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Ge K, Du X, Liu H, Meng R, Wu C, Zhang Z, Liang X, Yang J, Zhang H. The cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR: ultrastructural and functional damage of cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:663-687. [PMID: 38252150 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria, which is widely distributed in eutrophic water bodies and has multi-organ toxicity. Previous cytotoxicity studies have mostly elucidated the effects of MC-LR on intracellular-related factors, proteins, and DNA at the molecular level. However, there have been few studies on the adverse effects of MC-LR on cell ultrastructure and function. Therefore, research on the cytotoxicity of MC-LR in recent years was collected and summarized. It was found that MC-LR can induce a series of cytotoxic effects, including decreased cell viability, induced autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis, altered cell cycle, altered cell morphology, abnormal cell migration and invasion as well as leading to genetic damage. The above cytotoxic effects were related to the damage of various ultrastructure and functions such as cell membranes and mitochondria. Furthermore, MC-LR can disrupt cell ultrastructure and function by inducing oxidative stress and inhibiting protein phosphatase activity. In addition, the combined toxic effects of MC-LR and other environmental pollutants were investigated. This review explored the toxic targets of MC-LR at the subcellular level, which will provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of multi-organ toxicity caused by MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangfeng Ge
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- Department of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiyang Meng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chunrui Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zongxin Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Wang Z, Hao Y, Shen J, Li B, Chuan H, Xie P, Liu Y. Visualization of microcystin-LR and sulfides in plateau lakes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132771. [PMID: 37839378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In eutrophic water bodies, sulfides are closely related to the growth of cyanobacteria and the production of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). To date, the underlying interaction mechanism between a sulfides and MC-LR remains controversial. Thus, visually presenting the distribution characteristics of sulfides and MC-LR in contaminated water is crucial. Here, we propose a novel and expeditious practical approach, utilizing fluorescence probe technology, to assess the distribution characteristics of MC-LR and sulfur in natural lakes. We have developed novel probes, pib2, to detect HSO3- and HS-, and pib18, to simultaneously identify MC-LR and sulfides. Through correlation analysis of fluorescence data and physicochemical indicators at sampling points, it is found that fluorescence data has good correlation with sulfides and MC-LR, and speculated that pib2 and pib18 may be able to detect sulfides and MC-LR in lakes. Using this method, we rapidly obtained the distribution of MC-LR and sulfur in Qilu and Erhai Lakes. Notably, for the first time, we rapidly displayed the distributions of sulfides and MC-LR across lakes by the fluorescent probe technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Wang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, PR China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Yu Hao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, PR China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Jianping Shen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Bingyan Li
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Huiyan Chuan
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Ping Xie
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, PR China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, PR China.
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Zhang H, Zhao X, Li Y, Xie P. A meta-analysis on the toxicity of microcystin-LR to fish and mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121780. [PMID: 37150342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), the most prevalent and dangerous microcystin, poses high risks to living organisms, especially fish and mammals. Although many studies have focused on the toxic effect on fish and mammals exposed to MC-LR, works that incorporate published data into a comprehensive comparison and analysis are still limited. Here, the adverse effects of oxidative stress markers, health, functional traits, and performance traits in fish and mammals were systematically verified by collecting data from 67 studies for the first time. Notably, we first found that the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) always showed increases, whereas the growth (performance traits) always had a significant decrease (p < 0.001) under all variables of MC-LR exposure, i.e., exposure time, exposure concentration, exposure route, and even life stage. Additionally, our study first verified that the activities of MDA and LPO can be employed as oxidative stress indicators of MC-LR effects in fish and mammals instead of other biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), considered by previous studies. Growth may be regarded as a highly sensitive indicator of MC-LR toxicity in mammals and fish. At the same time, we first found that the impact of MC-LR exposure concentration on LPO, MDA, and growth is higher than that of exposure time, exposure route, and different life stages using the random forest (RF) model. In short, this work sheds light on the potential biochemical and individual toxicity of MC-LR exposure in fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Zhang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Yehao Li
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Ping Xie
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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4
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Yan Y, Liang S, Zhang T, Deng C, Li H, Zhang D, Lei D, Wang G. Acute exposure of Isopyrazam damages the developed cardiovascular system of zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:367-377. [PMID: 37032599 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2197655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Isopyrazam (IPZ) is one of the broad-spectrum succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides (SDHIs). Although the potential bio-toxicity of SDHIs has been reported hourly, the specific effects focused on the cardiovascular system have remained unclear and piecemeal. Thus, we chose IPZ as a representative to observe the cardiovascular toxicity of SDHIs in zebrafish. Two types of transgenic zebrafish, Tg (cmlc2:GFP) and Tg (flk1:GFP) were used in this study. Healthy embryos at 6 hpf were exposed to IPZ solutions. The statistical data including survival rate, hatching rate, malformed rate, and morphological and functional parameters of the cardiovascular system at 48 hpf and 72 hpf demonstrated that IPZ could cause abnormalities and cardiovascular defects such as spinal curvature, dysmotility, pericardial edema, pericardial hemorrhage, and slowed heart rate, etc. At the same time, the activity of enzymes related to oxidative stress was altered with IPZ. Our results revealed that IPZ-induced cardiovascular toxicity and oxidative stress might be one of the underlying toxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepei Yan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengchen Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huili Li
- Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Dechuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Daoxi Lei
