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Żandarek J, Żmudzki P, Obradović D, Lazović S, Bogojević A, Koszła O, Sołek P, Maciąg M, Płazińska A, Starek M, Dąbrowska M. Analysis of pharmacokinetic profile and ecotoxicological character of cefepime and its photodegradation products. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141529. [PMID: 38428534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
An important problem is the impact of photodegradation on product toxicity in biological tests, which may be complex and context-dependent. Previous studies have described the pharmacology of cefepime, but the toxicological effects of its photodegradation products remain largely unknown. Therefore, photodegradation studies were undertaken in conditions similar to those occurring in biological systems insilico, in vitro, in vivo and ecotoxicological experiments. The structures of four cefepime photodegradation products were determined by UPLC-MS/MS method. The calculated in silico ADMET profile indicates that carcinogenic potential is expected for compounds CP-1, cefepime, CP-2 and CP-3. The Cell Line Cytomotovity Predictor 2.0 tool was used to predict the cytotoxic effects of cefepime and related compounds in non-transformed and cancer cell lines. The results indicate that possible actions include: non-small cell lung cancer, breast adenocarcinoma, prostate cancer and papillary renal cell carcinoma. OPERA models were used to predict absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) endpoints, and potential bioactivity of CP-2, cefepime and CP-4. The results obtained in silico show that after 96h of exposure, cefepime, CP-1, CP-2, and CP-3 are moderately toxic in the zebrafish model, while CP-4 is highly toxic. On the contrary, cefepime is more toxic to T. platyurus (highly toxic) compared to the zebrafish model, similar to products CP-4, CP-3 and CP-2. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed by MTT assay and in vivo acute embryo toxicity studies using Danio rerio embryos and larvae. In vitro showed an increase in the cytotoxicity of products with the longest exposure period i.e. for 8 h. Additionally, at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, statistically significant changes in metabolic activity were observed depending on the irradiation time. In vivo studies conducted with Zebrafish showed that both cefepime and its photodegradation products have only low toxicity. Assessment of potential ecotoxicity included Microbiotests on invertebrates (Thamnotoxkit F and Daphtoxkit F), and luminescence inhibition tests (LumiMara). The observed toxicity of the tested solutions towards both Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna indicates that the parent substance (unexposed) has lower toxicity, which increases during irradiation. The acute toxicity (Lumi Mara) of nonirradiated cefepime solution is low for all tested strains (<10%), but mixtures of cefepime and its photoproducts showed growth inhibition against all tested strains (except #6, Photobacterium phoreum). Generally, it can be concluded that after UV-Vis irradiation, the mixture of cefepime phototransformation products shows a significant increase in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Żandarek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St, 31-530, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Darija Obradović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Lazović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Bogojević
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Oliwia Koszła
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sołek
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences, 13 Akademicka St, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Maciąg
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anita Płazińska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki St, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Starek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
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Rathore V, Patel S, Pandey A, Savjani J, Butani S, Dave H, Nema SK. Methotrexate degradation in artificial wastewater using non-thermal pencil plasma jet. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28502-z. [PMID: 37395874 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The rising global cancer rate is driving up the consumption of anticancer drugs. This causing a noticeable increase in the levels of these drugs in wastewater. The drugs are not metabolized effectively by the human body, leading to their presence in human waste, as well as in the effluent from hospitals and drug manufacturing industries. Methotrexate is a commonly used drug for treating various types of cancer. Its complex organic structure makes it difficult to degrade using conventional methods. The present work proposed a non-thermal pencil plasma jet treatment for methotrexate degradation. The air plasma produced in this jet setup is electrical characterized and plasma species/radicals are identified using emission spectroscopy. The degradation of drug is monitored by studying the change in solution physiochemical properties, HPLC-UV analysis, and removal of total organic carbon, etc.Results show that a 9-min plasma treatment completely degraded the drug solution that followed first-order degradation kinetics with rate constant 0.38 min-1 and 84.54% mineralization was observed. Additionally, an increase in electrical conductivity and dissolved solids compared to virgin water-plasma interaction indicated the formation of new, smaller compounds (2,4-Diaminopteridine-6-carboxylic acid, N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, etc.) after drug degradation. The plasma-treated methotrexate solution also showed lower toxicity toward freshwater chlorella algae compared to the untreated solution. Finally, it can be said that non-thermal plasma jets are economically and environmentally friendly devices that have the potential to be used for the treatment of complex and resistive anticancer drug-polluted wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Rathore
- Atmospheric Plasma Division, Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382428, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Shruti Patel
- National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Akanksha Pandey
- National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Jignasa Savjani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Shital Butani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Heman Dave
