Occurrence of heavy metals and their removal in Perna viridis mussels using chemical methods: a review

Effects of single and combined exposure to zinc and two tetracycline antibiotics on zebrafish at the early stage

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) and heavy metals are commonly used in livestock and poultry farming, leading to their coexistence in the aquatic environment. This coexistence causes combined toxicity to aquatic organisms. Here, zebrafish embryos were exposed to chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), zinc chloride (ZnCl₂), and their combinations for 120 h to evaluate their adverse effects on the growth, antioxidant system, immune system, and endocrine system during the early stage of life. OTC/ZnCl₂ combined exposure significantly reduced the body weight, whereas the TCs/ZnCl₂ combination significantly increased the heart rate of zebrafish larvae, suggesting growth impairment induced by TCs and ZnCl₂. Further, combined groups showed more prominent toxicity to the antioxidant system than single groups, as revealed by related levels of enzyme activity and gene expression. In addition, the levels of most pro-inflammatory genes were downregulated, and those of NF-κB-related genes were upregulated in all treatment groups, indicating an immunosuppressive response and the potential role of NF-κB signaling, while the combined treatment was not more toxic than TCs or ZnCl₂ alone. Similarly, hormone and endocrine related gene levels were determined. Although both single and combined exposures caused certain endocrine-disrupting effects, the combined exposure did not result in higher toxicity than a single exposure. Our findings showed that a mixture of TCs and ZnCl₂ might exert greater toxic effects as compared to a single compound on some systems, providing fundamental data on the toxic effects of single and combined TC and ZnCl₂ exposure on aquatic organisms, although studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms.