis results showed that these materials were composed mainly of quartz and kaolinite. The efficiency of these adsorbents (Y. Clay and L. Clay) to eliminate crystal violet dye from aqueous medium was examined at different initial concentrations, pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and the possible interference of inorganic salts from fertilizers. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second order model and the equilibrium modelling results fitted adequately to the Freundlich model. The maximum amount of uptake capacity achieved at pH 2.0 was 18.40 (mg·g−1) and 20.40 (mg·g−1), respectively, for Y. Clay and L. Clay. The evaluation of the photocatalytic potential showed that the raw clay samples do not show photocatalytic activities during the 30 min of exposure to UV light. On the other hand, their photocatalytic potential is manifested when loaded with titanium dioxide (TiO2). Clays coupled with TiO2 under UV light showed an improvement in the degradation of the crystal violet dye by 15%. The synergistic effects between the high photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and the strong adsorption capacity of clays can be one promising technique for in situ remediation of contaminated soaked rice field.
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12
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Bismuth Sillenite Crystals as Recent Photocatalysts for Water Treatment and Energy Generation: A Critical Review. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis has been widely studied for environmental applications and water treatment as one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Among semiconductors that have been employed as catalysts in photocatalytic applications, bismuth sillenite crystals have gained a great deal of interest in recent years due to their exceptional characteristics, and to date, several sillenite material systems have been developed and their applications in photoactivity are under study. In this review paper, recent studies on the use of Bi-based sillenites for water treatment have been compiled and discussed. This review also describes the properties of Bi-based sillenite crystals and their advantages in the photocatalytic process. Various strategies used to improve photocatalytic performance are also reviewed and discussed, focusing on the specific advantages and challenges presented by sillenite-based photocatalysts. Furthermore, a critical point of certain bismuth catalysts in the literature that were found to be different from that reported and correspond to the sillenite form has also been reviewed. The effectiveness of some sillenites for environmental applications has been compared, and it has demonstrated that the activity of sillenites varies depending on the metal from which they were produced. Based on the reviewed literature, this review summarizes the current status of work with binary sillenite and provides useful insights for its future development, and it can be suggested that Bismuth sillenite crystals can be promising photocatalysts for water treatment, especially for degrading and reducing organic and inorganic contaminants. Our final review focus will emphasize the prospects and challenges of using those photocatalysts for environmental remediation and renewable energy applications.
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13
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Modwi A, Khezami L, Ghoniem MG, Nguyen-Tri P, Baaloudj O, Guesmi A, AlGethami FK, Amer MS, Assadi AA. Superior removal of dyes by mesoporous MgO/g-C 3N 4 fabricated through ultrasound method: Adsorption mechanism and process modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112543. [PMID: 34915029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present research concerns the synthesis of a mesoporous composite characterized with high surface area and superior adsorption capacity in order to investigate its efficacity in removing hazardous and harmful dyes molecules from water. The synthesized mesoporous composite, MgO/g-C3N4 (MGCN), was successfully prepared through the sonication method in a methanolic solution followed by an evaporation and a calcination process. The configuration, crystalline phase, surface properties, chemical bonding, and morphological study of the fabricated nanomaterials were investigated via XRD, BET, FESEM, HRTEM, XPS, and FTIR instrumentation. The obtained nanomaterials were used as sorbents of Congo Red (CR) and Basic Fuchsin (BF) dyes from aqueous solutions. Batch elimination experimental studies reveal that the elimination of CR and BF dyes from an aqueous solution onto the MGCN surface was pH-dependent. The highest removal of CR and BF pollutants occurs, respectively, at pH 5 and 7. The absorptive elimination of CR and BF dyes into the MGCN surface was well-fitted with a pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir model. In this concern, the maximum nanocomposite elimination capacity for CR and BF was observed to be 1250 and 1791 mg g-1, respectively. This investigation confirms that MGCN composite is an obvious and efficient adsorbent of CR, BF, and other organic dyes from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Modwi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia
| | - L Khezami
- Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M G Ghoniem
- Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - P Nguyen-Tri
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment, University Du Quebec Trois-Rivieres (UQTR), 3351, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - O Baaloudj
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering USTHB, BP 32, Algiers, Algeria
| | - A Guesmi
- Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F K AlGethami
- Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M S Amer
