1
|
Pasos-Panqueva J, Baker A, Camargo-Valero MA. Unravelling the impact of light, temperature and nutrient dynamics on duckweed growth: A meta-analysis study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121721. [PMID: 39018836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Nature-based solutions have been proven in recent decades as a reliable and cost-effective technology for the treatment of wastewaters. Different plant species have been studied for this purpose, but particular attention has been given to duckweeds, the smallest flowering plant in the world. Duckweed-based systems for simultaneous wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery have the potential to provide sustainable and cost-effective solutions to reduce water pollution and increase nutrient efficiency at catchment level. However, despite being considered a seemingly simple technology, the performance of wastewater treatment systems using duckweed depends on environmental and operational conditions not very well understood. For that reason, careful consideration must be given to such environmental factors controlling duckweed biomass growth but the evidence in published literature is scare and dispersed. This study employs a systematic review approach to conduct a meta-analysis of the effect of environmental conditions on duckweed growth by means of standardised IQ-scores. The results suggest that duckweed biomass growth rates reach a maximum within specific ranges for temperature (11.4-32.3 °C), daily light integral (DLI) (5-20 mol m-2), and nitrogen (>5 mg N L-1) and phosphorus (>1 mg P L-1) concentrations; DLI was found to be a better parameter to assess the overall effect of light (photoperiod and intensity) on duckweed growth and that the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus supply should consider the nitrogen species available for plant growth and its ratio to phosphorus concentrations (recommended N:P ratio = 15:1). By establishing the optimal range of culture conditions for duckweed, this study provides important insights for optimizing engineered wastewater treatment systems that rely on duckweed for nutrient control and recovery, which is primarily mediated by duckweed growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Pasos-Panqueva
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Manizales 170003, Colombia
| | - Alison Baker
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Miller Alonso Camargo-Valero
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Manizales 170003, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spencer BS, Baddar ZE, Xu X. Comparison of mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation with mono- and mixed Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza cultures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35055-35068. [PMID: 38714618 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a prevalent and harmful contaminant that persists in the environment. For phytoremediation, it is important to discover which plants can bioaccumulate meaningful amounts of Hg while also tolerating its toxicity. Additionally, increasing biodiversity could create a more resilient and self-sustaining system for remediation. This study explores whether mixed populations of Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza can better bioaccumulate and tolerate Hg than monocultures. Mono- and mixed cultures of L. minor and S. polyrhiza were grown in mesocosms of 0.5 µg/L or 100 µg/L Hg (HgCl2) spiked water for 96 h. Change in weight of duckweed was used to assess Hg tolerance. Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGTs) were used as surrogate monitoring devices for bioavailable levels of Hg. For biomass growth, the mixed culture of the L. minor was greater than the monoculture at the high dose. The L. minor accumulated more Hg in the mixed culture at the low dose while the S. polyrhiza was higher in the mixed at the high dose. Hg speciation in water was modeled using Windermere Humic Aqueous Model 7 (WHAM7) to compare the bioavailable species indicated by the DGTs. Potentially due to the controlled conditions, the WHAM7 output of bioavailable Hg was almost 1:1 to that estimated by the DGTs, indicating good predictive capability of geochemical modeling and passive sampler DGT on metal bioavailability. Overall, the mixed cultures statistically performed as well as or better than the monocultures when tolerating and bioaccumulating Hg. However, there needs to be further work to see if the significant differences translate into practical differences worth the extra resources to maintain multiple species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Coughlan NE, Maguire D, Oommen AA, Redmond C, O'Mahoney R, Walsh É, Kühnhold H, Byrne EP, Kavousi F, Morrison AP, Jansen MAK. On the rise: Development of a multi-tiered, indoor duckweed cultivation system. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10964. [PMID: 38124406 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Duckweed species (Lemnaceae) are suitable for remediation and valorization of agri-feed industry wastewaters and therefore can contribute to a more sustainable, circular economy where waste is a resource. Industrial applications will, however, require space efficient cultivation methods that are not affected by prevailing weather conditions. Here, the development and operation of a multi-tiered duckweed bioreactor is described. The developed prototype bioreactor depicted in this paper is composed of four cultivation layers (1 m2 each) with integrated LED lighting (generating up to 150 μmol m-2 s-1 ), a system of pumps and valves to manage the recirculatory flow (2.5 L min-1 ) of wastewater, and an automatic harvesting system. Using a nutrient poor medium, good growth of the duckweed species Lemna minor was achieved in the bioreactor, and this was matched by strong nutrient depletion from the medium, especially for phosphorus (45-mg total phosphorus [TP] removed per m-2 day-1 ). A fully automatic harvesting arm reliably captured similar amounts of duckweed biomass across multiple harvesting cycles, revealing a future scenario whereby labor and interventions by human operators are minimized. Further developments to advance the system towards fully automated operation will include, for example, the use of specific nutrient sensors to monitor and control medium composition. It is envisaged that multi-tiered, indoor bioreactors can be employed in the agri-feed industry where wastewaters are, in many cases, continuously generated throughout the year and need remediating immediately to avoid costly storage. Given the extensive use of automation technology in conventional wastewater treatment plants, multi-tiered duckweed bioreactors can be realistically integrated within the operating environment of such treatment plants. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Duckweed is suitable for remediation and valorization of agri-feed wastewater. Industrial duckweed applications require space efficient cultivation methods. Development and operation of a multi-tiered duckweed bioreactor is detailed. Flow dynamics and automatic harvesting in the bioreactor are optimized. It is concluded that a multi-tiered bioreactor can be used in industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Coughlan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel Maguire
- Process and Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Abin Abraham Oommen
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cian Redmond
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rachel O'Mahoney
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Éamonn Walsh
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Holger Kühnhold
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Edmond P Byrne
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Process and Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fatemeh Kavousi
- Process and Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan P Morrison
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Submerged macrophytes mediated remediation of molybdenum-contaminated sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48962-48971. [PMID: 36763266 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) sourced mainly from artificial activities is an emerging environmental concern whose remediation is seldom reported. This study screened the Mo-enriched macrophyte Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara due to its high enrichment factor (10.25). Phytoremediation (V. natans) and microorganism-assisted phytoremediation (V. natans-Serratia marcescens A2) efficiency were compared. S. marcescens A2 improved phytoremediation in the early stage, however, it reduced the total Mo removal rate by 8.42%. Further experiments were conducted to investigate the environmental factors (light intensity and overlying water flow rate) on the phytoremediation by V. natans. The optimal phytoremediation performance was achieved under a high overlying water flow rate (0.022 cm·s-1) with intense light (60 μmol·m-2·s-1) conditions. In addition, increasing the light intensity or flow rate increased the microbial communities' diversity in the sediment. Notably, the abundance of norank_f__Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17, related to Mo release in sediments, increased by 147.96% at optimal conditions. This study illustrated that the phytoremediation of Mo-contaminated sediments by V. natans is of practical potential.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou Y, Stepanenko A, Kishchenko O, Xu J, Borisjuk N. Duckweeds for Phytoremediation of Polluted Water. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:589. [PMID: 36771672 PMCID: PMC9919746 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tiny aquatic plants from the Lemnaceae family, commonly known as duckweeds, are often regarded as detrimental to the environment because of their ability to quickly populate and cover the surfaces of bodies of water. Due to their rapid vegetative propagation, duckweeds have one of the fastest growth rates among flowering plants and can accumulate large amounts of biomass in relatively short time periods. Due to the high yield of valuable biomass and ease of harvest, duckweeds can be used as feedstock for biofuels, animal feed, and other applications. Thanks to their efficient absorption of nitrogen- and phosphate-containing pollutants, duckweeds play an important role in the restorative ecology of water reservoirs. Moreover, compared to other species, duckweed species and ecotypes demonstrate exceptionally high adaptivity to a variety of environmental factors; indeed, duckweeds remove and convert many contaminants, such as nitrogen, into plant biomass. The global distribution of duckweeds and their tolerance of ammonia, heavy metals, other pollutants, and stresses are the major factors highlighting their potential for use in purifying agricultural, municipal, and some industrial wastewater. In summary, duckweeds are a powerful tool for bioremediation that can reduce anthropogenic pollution in aquatic ecosystems and prevent water eutrophication in a simple, inexpensive ecologically friendly way. Here we review the potential for using duckweeds in phytoremediation of several major water pollutants: mineral nitrogen and phosphorus, various organic chemicals, and heavy metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Zhou
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Anton Stepanenko
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Kishchenko
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jianming Xu
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Nikolai Borisjuk
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang W, Kong R, Chen L, An Y. Physiological responses and antibiotic-degradation capacity of duckweed ( Lemna aequinoctialis) exposed to streptomycin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1065199. [PMID: 36570884 PMCID: PMC9774486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1065199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic plants are constantly exposed to various water environmental pollutants. Few data on how antibiotics affect duckweed health and its removal ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of streptomycin on the physiological change and uptake capability in duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis) after exposure at different time points (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days). Duckweeds were exposed to streptomycin at a range of concentrations (0.1-10 mM). Results indicated that the high streptomycin concentrations (≥1 mM) resulted in a lower duckweed biomass (21.5-41.5%), RGR (0.258-0.336 g d-1), decrease in total Chl and increase in carotenoids. Antioxidative enzymes, including CAT (18-42.88 U mg protein-1), APX (0.41-0.76 U mg protein-1), and SOD (0.52-0.71 U mg protein-1) were found to accumulate in the streptomycin groups in comparison to the control group. The significant reduction (72-82%) in streptomycin content at 20 d compared to the control (40-55%) suggested that duckweed has a high ability in removing streptomycin. Transcriptome analysis showed that the secondary metabolic pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in the streptomycin setup compared to the control. Therefore, our findings suggested that duckweed can contribute to the streptomycin degradation, which should be highly recommended to the treatment of aquaculture wastewater and domestic sewage.
Collapse
|
7
|
Taghipour E, Bog M, Frootan F, Shojaei S, Rad N, Arezoumandi M, Jafari M, Salmanian AH. DNA barcoding and biomass accumulation rates of native Iranian duckweed species for biotechnological applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034238. [PMID: 36523621 PMCID: PMC9744944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Lemnaceae family (duckweed) consists of at least three recognized genera with six reported species in Iran that are distributed in wetlands. Duckweeds are the simplest and smallest flowering aquatic monocots with free-floating fronds that can reproduce asexually every 2-3 days. Duckweed could be a major source of balanced amino acids and high protein content, which is increasingly promising for biotechnological applications. For molecular classification and species identification of the collected samples, DNA barcoding was performed using two standard chloroplast markers, the spacer region between the ATP synthase subunits F and H (atpF-atpH) and the intron region of the ribosomal protein S16 (rps16). The results confirm the presence of four species belonging to the two genera Lemna and Spirodela. In addition, L. turionifera was detected for the first time in Iran. Due to the high growth rates of duckweed, measurement of biomass accumulation and doubling time are important factors in determining growth potential, especially for native species. The relative growth rates (RGR), doubling times (DT), biomass accumulation, and relative weekly yields (RY) of 40 distinct duckweed clones were determined under standard cultivation conditions. The dry weight-based RGR ranged from 0.149 to more than 0.600 per day, DT from 1.12 to 9 days, and RY from 7 to 108.9 per week. All values are comparable with previous studies. RGR and RY of selected clones are higher than the growth potential for a wide range of wild plants and common crops. These data support that native duckweed has high productivity value and should be further investigated as a potentially rich protein source for alternative human food, livestock feed, and recombinant protein production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Taghipour
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manuela Bog
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fateme Frootan
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Shojaei
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rad
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Arezoumandi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyat Jafari
