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Cui X, Wang Q, Guo M, Yang K, Yu L, Luo Z, Chang C, Fu Q. Selective Analysis of Progesterone in Cosmetic Samples Based on Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:995-1004. [PMID: 36250313 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The illegal addition of progesterone to cosmetics could cause serious adverse reactions and pose a serious threat to human health. In this work, a simple, fast and sensitive method was developed by combining molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (MISPE-HPLC) for the selective determination of progesterone in cosmetics. Chitosan-modified silica is used as the carrier to provide binding sites for the effective conjugation of the target. The obtained molecularly imprinted polymers exhibited excellent adsorption capacity (36.2 mg·g-1), good selectivity and fast mass transfer rate for progesterone. Meanwhile, the prepared MISPE column could eliminate the interference of co-existing substances. Combined MISPE with HPLC, a selective and effective method for detecting progesterone in different cosmetics was achieved. Under the optimum conditions, the established MISPE-HPLC method was successfully used for the detection of progesterone in real samples. The linear range of this method was 1 to 200 μg·mL-1 with a limit of detection of 0.016 μg·mL-1. Therefore, this method could be used for the selective and effective detection of progesterone in different cosmetic samples with complex substrates. We provided an alternative method for the detection of illegal additions in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 74 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 74 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 74 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 74 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liangwei Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 74 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhimin Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 74 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chun Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 74 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 74 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, 3002 Lantian Road, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518118, China
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Mishra Y, Mishra V, Chattaraj A, Aljabali AAA, El-Tanani M, Farani MR, Huh YS, Serrano-Aroca Ã, Tambuwala MM. Carbon nanotube-wastewater treatment nexus: Where are we heading to? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117088. [PMID: 37683781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Water treatment is crucial in solving the rising people's appetite for water and global water shortages. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have considerable promise for water treatment because of their adjustable and distinctive arbitrary, physical, as well as chemical characteristics. This illustrates the benefits and risks of integrating CNT into the traditional water treatment resource. Due to their outstanding adsorbent ability and chemical and mechanical properties, CNTs have gained global consideration in environmental applications. The desalination and extraction capability of CNT were improved due to chemical or physical modifications in pure CNTs by various functional groups. The CNT-based composites have many benefits, such as antifouling performance, high selectivity, and increased water permeability. Nevertheless, their full-scale implementations are still constrained by their high costs. Functionalized CNTs and their promising nanocomposites to eliminate contaminants are advised for marketing and extensive water/wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachana Mishra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
| | - Aditi Chattaraj
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ãngel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab Translational Research Centre San Alberto Magno, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, England, United Kingdom.
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Ngeno E, Ongulu R, Orata F, Matovu H, Shikuku V, Onchiri R, Mayaka A, Majanga E, Getenga Z, Gichumbi J, Ssebugere P. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater treatment plants in Kenya, East Africa: Concentrations, removal efficiency, mass loading rates and ecological impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117076. [PMID: 37683795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the levels, mass loadings, removal efficiency, and associated ecotoxicological risks of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), namely, dibutylphthalate (DBP), diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), dimethylphthalate (DMP), linuron (LNR) and progesterone (PGT) in wastewater, sludge, and untreated dry biosolid (UDBS) samples from twelve wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in nine major towns in Kenya. Analysis was done using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All the wastewater influents had quantifiable levels of EDCs with DBP being the most abundant (37.49%) with a range of 4.33 ± 0.63 to 19.68 ± 1.24 μg L-1. DEHP was the most abundant in sludge and accounted for 48.2% ranging between 278.67 and 9243.49 ng g-1 dry weight (dw). In the UDBS samples, DEHP was also the most abundant (40%) of the total EDCs detected with levels ranging from 78.77 to 3938.54 ng g-1 dw. The average removal efficiency per pollutant was as follows: DMP (98.7%) > DEHP (91.7%) > PGT (83.4%) > DBP (77.9%) > LNR (72.2%) which can be attributed to sorption onto the biosolid, biological degradation, photolysis, and phytoremediation. The pH was negatively correlated to the EDC concentrations while total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and electrical conductivity (EC) were positively correlated. The mass loadings were as high as 373.33 g day-1 of DBP in the treatment plants located in densely populated cities. DEHP and PGT had their Risk Quotients (RQs) > 1, posing a high risk to biota. DMP, DBP, and LNR posed medium risks as their RQ values were between 0.1 and 1. EDCs are therefore loaded to environmental compartments through either the effluent that loads these pollutants into the receiving aquatic ecosystem or through the UDBS, which are used as fertilizers in agricultural farmlands causing potential toxicological risks to aquatic and terrestrial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ngeno
