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Shen G, Wang X, Yu J, Bin Y, Zhong S, Yang S, Wang J. Experimental investigation of thermal performance of vertical multitube cylindrical latent heat thermal energy storage systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:46447-46461. [PMID: 38190065 PMCID: PMC11296969 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The multitube design in the shell-and-tube type latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system has received intensive attention due to its promising benefits in enhancing heat storage efficiency. In this paper, single and multi-tube shell LHTES systems were experimentally investigated. First, this study experimentally compared the thermal characteristics between a multiple-tube heat exchanger (MTHX) and a single-tube heat exchanger (STHX). The STHX's geometrical parameters coincided with a virtual cylindrical domain in the MTHX, being similar to the single-tube model formulated by simplifying the numerical solution to investigate the MTHX. The experimental data was then used to validate the simplified numerical model commonly used in the literature that converted the multi-tube problem to a single-tube model by formulating a virtual cylindrical domain for each tube in the MTHX system. The results showed that there was a noticeable difference in the thermal characteristics between the actual STHX and the virtual cylindrical STHX domain in the MTHX system. The comparison indicated that the simplified numerical model could not accurately reflect the thermal performance of the MTHX system. An experimental study or three-dimensional numerical modelling was required for the thermal analysis of the multi-tube problems. Second, the effect of tube number in the MTHX was experimentally investigated. It was found that an increase in tube number boosted both charging and discharging rates without inhibiting the natural convection. The five-tube configuration decreased the total charging and discharging duration by 50% compared to the two-tube one. Finally, the effect of heat transfer fluid (HTF) operating parameters on the system performance was evaluated on the five-tube MTHX system. The results revealed that the adoption of higher HTF temperature considerably improved the charging performance. The charging time decreased by up to 41% with the HTF temperature increasing from 70 to 80 °C. Meanwhile, a variation in the HTF flow rate from 5 to 20 L/min showed a more pronounced influence on charging than on discharging due to the different dominant heat transfer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Shen
- School of Mechanical and Resource Engineering, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou, 543002, China
- School of Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- School of Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Mechanical and Resource Engineering, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou, 543002, China
| | - Yuejing Bin
- School of Mechanical and Resource Engineering, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou, 543002, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- School of Mechanical and Resource Engineering, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou, 543002, China
| | - Shengqi Yang
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining Technology, Xuzhou, China
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2
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Brychka S, Brychka A, Hedin N, Mondeshki M. Sustainable Composite Materials Based on Carnauba Wax and Montmorillonite Nanoclay for Energy Storage. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1978. [PMID: 38730787 PMCID: PMC11084883 DOI: 10.3390/ma17091978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable composite materials, including carnauba wax, can store energy in the form of latent heat, and containing the wax may allow form-stable melting and crystallization cycles to be performed. Here, it is shown that carnauba wax in the molten state and the abundant nanoclay montmorillonite form stable composites with mass ratios of 50-70% (w/w). Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the inhomogeneous distribution of the nanoclay in the wax matrix. Analyses with infrared and multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy prove the chemical inertness of the composite materials during preparation. No new phases are formed according to studies with powder X-ray diffraction. The addition of the nanoclay increases the thermal conductivity and prevents the leakage of the phase change material, as well as reducing the time intervals of the cycle of accumulation and the return of heat. The latent heat increases in the row 69.5 ± 3.7 J/g, 95.0 ± 2.5 J/g, and 107.9 ± 1.7 J/g for the composite materials containing resp. 50%, 60% and 70% carnauba wax. Analysis of temperature-dependent 13C cross-polarization solid-state NMR spectra reveal the enhanced amorphization and altered molecular dynamics of the carnauba wax constituents in the composite materials. The amorphization also defines changes in the thermal transport mechanism in the composites compared to pure wax at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Brychka
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- The Gas Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 39, Dehtyarivska Str., 03113 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla Brychka
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, 17 General Naumov Street, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Niklas Hedin
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Mihail Mondeshki
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
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3