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Polińska W, Piotrowska-Niczyporuk A, Karpińska J, Struk-Sokołowska J, Kotowska U. Mechanisms, toxicity and optimal conditions - research on the removal of benzotriazoles from water using Wolffia arrhiza. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157571. [PMID: 35882328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the presented work, phytoremediation with the use of floating plant Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm. was proposed as a method of removing the selected benzotriazoles (BTRs): 1H-benzotriazole (1H-BTR), 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (4M-BTR), 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5M-BTR) and 5-chlorobenzotriazole (5Cl-BTR) from water. The efficiency of phytoremediation depends on three factors: daily time of exposure to light, pH of the model solution, and the amount of plans. Using a design of experiment (DoE) methods the following optimal values were selected: plant amount 1.8 g, light exposure 13 h and pH 7 per 100 mL of the model solution. It was found that the loss of BTRs in optimal conditions ranged from 92 to 100 % except for 4M-BTR, for which only 23 % of removal was achieved after 14 days of cultivation of W. arrhiza. The half-life values for studied compounds ranged from 0.98 days for 5Cl-BTR to 36.19 for 4M-BTR. The observed rapid vanishing of 5M-BTR is supposed by the simultaneous transformation of 5M-BTR into 4M-BTR. The detailed study of BTRs degradation pointed that the plant uptake is mainly responsible for the benzotriazoles concentration decrease. Toxicity tests showed that the tested organic compounds induce oxidative stress in W. arrhiza, which manifested among others, in reduced levels of chlorophyll in cultures with benzotriazoles compared to control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Polińska
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K Str., 15-245 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Alicja Piotrowska-Niczyporuk
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J Street, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Karpińska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K Str., 15-245 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Struk-Sokołowska
- Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Urszula Kotowska
- Department of Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K Str., 15-245 Bialystok, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Coughlan NE, Walsh É, Ahern R, Burnell G, O’Mahoney R, Kuehnhold H, Jansen MAK. Flow Rate and Water Depth Alters Biomass Production and Phytoremediation Capacity of Lemna minor. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11162170. [PMID: 36015473 PMCID: PMC9416032 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Given its high biomass production, phytoremediation capacity and suitability as a feedstock for animal and human nutrition, duckweeds are valuable multipurpose plants that can underpin circular economy applications. In recent years, the use of duckweeds to mitigate environmental pollution and valorise wastewaters through the removal of excess nitrogen and phosphate from wastewaters has gained considerable scientific attention. However, quantitative data on optimisation of duckweed performance in phytoremediation systems remain scant. In particular, a mechanistical understanding of how physical flows affect duckweed growth and remediation capacity within vertical indoor multi-tiered bioreactors is unknown. Here, effects of flow rate (0.5, 1.5 or 3.0 L min-1) and medium depth (25 mm or 50 mm) on Lemna minor biomass production and phytoremediation capacity were investigated. Results show that flow rates and water depths significantly affect both parameters. L. minor grew best at 1.5 L min-1 maintained at 50 mm, corresponding to a flow velocity of 0.0012 m s-1. The data are interpreted to mean that flow velocities should be low enough not to physically disturb duckweed but still allow for adequate nutrient mixing. The data presented will considerably advance the optimisation of large-scale indoor (multi-tiered, stacked), as well as outdoor (pond, lagoon, canal), duckweed-based remediation of high nutrient wastewaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil E. Coughlan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23 TK30 Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Éamonn Walsh
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23 TK30 Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Roger Ahern
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23 TK30 Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Gavin Burnell
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23 TK30 Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Rachel O’Mahoney
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23 TK30 Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Holger Kuehnhold
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marcel A. K. Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23 TK30 Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Q, Yi Z, Yang G, Xu Y, Jin Y, Tan L, Du A, He K, Zhao H, Fang Y. Effects of various spectral compositions on micro-polluted water purification and biofuel feedstock production using duckweed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52003-52012. [PMID: 35257341 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purification of micro-polluted water for drinking water can play an important role in solving water crisis. To investigate the effects of spectral composition on nutrient removal and biofuel feedstock production using duckweed, Landoltia punctata was cultivated in different spectral compositions in micro-polluted water. Results showed that the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency were 99.4% and 93.5% at an recommended red and blue light photon intensity mixture ratio of 2:1. Meanwhile, maximum growth rate of duckweed (11.37 g/m2/day) was observed at red/blue = 2:1. In addition, maximum starch accumulation rate of duckweed was found to be 6.12 g/m2/day, with starch content of 36.63% at red/blue = 4:1, which was three times higher when compared to that of white light. Moreover, the recommended ratio of red and blue light was validated by economic efficiency analysis of energy consumptions. These findings provide a sustainable environmental restoration method to transform water micro-pollutants to available substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuolin Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guili Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaliang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Anping Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kaize He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Petersen F, Demann J, Restemeyer D, Olfs HW, Westendarp H, Appenroth KJ, Ulbrich A. Influence of Light Intensity and Spectrum on Duckweed Growth and Proteins in a Small-Scale, Re-Circulating Indoor Vertical Farm. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081010. [PMID: 35448738 PMCID: PMC9030439 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Duckweeds can be potentially used in human and animal nutrition, biotechnology or wastewater treatment. To cultivate large quantities of a defined product quality, a standardized production process is needed. A small-scale, re-circulating indoor vertical farm (IVF) with artificial lighting and a nutrient control and dosing system was used for this purpose. The influence of different light intensities (50, 100 and 150 µmol m−2 s−1) and spectral distributions (red/blue ratios: 70/30, 50/50 and 30/70%) on relative growth rate (RGR), crude protein content (CPC), relative protein yield (RPY) and chlorophyll a of the duckweed species Lemna minor and Wolffiella hyalina were investigated. Increasing light intensity increased RGR (by 67% and 76%) and RPY (by 50% and 89%) and decreased chlorophyll a (by 27% and 32%) for L. minor and W. hyalina, respectively. The spectral distributions had no significant impact on any investigated parameter. Wolffiella hyalina achieved higher values in all investigated parameters compared to L. minor. This investigation proved the successful cultivation of duckweed in a small-scale, re-circulating IVF with artificial lighting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finn Petersen
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Am Krümpel 31, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany; (J.D.); (D.R.); (H.-W.O.); (H.W.); (A.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-54-1969-5098
| | - Johannes Demann
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Am Krümpel 31, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany; (J.D.); (D.R.); (H.-W.O.); (H.W.); (A.U.)
| | - Dina Restemeyer
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Am Krümpel 31, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany; (J.D.); (D.R.); (H.-W.O.); (H.W.); (A.U.)
| | - Hans-Werner Olfs
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Am Krümpel 31, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany; (J.D.); (D.R.); (H.-W.O.); (H.W.); (A.U.)
| | - Heiner Westendarp
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Am Krümpel 31, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany; (J.D.); (D.R.); (H.-W.O.); (H.W.); (A.U.)
| | - Klaus-Juergen Appenroth
- Matthias-Schleiden-Institute–Plant Physiology, University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Andreas Ulbrich
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Am Krümpel 31, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany; (J.D.); (D.R.); (H.-W.O.); (H.W.); (A.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oláh V, Hepp A, Irfan M, Mészáros I. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging-Based Duckweed Phenotyping to Assess Acute Phytotoxic Effects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2763. [PMID: 34961232 PMCID: PMC8707530 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae species) are extensively used models in ecotoxicology, and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging offers a sensitive and high throughput platform for phytotoxicity assays with these tiny plants. However, the vast number of potentially applicable chlorophyll fluorescence-based test endpoints makes comparison and generalization of results hard among different studies. The present study aimed to jointly measure and compare the sensitivity of various chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in Spirodela polyrhiza (giant duckweed) plants exposed to nickel, chromate (hexavalent chromium) and sodium chloride for 72 h, respectively. The photochemistry of Photosystem II in both dark- and light-adapted states of plants was assessed via in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence imaging method. Our results indicated that the studied parameters responded with very divergent sensitivity, highlighting the importance of parallelly assessing several chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Generally, the light-adapted parameters were more sensitive than the dark-adapted ones. Thus, the former ones might be the preferred endpoints in phytotoxicity assays. Fv/Fm, i.e., the most extensively reported parameter literature-wise, proved to be the least sensitive endpoint; therefore, future