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya; Department of Physical Sciences, Kaimosi Friends University, P.O Box 385-50309, Kaimosi, Kenya; Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Roselyn Ongulu
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Francis Orata
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P.O Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Victor Shikuku
- Department of Physical Sciences, Kaimosi Friends University, P.O Box 385-50309, Kaimosi, Kenya
| | - Richard Onchiri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Mombasa, P.O Box 000-80100, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Abel Mayaka
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, P.O Box 15653-00503, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eunice Majanga
- Department of Social Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Zachary Getenga
- Department of Physical Sciences, Machakos University, P.O Box 136-90100, Machakos, Kenya
| | - Joel Gichumbi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Chuka University, P.O Box 109-60400, Chuka, Kenya
| | - Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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Wang X, Tarahomi M, Sheibani R, Xia C, Wang W. Progresses in lignin, cellulose, starch, chitosan, chitin, alginate, and gum/carbon nanotube (nano)composites for environmental applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124472. [PMID: 37076069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Water sources are becoming increasingly scarce, and they are contaminated by industrial, residential, and agricultural waste-derived organic and inorganic contaminants. These contaminants may pollute the air, water, and soil in addition to invading the ecosystem. Because carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can undergo surface modification, they can combine with other substances to create nanocomposites (NCs), including biopolymers, metal nanoparticles, proteins, and metal oxides. Furthermore, biopolymers are significant classes of organic materials that are widely used for various applications. They have drawn attention due to their benefits such as environmental friendliness, availability, biocompatibility, safety, etc. As a result, the synthesis of a composite made of CNT and biopolymers can be very effective for a variety of applications, especially those involving the environment. In this review, we reported environmental applications (including removal of dyes, nitro compounds, hazardous materialsو toxic ions, etc.) of composites made of CNT and biopolymers such as lignin, cellulose, starch, chitosan, chitin, alginate, and gum. Also, the effect of different factors such as the medium pH, the pollutant concentration, temperature, and contact time on the adsorption capacity (AC) and the catalytic activity of the composite in the reduction or degradation of various pollutants has been systematically explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Mehrasa Tarahomi
- Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, University St., Nahiyeh San'ati, Mahshahr, Khouzestan, Iran
| | - Reza Sheibani
- Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, University St., Nahiyeh San'ati, Mahshahr, Khouzestan, Iran.
| | - Changlei Xia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
| | - Weidong Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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Li Q, Zhao JH, Lai HJ, Liu B, Zhang M, Xiao NL, Wang HD, Jin T. Benzoyl isothiocyanate modified surface of silica gel as the extraction material for adsorbing steroid hormones in water. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1206-1214. [PMID: 36807579 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01852g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones have been listed as priority pollutants in the environment, and their detection and pollution control deserve our extensive attention. In this study, a modified silica gel adsorbent material was synthesized by benzoyl isothiocyanate reaction with hydroxyl groups on the silica gel surface. The modified silica gel was used as a solid phase extraction filler for the extraction of steroid hormones from water, which was further analyzed by the HPLC-MS/MS method. The FT-IR, TGA, XPS, and SEM analysis indicated that benzoyl isothiocyanate was successfully grafted on the surface of silica gel to form a bond with an isothioamide group and benzene ring as the tail chain. The modified silica gel synthesized at 40 °C showed excellent adsorption and recovery rates for three steroid hormones in water. Methanol at pH 9.0 was selected as the optimal eluent. The adsorption capacity of the modified silica gel for epiandrosterone, progesterone, and megestrol acetate was 6822 ng mg-1, 13 899 ng mg-1, and 14 301 ng mg-1, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for 3 steroid hormones by modified silica gel extraction with HPLC-MS/MS detection were 0.02-0.88 μg L-1 and 0.06-2.22 μg L-1, respectively. The recovery rate of epiandrosterone, progesterone, and megestrol was between 53.7% and 82.9%, respectively. The modified silica gel has been successfully used to analyze steroid hormones in wastewater and surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 368, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhao
- CAS Testing Technical Services (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Hua-Jie Lai
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 368, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Testing Technical Services (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510650, China
- New Materials Research Institute of CASCHEM (Chongqing) Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 368, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Testing Technical Services (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510650, China
- New Materials Research Institute of CASCHEM (Chongqing) Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 368, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning-Lan Xiao
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 368, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao-Dong Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 368, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 368, Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong Province, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Testing Technical Services (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510650, China
- New Materials Research Institute of CASCHEM (Chongqing) Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400714, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Materials for Electronics, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Zhang T, Du X, Zhang Z. Advances in electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials for the detection of lipid hormone. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:993015. [PMID: 36159660 PMCID: PMC9500180 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.993015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid hormone is produced by highly differentiated endocrine cells and directly secretes into the blood circulation or tissue fluid to act as information transmission. It influences the physiological functions of the human body by controlling the metabolic processes of multiple tissue cells. Monitoring the levels of lipid hormone is of great importance for maintaining human health. The electrochemical sensor is considered as an ideal tool to detect lipid hormone owing to its advantages such as quick response, convenience and low economic costs. In recent 3 years, researchers have developed various electrochemical sensors for the detection of lipid hormone to improve their sensitivity or selectivity. The use of nanomaterials (such as carbon nanomaterials, precious metal and polymer) is a key research object and a breakthrough for improving the sensing performance of electrochemical sensors for detection of lipid hormone. This paper reviews and discusses the basic principle, nanomaterials, actuality and future development trend of electrochemical sensors for the detection of lipid hormone in the past 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Du
- *Correspondence: Xin Du, ; Zhenguo Zhang,
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Wang L, Cui X, Xu J, Wang G, Guo M, Yu L, Yang K, Luo Z, Zeng A, Chen G, Zhang J, Fu Q. Highly efficient amino-functionalized aluminum-based metal organic frameworks mesoporous nanorods for selective extraction of hydrocortisone in pharmaceutical wastewater. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114933. [PMID: 35820249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocortisone (HC), as a common steroid hormone drug, is also one of the key intermediates involved in the synthesis of multiple steroid hormone drugs. Residual HC in pharmaceutical wastewater frequently pollutes environmental water as steroid hormone contaminant and possesses great threat to human health as well as sustainable development of the ecosystem. Herein, in order to develop a highly efficient adsorbent system for selective enrichment and detection of HC in pharmaceutical wastewater, a novel amino-functionalized aluminum-based metal organic frameworks (Al-MOFs@NH2) mesoporous nanorod is fabricated, in which 2-aminoterephthalic acid plays a dual role as organic linker and functional modification unit. The resultant Al-MOFs@NH2 not only exhibits stable mesoporous structure but also has large specific surface area (849.76 m2 g-1) and plentiful binding sites, which significantly increases the adsorption capacity for HC. Under the promotion of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction together, Al-MOFs@NH2 possesses high adsorption capacity (218.53 mg g-1) for HC, as well as shows satisfactory selectivity for HC and other steroid hormones. Moreover, a method using Al-MOFs@NH2 as solid phase extraction adsorbents combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed to specifically enrich and detect trace amount of HC in pharmaceutical wastewater. The developed method has a low limit of detection (LOD) (0.5×10-3 μg mL-1) and shows satisfactory recoveries for HC (75.9%-102.5%) with an acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD). These results demonstrate that the facile one-step preparation and excellent adsorption capacity makes Al-MOFs@NH2 attractive to capture and remove environmental steroid hormone pollutants. More importantly, the method proposed in this work is expected to provide a prospective solution for analysis of strong bioactive contaminants in pharmaceutical wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xia Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jiameng Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Gege Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liangwei Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhimin Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Aiguo Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guoning Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Shaanxi Hanjiang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China.
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