Synergistic adsorption and advanced oxidation activated by persulfate for degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride using iron-modified spent bleaching earth carbon

Biomaterials based on advanced oxidation processes in tooth whitening: fundamentals, progress, and models

The increasing desire for aesthetically pleasing teeth has resulted in the widespread use of tooth whitening treatments. Clinical tooth whitening products currently rely on hydrogen peroxide formulations to degrade dental pigments through oxidative processes. However, they usually cause side effects such as tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation due to the use of high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or long-time contact. In recent years, various novel materials and reaction patterns have been developed to tackle the issues related to H2O2-based tooth whitening. These can be broadly classified as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs generate free radicals that have potent oxidizing properties, which can thereby increase the oxidation power and/or reduce the exposure time and can probably minimize the side effects of tooth bleaching. While there have been several reviews on clinical tooth whitening and the application of novel nanomaterials, a review based on the concept of AOPs in tooth bleaching application has not yet been conducted. This review describes the common types and mechanisms of AOPs, summarizes the latest research progress of new tooth bleaching materials based on AOPs, and proposes a model for tooth bleaching and a rate control step at the molecular level. The paper also reviews the shortcomings and suggests future development directions.

Removal of Ciprofloxacin from Water by a Potassium Carbonate-Activated Sycamore Floc-Based Carbonaceous Adsorbent: Adsorption Behavior and Mechanism

In this study, a porous carbonaceous adsorbent was prepared from sycamore flocs by pyrolysis method and K₂CO₃ activation. The effects of preparative conditions of the material on its adsorptive property were explored. The optimal material (SFB_2-900) was obtained with a K₂CO₃/biochar mass ratio of 2:1 at an activation temperature of 900 °C, possessing a huge surface specific area (1651.27 m²/g). The largest adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin on SFB_2-900 was up to 430.25 mg/g. The adsorption behavior was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isothermal model. Meanwhile, this process was spontaneous and exothermic. The obtained material showed excellent adsorption performance in the conditions of diverse pH range, ionic strength, and water quality of the solution. The optimum adsorption conditions (pH = 7.01, dosage = 0.6 g/L, and C₀ = 52.94 mg/L) determined based on the response surface methodology were in accordance with the practical validation consequences. The good regeneration effect of SFB_2-900 manifested that this material had great practical application potential. Combining the experimental results and density functional theory calculation results, the adsorption mechanisms mainly included pore filling, π-π EDA interactions, electrostatic interactions, and H-bonds. The material could be regarded as a novel and high-efficiency adsorbent for antibiotics. Additionally, these findings also provide reference for the reuse of waste biomass in water treatment.

A Novel Adsorbent of Attapulgite & Carbon Composites Derived from Spent Bleaching Earth for Synergistic Removal of Copper and Tetracycline in Water

Simultaneously eliminating tetracycline (TC) and copper (Cu-II) from wastewater was investigated by applying a novel adsorbent fabricated by transforming spent bleaching earth (SBE) into attapulgite & carbon composites (A&Cs). Pyrolysis temperature for A&Cs preparation exhibited a positive effect on Cu(II) adsorption, while the AC500 possessed the greatest performance for TC remediation. Interestingly, a synergistic effect instead of competitive adsorption occurred between Cu(II) and TC under the combined binary system, as both TC and Cu(II) adsorption amount on A&C500 increased more than that in the single system, which could be mainly attributed to the bridge actions between the TC and Cu(II). In addition, hydrogen bonding, ᴨ-ᴨ EDA interaction, pore-filling and complexation exerted significant roles in the adsorption process of TC and Cu(II). In general, this study offered a new perspective on the regeneration of livestock and poultry industry wastewater polluted with antibiotics and heavy metals.