1
|
Davies B, Paul R, Osselton D, Woolley T. Stability of new psychoactive substances in crude wastewater. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024:10.1007/s12024-024-00860-1. [PMID: 38987498 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-024-00860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Those involved in drug testing continue to grapple with the dynamic nature of emerging psychoactive substances (NPS) and their rapid infiltration into society. The challenge extends beyond merely detecting and measuring NPS using analytical tools; it also encompasses the complexities arising from the formation and presence of metabolites and degradation products. This study utilises liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to investigate the stability of new psychoactive substances in wastewater. Seven NPS compounds including 25C-NBOMe, 5F-APINACA 4-hydroxyphenyl, AB-PINACA, APINACA 4-hydroxyphenyl, fentanyl, norfentanyl and MDPV, along with their corresponding internal standard, were examined. Reference material for each NPS compound was introduced into a wastewater sample from a Wessex water treatment plant. The sample was then exposed to four different environments: room temperature, refrigerator temperature, acidification to pH 2, and the introduction of sodium metabisulfite. The findings highlight the critical dependence of storage conditions on target analytes, emphasizing the paramount importance of the time elapsed between collection and analysis for NPS wastewater analysis. Notably, synthetic cannabinoids exhibit limited stability in wastewater whereas cathinone-like substances demonstrate greater stability. Furthermore, metabolites prove to be more stable in wastewater than the parent drug, suggesting that focusing on metabolite detection may be more favourable for future analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Davies
- Bournemouth University, Christchurch House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Richard Paul
- Bournemouth University, Christchurch House C205, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - David Osselton
- Bournemouth University, Christchurch House C239, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Timothy Woolley
- Inuvi Diagnostics Ltd, Unit E1, Churcham Business Park, Gloucester, GL2 8AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei Y, Yang L, Ye Y, Liao L, Dai H, Wei Z, Lin Y, Zheng C. A simple aptamer-dye fluorescence sensor for detecting Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolite in urban sewage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5205-5208. [PMID: 38652014 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This work developed an aptamer-dye complex as a label-free ratiometric fluorescence sensor for rapid analysis of THC and its metabolite in sewage samples. Integrated with a portable fluorescence capture device, this sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity with visualization of as low as 0.6 μM THC via naked-eye observation, and THC analysis can be accomplished within 4 min, which would be a complementary tool for quantifying THC in sewage samples to estimate cannabis consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Yi Ye
- West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Linchuan Liao
- West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Hao Dai
- West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Zeliang Wei
- Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yao Lin
- West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi Y, Xu R, Wang S, Zheng J, Zhu F, Hu Q, Huang J, Ouyang G. Fluorinated-Squaramide Covalent Organic Frameworks for High-Performance and Interference-Free Extraction of Synthetic Cannabinoids. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302925. [PMID: 37807813 PMCID: PMC10646270 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), one of the largest groups of new psychoactive substances (NPSs), have emerged as a significant public health threat in different regions worldwide. Analyzing SCs in water samples is critical to estimate their consumption and control. However, due to their low background concentration and the coexistence of complex matrix, the selective and effective enrichment of SCs is still challenging. In this study, a series of fluorinated-squaramide-based covalent organic frameworks (COF: FSQ-2, FSQ-3, and FSQ-4) are synthesized, and the as-prepared FSQ-4 exhibits strong affinity to different SCs. The proper pore size (1.4 nm) and pre-located functional groups (hydrogen-bond donors, hydrogen-bond acceptors, and fluorophilic segments) work synergistically for efficient SCs capture. Remarkably, when coupled FSQ-4 with solid-phase microextraction (SPME), trace-level (part per trillion, 10-9 ) determination of 13 SCs can be easily achieved, representing one of the best results among NPS analyses, and the excellent extraction performance can be maintained under various interfering conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueru Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Ruolun Xu
- Anti‐Drug Technology Center of Guangdong ProvinceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and SafetyGuangzhou510535China
| | - Shaohan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Juan Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Fang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Qingkun Hu
- Anti‐Drug Technology Center of Guangdong ProvinceGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and SafetyGuangzhou510535China
| | - Junlong Huang