- Electrochemical Sciences Research Chair (ESRC), Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Assadi
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR / UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, 35700, Rennes, France
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14
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UV/TiO2 Photocatalysis as an Efficient Livestock Wastewater Quaternary Treatment for Antibiotics Removal. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14060958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are among the most common pharmaceutical compounds, and they have been extensively used for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases for more than 50 years. However, merely a small fraction of antibiotics is metabolized in the body, while the rest is discharged into the environment through excretion, which can cause potential ecological problems and human health risks. In this study, the elimination of seventeen antibiotics from real livestock wastewater effluents was investigated by UV/TiO2 advanced oxidation process. The effect of process parameters, such as TiO2 loadings, solution pHs, and antibiotic concentrations, on the efficiency of the UV/TiO2 process was assessed. The degradation efficiency was affected by the solution pH, and higher removal efficiency was observed at pH 5.8 and 9.9, while the catalyst loading had no significant effect on the degradation efficiency. UV photolysis showed a good removal efficiency of the antibiotics. However, the highest removal efficiency was shown by the UV/photocatalyst system due to their synergistic effects. The results showed that more than 90% of antibiotics were removed by UV/TiO2 system during the 60 min illumination, while the corresponding TOC and COD removal was only 10 and 13%, respectively. The results of the current study indicated that UV/TiO2 advanced oxidation processes is a promising method for the elimination of various types of antibiotics from real livestock wastewater effluents.
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15
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Assadi AA, Karoui S, Trabelsi K, Hajjaji A, Elfalleh W, Ghorbal A, Maghzaoui M, Assadi AA. Synthesis and Characterization of TiO 2 Nanotubes (TiO 2-NTs) with Ag Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs): Photocatalytic Performance for Wastewater Treatment under Visible Light. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041463. [PMID: 35208001 PMCID: PMC8880111 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the influence of the decoration of TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2-NTs) with Ag silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on the photocatalysis of emerging pollutants such as the antibiotic diclofenac sodium. The Ag-NPs were loaded onto the TiO2-NTs by the anodization of metallic titanium foils. Diclofenac sodium is an emerging pollutant target of the pharmaceutical industry because of its negative environmental impact (high toxicity and confirmed carcinogenicity). The obtained Ag-NP/TiO2-NT nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission spectroscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In order to study the photocatalytic behavior of Ag-NPs/TiO2-NTs with visible cold LEDs, the possible photocatalytic mechanism of antibiotic degradation with reactive species (O2°− and OH°) was detailed. Moreover, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model was used to correlate the experimental results with the optimized catalyst. Likewise, reuse tests showed the chemical stability of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf Amir Assadi
- Research Unit Advanced Materials, Applied Mechanics, Innovative Processes and Environment, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Gabes (ISSAT), University of Gabes, Gabes 6072, Tunisia; (S.K.); (A.G.)
- Industries Chimiques du Fluor—Gabes Plant, 06 Rue Amine El Abbassi, Tunis 1002, Tunisia;
- Industrial Zone Gabes Port, Gabes 6071, Tunisia
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (A.A.A.); Tel.: +216-54-013-728 (A.A.A.); +33-22-32-38-152 (A.A.A.)
| | - Sarra Karoui
- Research Unit Advanced Materials, Applied Mechanics, Innovative Processes and Environment, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Gabes (ISSAT), University of Gabes, Gabes 6072, Tunisia; (S.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- Laboratoire de Photovoltaïque, Centre de Recherches et des Technologies de l’Energie, Technopole de Borj-Cédria, BP 95, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (K.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Anouar Hajjaji
- Laboratoire de Photovoltaïque, Centre de Recherches et des Technologies de l’Energie, Technopole de Borj-Cédria, BP 95, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (K.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Walid Elfalleh
- Energy, Water, Environment and Process Laboratory, (LR18ES35), National Engineering School of Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6072, Tunisia;
| | - Achraf Ghorbal
- Research Unit Advanced Materials, Applied Mechanics, Innovative Processes and Environment, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Gabes (ISSAT), University of Gabes, Gabes 6072, Tunisia; (S.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Mounir Maghzaoui
- Industries Chimiques du Fluor—Gabes Plant, 06 Rue Amine El Abbassi, Tunis 1002, Tunisia;
- Industrial Zone Gabes Port, Gabes 6071, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Amin Assadi
- École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)–UMR 6226, Universite de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (A.A.A.); Tel.: +216-54-013-728 (A.A.A.); +33-22-32-38-152 (A.A.A.)
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16
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Bouallouch R, Kebir M, Nasrallah N, Saib F, El Jery A, Khezami L, Trari M. Synthesis, structural, and opto-electrochemical properties of cobalt aluminate type spinel and its use with ZnO for Cr(VI) photoreduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:12237-12248. [PMID: 34562219 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the occurrence of inorganic pollutants in surface waters is identified in the system assessment quality. The most harmful elements are pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and heavy metals are still dangerous to the environment due to their general uses. Chromate has the largest concentration compared to the other metals in the wastewater industries. This work evaluates the application of the spinel p-CoAl2O4 as a photocatalyst prepared by the nitrate synthesis process to reduce Cr(VI), a hazardous metal for the environment. The photocatalyst was characterized using thermal analysis (TG), X-ray diffraction, UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescent X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrical conductivity, and photoelectrochemically. The results showed that the efficiency of optimum reduction of Cr(Vl) to Cr(IIl) photoreduction is more effective (77%) for pH = 3.6 than that at high pH values up to 8 (7%). Moreover, the effect of the hetero-system CoAl2O4/ZnO on photocatalytic efficiency was investigated. The photocatalytic activity increases up to 99% with 1 g L-1, a total catalyst dosage over the hetero-system CoAl2O4/ZnO at a ratio of 75%/25%. This data is better relative to CoAl2O4 or ZnO alone. The Cr(VI) photoreduction activity improvement was caused by the best separation and the photogeneration of electron-hole on the CoAl2O4/ZnO surfaces. Finally, the Lagergren pseudo-first-order and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood models fit well the experimental kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachida Bouallouch
- Faculty of Engineering, Univ. M'hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, 35000, Boumerdes, Algeria
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, FGMPG/USTHB, BP 32, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Kebir
- Faculty of Engineering, Univ. M'hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, 35000, Boumerdes, Algeria
- Research Unit on Analysis and Technological Development in Environment, BP 384, RP 42004, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Nasrallah
- Faculty of Engineering, Univ. M'hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, 35000, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Faouzi Saib
- Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, USTHB, BP 32, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
- Research Center in Chemical and Physical Analysis (C.R.A.P.C), BP 384, RP 42004, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Atef El Jery
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Khezami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, 11432, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed Trari
- Laboratory of Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies, USTHB, BP 32, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
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17
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A Review of the Use of Semiconductors as Catalysts in the Photocatalytic Inactivation of Microorganisms. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obtaining clean and high-quality water free of pathogenic microorganisms is a worldwide challenge. Various techniques have been investigated for achieving an effective removal or inactivation of these pathogenic microorganisms. One of those promising techniques is photocatalysis. In recent years, photocatalytic processes used semiconductors as photocatalysts. They were widely studied as a green and safe technology for water disinfection due to their high efficiency, being non-toxic and inexpensive, and their ability to disinfect a wide range of microorganisms under UV or visible light. In this review, we summarized the inactivation mechanisms of different waterborne pathogenic microorganisms by semiconductor photocatalysts. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of semiconductors photocatalysts, especially titanium dioxide, under visible light is limited and hence needs further improvements. Several strategies have been studied to improve their efficiencies which are briefly discussed in this review. With the developing of nanotechnology, doping with nanomaterials can increase and promote the semiconductor’s photocatalytic efficiency, which can enhance the deactivation or damage of a large number of waterborne pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we present an overview of antimicrobial effects for a wide range of nano-photocatalysts, including titanium dioxide-based, other metal-containing, and metal-free photocatalysts. Promising future directions and challenges for materials research in photocatalytic water disinfection are also concluded in this review.