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Sundaram P, Sathishkumar A, Liu J, Prabakaran R, Ganesh Kumar P, Pragathi P, Kim SC. Coconut shell-derived activated carbon-enhanced water phase change material for cold thermal energy storage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33251-8. [PMID: 38607487 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In building cooling, the demand for cooling surges during specific times, stressing air-conditioner operation, and additional cooling is often wasted during low-demand periods. Water-phase change material (W-PCM)-based thermal energy storage (TES) allows for load shifting and effective management of peak demand by storing cooling energy when the demand is low. This stored energy can be deployed during peak hours, decreasing energy usage and associated CO2 emissions. However, the use of W-PCMs was hindered by phase separation, slow energy transfer, and high supercooling degree (SCD). We synthesized coconut shell (CNS)-produced activated carbon (ACC) to use as a thermal enhancer in W-PCMs for the first time. First, ACC was synthesized from CNS via steam activation. Then, transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm the pore morphology of the CNS-ACC. The synthesis of the W-PCM with various weight percentages (0.1, 0.6, and 1.2) of CNS-ACC was accomplished in two steps. Zeta potential distribution analysis revealed that the W-PCM with CNS-ACC exhibited colloidal stability. Thermal conductivity (TC) and thermogram analyses revealed that a dose of 1.2 wt% CNS-ACC enhanced liquid and solid TC by 9% and 22%, respectively, despite a 6% and 8% decrease in specific heat and latent heat. More specifically, solidification assessment in a spherical enclosure revealed 100% suppression of SCD with 1.2 wt% CNS-ACC. As a result of this and the enhanced TC, the overall solidification process was accelerated, reducing the overall duration by 18.5%. Thus, the combination of CNS-derived ACC and W-PCM for TES in building cooling could reduce energy consumption and associated CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanichamy Sundaram
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Anbalagan Sathishkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendran Prabakaran
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Poongavanam Ganesh Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Pandian Pragathi
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Sung Chul Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
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Hossain MT, Shahid MA, Ali MY, Saha S, Jamal MS, Habib A. Fabrications, Classifications, and Environmental Impact of PCM-Incorporated Textiles: Current State and Future Outlook. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:45164-45176. [PMID: 38075799 PMCID: PMC10701863 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) are an extraordinary family of compounds that can store and release thermal energy during phase changes. In recent years, the incorporation of PCMs into textiles has attracted considerable interest, since it represents a unique way to improve the comfort and usefulness of textiles. This article examines the advancements achieved in the preparation, classifications, and environmental effects of PCM-integrated textiles, along with a roadmap for the future. Progress of different PCM has been reported including its pros and cons. In addition, fabrications of the PCM on the apparel have been highlighted. Moreover, this Review analyzed the positive environmental impact of PCM-integrated textiles including improved insulation, extended product lifespan, and energy savings along with negative effects like higher energy consumption in the manufacturing process, added chemical additives tending to have a negative impact on the environment, less disposal features textiles and many more with recent references. Moreover, the future outlook also reports more research on nanoencapsulation, making it energy efficient, ensuring affordability, and more applications in smart PCM textiles. It seeks to stimulate additional research, encourage innovation, and contribute to the creation of high-performance, energy-efficient textiles by investigating the possibilities of PCM-enhanced textiles. The future of PCM in textiles is hopeful, with continuous research and technological advances resolving the aforementioned difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tanvir Hossain
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University
of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdus Shahid
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University
of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Yousuf Ali
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University
of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Soumen Saha
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University
of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Salman
Ibna Jamal
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University
of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh
| | - Ahasan Habib
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University
of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh
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Li Y, Gao Y, Cao X, Rong X, Chen B, Tian G, Zhu Z, Zhao X, Zhang Z. Encapsulation and thermal properties of composite phase change materials based on cobalt/nitrogen double-doped ZIF-67 derived carbon. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26907-26917. [PMID: 37692355 PMCID: PMC10483374 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04002j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To solve the problems of easy leakage and weak thermal conductivity of single-phase change material, in this experiment, cobalt/nitrogen-doped ZIF-67 derived carbon (CoN-ZIF-Cx) was constructed as the carrier material, and paraffin was used as the phase change core material to construct thermally enhanced shaped composite phase change materials (P0.6@CoN-ZIF-Cx). The composite PCMs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, isothermal nitrogen adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier infrared spectroscopy, and their performance was evaluated using transient planar heat source techniques, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal cycling tests. The results indicated that the impurities of the acid-washed porous carbon material were reduced and the loading of the paraffin was 60%, and the prepared P0.6@CoN-ZIF-Cx had an excellent thermal performance. Among them, P0.6@CoN-ZIF-C3 has the melting and crystallization enthalpy of 71.03 J g-1 and 68.81 J g-1. The thermal conductivity is 0.4127 W m-1 K-1, a 46.19% thermal conductivity improvement compared with pure paraffin. It still has favourable thermal storage capacity after 50 cycles without paraffin leakage during the phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanteng Li
