Preparation of a novel clay loaded with Fe (VI) for degradation of cefazolin: performance, pathway, and mechanism

Zeolite Y-supported carbon-doped TiO2 nanocomposites: Efficient solar photocatalysts for the purification of medicinal wastewater

The existence of antibiotics in aquatic streams destroys water quality and thereby poses serious ecological hitches. Photocatalysis involving nanosemiconductors is an environmentally benign technique for the mineralization of antibiotics. Herein, we prepared a new visible light-sensitive photocatalyst, zeolite Y-supported carbon-doped TiO₂ nanocomposite (zeolite Y-c-TiO₂), for the elimination of cefazolin antibiotic in wastewater systems. The structural and optical properties of the synthesized nanocomposites were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis (BET) as well as diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of zeolite Y-c-TiO₂ exhibited a red shift towards longer wavelength with an increase in visible light absorption as compared to pure TiO₂ nanoparticles and zeolite Y-supported TiO₂ nanocomposites (zeolite Y-TiO₂). Accordingly, the photocatalytic action of the zeolite Y-c-TiO₂ for the degradation of methylene blue was evaluated under solar simulator, and it turned out to be highly efficient (100%) mineralization as compared to TiO₂-nanoparticles (42%) and zeolite Y-TiO₂ (62%) after 70 min irradiation for a 50mg L^-1 methylene blue solution. Radical scavenging experiments revealed the involvement of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and photogenerated holes in the degradation process. Consequently, zeolite Y-c-TiO₂ was applied for the photocatalytic degradation of the cefazolin antibiotic in water, and complete degradation of cefazolin (50 mg L^-1) was observed within 6 h of solar light irradiation on zeolite Y-c-TiO₂. The degradation pathway of cefazolin was proposed by considering various intermediates detected via LC-MS analysis. The study points to the significant potential of zeolite Y-c-TiO₂ photocatalyst for the purification of medicinal wastewater under sunlight.