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18
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Baaloudj O, Nasrallah N, Kenfoud H, Algethami F, Modwi A, Guesmi A, Assadi AA, Khezami L. Application of Bi 12ZnO 20 Sillenite as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Wastewater Treatment: Removal of Both Organic and Inorganic Compounds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5409. [PMID: 34576631 PMCID: PMC8470746 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to synthesize and characterize a material that can be used as an effective catalyst for photocatalytic application to remove both organic and inorganic compounds from wastewater. In this context, sillenite Bi12ZnO20 (BZO) in a pure phase was synthesized using the sol-gel method. Before calcination, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was done to determine the temperature of the formation of the sillenite phase, which was found to be 800 °C. After calcination, the phase was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and then refined using the Rietveld refinement technique. The results prove that BZO crystals have a cubic symmetry with the space group I23 (N°197); the lattice parameters of the structure were also determined. From the crystalline size, the surface area was estimated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, which was found to be 11.22 m2/g. The formation of sillenite was also checked using the Raman technique. The morphology of the crystals was visualized using electron scanning microscope (SEM) analysis. After that, the optical properties of BZO were investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL); an optical gap of 2.9 eV was found. In the final step, the photocatalytic activity of the BZO crystals was evaluated for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants, namely hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) and Cefixime (CFX). An efficient removal rate was achieved for both contaminants within only 3 h, with a 94.34% degradation rate for CFX and a 77.19% reduction rate for Cr(VI). Additionally, a kinetic study was carried out using a first-order model, and the results showed that the kinetic properties are compatible with this model. According to these findings, we can conclude that the sillenite BZO can be used as an efficient photocatalyst for wastewater treatment by eliminating both organic and inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Baaloudj
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, Algiers 16111, Algeria; (O.B.); (N.N.); (H.K.)
| | - Noureddine Nasrallah
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, Algiers 16111, Algeria; (O.B.); (N.N.); (H.K.)
| | - Hamza Kenfoud
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, Algiers 16111, Algeria; (O.B.); (N.N.); (H.K.)
| | - Faisal Algethami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Abueliz Modwi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahlem Guesmi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Aymen Amine Assadi
- CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Univ. Rennes, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Lotfi Khezami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.G.)
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Facile electrodeposition of ZnO on graphitic substrate for photocatalytic application: degradation of antibiotics in a continuous stirred-tank reactor. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Asadi-Ghalhari M, Mostafaloo R, Ghafouri N, Kishipour A, Usefi S, Baaloudj O. Removal of Cefixime from aqueous solutions via proxy electrocoagulation: modeling and optimization by response surface methodology. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-021-02055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Artificial neural network modeling of the hexavalent uranium sorption onto chemically activated bentonite. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Synthesis and Characterization of ZnBi2O4 Nanoparticles: Photocatalytic Performance for Antibiotic Removal under Different Light Sources. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11093975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to synthesize a photocatalyst with high photocatalytic performances and explore the possibility of using it for antibiotic removal from wastewater. For that, the spinel ZnBi2O4 (ZBO) was produced with the co-precipitation method and its optical, dielectric, and electrochemical characteristics were studied. The phase has been determined and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). For the ZBO morphology, a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been used. Then, the optical and dielectric properties of ZBO have been evaluated by calculating refractive index n (λ), extinction coefficient (k), dissipation factor (tan δ), relaxation time (τ), and optical conductivity (σopt) using the spectral distribution of T(λ) and R(λ). An optical gap band of 2.8 eV was determined and confirmed. The electrochemical performance of ZBO was investigated and an n-type semiconductor with a flat band potential of 0.54 V_SCE was found. The photocatalytic efficiency of ZBO was investigated in order to degrade the antibiotic Cefixime (CFX) under different light source irradiations to exploit the optical properties. A high CFX degradation of approximately 89% was obtained under solar light (98 mW cm−2) only after 30 min, while 88% of CFX degradation efficiency has been reached after 2 h under UV irradiation (20 mW cm−2); this is in line with the finding of the optical characterizations. According to the obtained data, solar light assisted nanoparticle ZBO can be used successfully in wastewater to remove pharmaceutical products.
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