- SGS‐CSTC Standards Technical Services Co., Ltd.Guangzhou510670China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aguayo-Acosta A, Jiménez-Rodríguez MG, Silva-Lance F, Oyervides-Muñoz MA, Armenta-Castro A, de la Rosa O, Ovalle-Carcaño A, Melchor-Martínez EM, Aghalari Z, Parra-Saldívar R, Sosa-Hernández JE. Passive Sampler Technology for Viral Detection in Wastewater-Based Surveillance: Current State and Nanomaterial Opportunities. Viruses 2023; 15:1941. [PMID: 37766347 PMCID: PMC10537877 DOI: 10.3390/v15091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) is an efficient community-wide surveillance tool, its implementation for pathogen surveillance remains limited by ineffective sample treatment procedures, as the complex composition of wastewater often interferes with biomarker recovery. Moreover, current sampling protocols based on grab samples are susceptible to fluctuant biomarker concentrations and may increase operative costs, often rendering such systems inaccessible to communities in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs). As a response, passive samplers have emerged as a way to make wastewater sampling more efficient and obtain more reliable, consistent data. Therefore, this study aims to review recent developments in passive sampling technologies to provide researchers with the tools to develop novel passive sampling strategies. Although promising advances in the development of nanostructured passive samplers have been reported, optimization remains a significant area of opportunity for researchers in the area, as methods for flexible, robust adsorption and recovery of viral genetic materials would greatly improve the efficacy of WBS systems while making them more accessible for communities worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aguayo-Acosta
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Mildred G. Jiménez-Rodríguez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Fernando Silva-Lance
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Mariel Araceli Oyervides-Muñoz
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Arnoldo Armenta-Castro
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Orlado de la Rosa
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Antonio Ovalle-Carcaño
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Zahra Aghalari
- Faculty of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47754, Iran;
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (A.A.-A.); (M.A.O.-M.); (O.d.l.R.); (A.O.-C.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.G.J.-R.); (F.S.-L.); (A.A.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- David Love
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
- 70113 Street, N.W., Suite 750, Washington, DC, 20005-3967, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fan X, Zhang J, Fu X, Zhou B, Xu Z, Huang H, Han S, Li X. Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in wastewater of major cities in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154267. [PMID: 35247413 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) could pose serious health risks to its users. It is necessary to monitor its community consumption. Wastewater-based epidemiology is a potentially useful approach in this regard. However, limited research has been conducted to investigate the occurrence of SCs in wastewater. In this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was optimized to analyze 8 SCs and metabolites (in total 16 analytes) in wastewater. The limit of quantification for this method for certain analytes in wastewater was as low as 0.03 ng L-1. The validated method was used to examine the stability of the analytes under different conditions and to examine their occurrence in wastewater collected from 31 major cities across China. The overwhelming majority of the analytes were stable within 24 h, even at room temperature. However, 5-fluoro MDMB-PICA and MDMB-4en-PINACA butanoic acid metabolite showed significant degradation within 120 days even when stored at -20 °C or -80 °C. At least one cannabinoid or their metabolite was detected in 21 cities. In the city with the highest detection rate, at least one synthetic cannabinoid or metabolite was detected in 95% of samples of the city. MDMB-4en-PINACA butanoic acid metabolite had the highest detection frequency (in 13.4% of the samples). These results indicated that SCs were used in a significant number of Chinese cities. A few parent drugs (MDMB-4en-PINACA, ADB-BUTINACA, 5-fluoro MDMB-PICA, 4-fluoro MDMB-BUTINACA) were detected in a small fraction of wastewater samples, possibly due to release from manufacturing of these cannabinoids or illegal addition of electronic cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Fan
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianhe Zhang
- Foundation Department, Engineering University of People's Armed Police, 710086 Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Fu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Weiming Environmental Molecular Diagnostics Inc., 215500 Changshu, PR China
| | - Zeqiong Xu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongmei Huang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Sheng Han
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiqing Li
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Klingberg J, Keen B, Cawley A, Pasin D, Fu S. Developments in high-resolution mass spectrometric analyses of new psychoactive substances. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:949-967. [PMID: 35141767 PMCID: PMC8921034 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has necessitated the development and improvement of current practices for the detection and identification of known NPS and newly emerging derivatives. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is quickly becoming the industry standard for these analyses due to its ability to be operated in data-independent acquisition (DIA) modes, allowing for the collection of large amounts of data and enabling retrospective data interrogation as new information becomes available. The increasing popularity of HRMS has also prompted the exploration of new ways to screen for NPS, including broad-spectrum wastewater analysis to identify usage trends in the community and metabolomic-based approaches to examine the effects of drugs of abuse on endogenous compounds. In this paper, the novel applications of HRMS techniques to the analysis of NPS is reviewed. In particular, the development of innovative data analysis and interpretation approaches is discussed, including the application of machine learning and molecular networking to toxicological analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Klingberg
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Bethany Keen
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Daniel Pasin
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|