studies might also consider reporting Fv/Fo, as its more responsive analogue. The tested toxicants induced different trends in the basic chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and, at least partly, in relative proportions of different quenching processes, suggesting that a basic distinction of water pollutants with different modes of action might be achievable by this method. We found definite hormetic patterns in responses to several endpoints. Hormesis occurred in the concentration ranges where the applied toxicants resulted in strong growth inhibition in longer-term exposures of the same duckweed clone in previous studies. These findings indicate that changes in the photochemical efficiency of plants do not necessarily go hand in hand with growth responses, and care should be taken when one exclusively interprets chlorophyll fluorescence-based endpoints as general proxies for phytotoxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Oláh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.H.); (M.I.); (I.M.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: A Sustainable Green Solution for Clean Environment. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of aquatic ecosystems by various sources has become a major worry all over the world. Pollutants can enter the human body through the food chain from aquatic and soil habitats. These pollutants can cause various chronic diseases in humans and mortality if they collect in the body over an extended period. Although the phytoremediation technique cannot completely remove harmful materials, it is an environmentally benign, cost-effective, and natural process that has no negative effects on the environment. The main types of phytoremediation, their mechanisms, and strategies to raise the remediation rate and the use of genetically altered plants, phytoremediation plant prospects, economics, and usable plants are reviewed in this review. Several factors influence the phytoremediation process, including types of contaminants, pollutant characteristics, and plant species selection, climate considerations, flooding and aging, the effect of salt, soil parameters, and redox potential. Phytoremediation’s environmental and economic efficiency, use, and relevance are depicted in our work. Multiple recent breakthroughs in phytoremediation technologies are also mentioned in this review.
Collapse
|
14
|
Walsh É, Coughlan NE, O’Brien S, Jansen MAK, Kuehnhold H. Density Dependence Influences the Efficacy of Wastewater Remediation by Lemna minor. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071366. [PMID: 34371569 PMCID: PMC8309314 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As part of a circular economy (CE) approach to food production systems, Lemnaceae, i.e., duckweed species, can be used to remediate wastewater due to rapid nutrient assimilation and tolerance of non-optimal growing conditions. Further, given rapid growth rates and high protein content, duckweed species are a valuable biomass. An important consideration for duckweed-mediated remediation is the density at which the plants grow on the surface of the wastewater, i.e., how much of the surface of the medium they cover. Higher duckweed density is known to have a negative effect on duckweed growth, which has implications for the development of duckweed-based remediation systems. In the present study, the effects of density (10-80% plant surface coverage) on Lemna minor growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and nutrient remediation of synthetic dairy processing wastewater were assessed in stationary (100 mL) and re-circulating non-axenic (11.7 L) remediation systems. Overall, L. minor growth, and TN and TP removal rates decreased as density increased. However, in the stationary system, absolute TN and TP removal were greater at higher densities (50-80% coverage). The exact cause of density related growth reduction in duckweed is unclear, especially at densities well below 100% surface coverage. A further experiment comparing duckweed grown at 'low' and 'high' density conditions with the same biomass and media volume conditions, showed that photosynthetic yield, Y(II), is reduced at high density despite the same nutrient availability at both densities, and arguably similar shading. The results demonstrate a negative effect of high density on duckweed growth and nutrient uptake, and point towards signals from neighbouring duckweed colonies as the possible cause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éamonn Walsh
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23N73K Cork, Ireland; (N.E.C.); (S.O.); (M.A.K.J.)
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, T23XE10 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Neil E. Coughlan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23N73K Cork, Ireland; (N.E.C.); (S.O.); (M.A.K.J.)
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, T23XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Seán O’Brien
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23N73K Cork, Ireland; (N.E.C.); (S.O.); (M.A.K.J.)
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, T23XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel A. K. Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23N73K Cork, Ireland; (N.E.C.); (S.O.); (M.A.K.J.)
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, T23XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Holger Kuehnhold
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|