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Si W, Zhao M, Che H, Wu Z, Xiao Y, Xie X, Duan J, Shen T, Xu D, Zhao S. Microcystin-LR induced transgenerational effects of thyroid disruption in zebrafish offspring by endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated thyroglobulin accumulation and apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121117. [PMID: 36690294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
MC-LR can interfere with thyroid function in fish, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Current study focuses to study the intergenerational inheritance of MC-LR-induced thyroid toxicity in zebrafish and in rat thyroid cells. In vivo experiments, adult female zebrafish (F0) were exposed to MC-LR (0, 5, and 25 μg/L) for 90 days and mated with male zebrafish without MC-LR exposure to generate F1 generation. F1 embryos were allowed to develop normally to 7 days post-fertilization (dpf) in clear water. In the F0 generation, MC-LR induced disturbance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, leading to a decrease in the production of thyroid hormones. Maternal MC-LR exposure also induced growth inhibition by altering thyroid hormones (THs) homeostasis and interfering with thyroid metabolism and development in F1 offspring. Mechanistically, MC-LR caused excessive accumulation of ROS and induced ER stress that further lead to activation of UPR in the F0 and F1 offspring of zebrafish. Interestingly, our findings suggested that MC-LR exposure hampered thyroglobulin turnover by triggering IRE1 and PERK pathway in zebrafish and FRTL-5 thyroid cells, thus disturbing the thyroid endocrine system and contributing to the thyroid toxicity from maternal to its F1 offspring of zebrafish. Particularly, inhibition of the IRE1 pathway by siRNA could alleviate thyroid development injury induced by MC-LR in FRTL-5 cells. In addition, MC-LR induced thyroid cell apoptosis by triggering ER stress. Taken together, our results demonstrated that maternal MC-LR exposure causes thyroid endocrine disruption by ER stress contributing to transgenerational effects in zebrafish offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Si
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Huimin Che
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zaiwei Wu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xinxin Xie
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiayao Duan
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tong Shen
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Sujuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Xu L, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Gang X, Zhou T, Han J, Cao Y, Qi B, Song S, Wang X, Liang Y. Metformin protects trabecular meshwork against oxidative injury via activating integrin/ROCK signals. eLife 2023; 12:81198. [PMID: 36598818 PMCID: PMC9812404 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of metformin on trabecular meshwork (TM) and explore its molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Ocular hypertension (OHT) mouse models were induced with dexamethasone and further treated with metformin to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect. Cultured human TM cells (HTMCs) were pre-stimulated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) to induce oxidative damage and then supplemented with metformin for another 24 hr. The expression of fibrotic markers and integrin/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signals, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibronectin, integrin beta 1, ROCK 1/2, AMP-activated protein kinase, myosin light chain 1, and F-actin were determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) content was analysed using flow cytometry. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to observe microfilaments in HTMCs. It showed that metformin administration reduced the elevated IOP and alleviated the fibrotic activity of aqueous humour outflow in OHT models. Additionally, metformin rearranged the disordered cytoskeleton in the TM both in vivo and in vitro and significantly inhibited ROS production and activated integrin/ROCK signalling induced by tBHP in HTMCs. These results indicated that metformin reduced the elevated IOP in steroid-induced OHT mouse models and exerted its protective effects against oxidative injury by regulating cytoskeleton remodelling through the integrin/ROCK pathway. This study provides new insights into metformin use and preclinical evidence for the potential treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xinyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaorui Gang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jialing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Binyan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shuning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yuanbo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
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Guo M, Yang L, Zhao X, Yan P, Zhu M, Ding W, Li D, Han X, Wu J. Microcystin-LR inhibits early pregnancy by impairing the vascular network of luteum: Involvement of the MEK/ERK/SP1/VEGFR2 axis. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Svirčev Z, Chen L, Sántha K, Drobac Backović D, Šušak S, Vulin A, Palanački Malešević T, Codd GA, Meriluoto J. A review and assessment of cyanobacterial toxins as cardiovascular health hazards. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2829-2863. [PMID: 35997789 PMCID: PMC9395816 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eutrophicated waters frequently support bloom-forming cyanobacteria, many of which produce potent cyanobacterial toxins (cyanotoxins). Cyanotoxins can cause adverse health effects in a wide range of organisms where the toxins may target the liver, other internal organs, mucous surfaces and the skin and nervous system. This review surveyed more than 100 studies concerning the cardiovascular toxicity of cyanotoxins and related topics. Over 60 studies have described various negative effects on the cardiovascular system by seven major types of cyanotoxins, i.e. the microcystin (MC), nodularin (NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin (ATX), guanitoxin (GNTX), saxitoxin (STX) and lyngbyatoxin (LTX) groups. Much of the research was done on rodents and fish using high, acutely toxin concentrations and unnatural exposure routes (such as intraperitoneal injection), and it is thus concluded that the emphasis in future studies should be on oral, chronic exposure of mammalian species at environmentally relevant concentrations. It is also suggested that future in vivo studies are conducted in parallel with studies on cells and tissues. In the light of the presented evidence, it is likely that cyanotoxins do not constitute a major risk to cardiovascular health under ordinary conditions met in everyday life. The risk of illnesses in other organs, in particular the liver, is higher under the same exposure conditions. However, adverse cardiovascular effects can be expected due to indirect effects arising from damage in other organs. In addition to risks related to extraordinary concentrations of the cyanotoxins and atypical exposure routes, chronic exposure together with co-existing diseases could make some of the cyanotoxins more dangerous to cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Svirčev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Kinga Sántha
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Damjana Drobac Backović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Stamenko Šušak
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, UNS, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Vulin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, UNS, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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