- National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Nema
- Atmospheric Plasma Division, Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382428, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
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González-Burciaga LA, García-Prieto JC, Núñez-Núñez CM, Proal-Nájera JB. Statistical Analysis of Methotrexate Degradation by UV-C Photolysis and UV-C/TiO 2 Photocatalysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119595. [PMID: 37298542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid analog and has been used to treat a wide variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. The wide use of these substances has led to the continuous discharge of the parent compound and its metabolites in wastewater. In conventional wastewater treatment plants, the removal or degradation of drugs is not complete. In order to study the MTX degradation by photolysis and photocatalysis processes, two reactors were used with TiO2 as a catalyst and UV-C lamps as a radiation source. H2O2 addition was also studied (absence and 3 mM/L), and different initial pHs (3.5, 7, and 9.5) were tested to define the best degradation parameters. Results were analyzed by means of ANOVA and the Tukey test. Results show that photolysis in acidic conditions with 3 mM of H2O2 added is the best condition for MTX degradation in these reactors, with a kinetic constant of 0.028 min-1. According to the ANOVA test, all considered factors (process, pH, H2O2 addition, and experimentation time) caused statistically significant differences in the MTX degradation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A González-Burciaga
- CIIDIR-Unidad Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Sigma 119, Fracc. 20 de Noviembre II, Durango 34220, Mexico
| | - Juan C García-Prieto
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico del Agua, Universidad de Salamanca, Campo Charro s/n, 37080 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cynthia M Núñez-Núñez
- Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Durango, Carretera Durango-México km 9.5, Col. Dolores Hidalgo, Durango 34300, Mexico
| | - José B Proal-Nájera
- CIIDIR-Unidad Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Sigma 119, Fracc. 20 de Noviembre II, Durango 34220, Mexico
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Mehrabanpour N, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Ghattavi S. Cefotaxime degradation by the coupled binary CdS-PbS: characterization and the photocatalytic process kinetics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:33725-33736. [PMID: 36495433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increased water pollution due to discharging industrial/urban/hospital wastewater has been adopted to introduce/develop novel removal techniques/catalyst/adsorbent. The hexagonal (wurtzite) CdS and the cubic PbS nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized, coupled, and supported onto clinoptilolite NPs (CNP). Then, the sample was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX) techniques. The average crystallite size for CdS NPs, PbS NPs, CNP, and CdS-PbS/CNP samples was obtained at about 24, 36, 27, and 14 nm using the Scherrer formula value of nanometer, by the W-H formula, 31, 17, 39, and 51, respectively. Only a detectable slope can be observed from the DRS spectra for CdS NPs at 591 nm corresponding to an Eg value of 2.1 eV. PbS NPs have a broad abruption peak that begins from the visible region and extends to the IR region of the light. A boosted photocatalytic activity of the supported binary catalysts towards cefotaxime (CT) was reached. An apparent first kinetic model was reached with a k-value of 0.021 min-1 corresponding to the t1/2 value of 33 min. A decreased COD trend for the photodegraded CT solutions was reached, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) results in the Hinshelwood model showed a k-value of 0.016 min-1, corresponding to a t1/2 value of 43 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najme Mehrabanpour
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Shirin Ghattavi
- Department of Chemistry, Firoozabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firoozabad, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Espinosa A, Rascol E, Abellán Flos M, Skarbek C, Lieben P, Bannerman E, Martinez AD, Pethe S, Benoit P, Nélieu S, Labruère R. Re-designing environmentally persistent pharmaceutical pollutant through programmed inactivation: The case of methotrexate. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135616. [PMID: 35810859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental emission of pharmaceutical pollutants notably causes the contamination of aquatic ecosystems and drinking water. Typically, reduction of these pollutants in the environment is mostly managed by ameliorated wastewater treatments. Here, we report a method for the eco-design of drugs through the introduction within the molecular structure of a sensitive chemical group responsive to water treatments. The new drugs are thus programmed to fragment more easily and quickly than the original drugs. In this "retro catabolic drug design" strategy, methotrexate was used as drug model and an ether analog displaying a similar pharmacological profile was selected. Using photo-irradiation experiments at 254 nm, a representative drinking water treatment process, the identified transformation products were predominantly obtained from the expected molecular scission. Moreover, a faster kinetics of degradation was measured for the ether analog as compared to methotrexate and its transformation products were far less cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Espinosa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Estelle Rascol
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Marta Abellán Flos
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Charles Skarbek
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Pascale Lieben
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Eva Bannerman
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Alba Diez Martinez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Pethe
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Benoit
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sylvie Nélieu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Raphaël Labruère
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France.
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