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbon Neutrality, School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University Jinan 250013 China
| | - Yan Gao
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbon Neutrality, School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University Jinan 250013 China
- Shandong Province Jinan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Jinan 250101 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Xuankai Cao
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbon Neutrality, School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University Jinan 250013 China
| | - Xing Rong
- Shandong Luqiao Group Equipment Technology Development Company Jinan China
| | - Baoming Chen
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Carbon Neutrality, School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University Jinan 250013 China
| | - Guohong Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Zishang Zhu
- Energy and Environmental Institute, University of Hull Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Energy and Environmental Institute, University of Hull Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Zhanchao Zhang
- Shandong Province Jinan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Jinan 250101 China
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Roy PK, Shoval S, Shvalb N, Dombrovsky LA, Gendelman O, Bormashenko E. Apple-like Shape of Freezing Paraffin Wax Droplets and Its Origin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5514. [PMID: 37629805 PMCID: PMC10456291 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Paraffin wax stores energy in the form of latent heat at a nearly constant temperature during melting and releases this energy during solidification. This effect is used in industrial energy storage. At the same time, the possible deformation of even small volumes of material as a result of phase change is insufficiently studied. In this paper, the physical nature of such deformation, probably for the first time, is studied on the example of a droplet of paraffin wax. An unusual change in the shape of a melted droplet of paraffin wax placed on a relatively cold glass plate was observed in the laboratory experiments. As the droplet solidifies, its upper surface becomes nearly flat, and a dimple is formed in the center of this surface, making the droplet look like a fruit (pumpkins are more commonly shaped like this, but the authors prefer apples). A series of experiments, as well as physical and numerical modeling of the droplet's thermal state, taking into account the formation of a mushy zone between liquidus and solidus, made it possible to understand the role of gravity and gradual increase in viscosity and density of paraffin wax on changing the droplet shape and, in particular, to clarify the mechanism of formation of the dimple on its upper. It was shown that the mushy zone between the liquidus and solidus of the paraffin wax is responsible for the dimple formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Kumar Roy
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ariel University, P.O. Box 3, Ariel 407000, Israel; (P.K.R.); (L.A.D.)
| | - Shraga Shoval
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Engineering Faculty, Ariel University, P.O. Box 3, Ariel 407000, Israel
| | - Nir Shvalb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, P.O. Box 3, Ariel 407000, Israel
| | - Leonid A. Dombrovsky
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ariel University, P.O. Box 3, Ariel 407000, Israel; (P.K.R.); (L.A.D.)
- Heat Transfer Department, Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Moscow 111116, Russia
- X-BIO Institute, University of Tyumen, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Oleg Gendelman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Edward Bormashenko
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ariel University, P.O. Box 3, Ariel 407000, Israel; (P.K.R.); (L.A.D.)
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Patel D, Wei W, Singh H, Xu K, Beck C, Wildy M, Schossig J, Hu X, Hyun DC, Chen W, Lu P. Efficient and Secure Encapsulation of a Natural Phase Change Material in Nanofibers Using Coaxial Electrospinning for Sustainable Thermal Energy Storage. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:11570-11579. [PMID: 37564956 PMCID: PMC10411507 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present an ecofriendly technique for encapsulating lauric acid (LA), a natural phase change material, within polystyrene (PS) nanofibers through coaxial electrospinning. The resulting LAPS core-sheath nanofibers exhibited a melting enthalpy of up to 136.6 J/g, representing 75.8% of the heat storage capacity of pristine LA (180.2 J/g), a value surpassing all previously reported core-sheath fibers. Scanning electron microscopy revealed uniform LAPS nanofibers free of surface LA until the core LA feed rate reached 1.3 mL/h. As the core LA feed rate increased, the fiber diameter shrank from 2.24 ± 0.31 to 0.58 ± 0.45 μm. Infrared spectra demonstrated a proportional increase in the LA content with rising core LA injection rates. Thermogravimetric analysis found the maximum core LA content in core-sheath nanofibers to be 75.0%. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms displayed a trend line shift upon LA leakage for LA1.3PS nanofibers. LAPS fibers containing 75.0% LA effectively maintained consistent cycling stability and reusability across 100 heating-cooling cycles (20-60 °C) without heat storage deterioration. The core LA remained securely within the PS sheath after 100 cycles, and the LAPS nanofibers retained an excellent structural integrity without rupture. The energy-dense and form-stable LAPS core-sheath nanofibers have great potential for various thermal energy storage applications, such as building insulation, smart textiles, and electronic cooling systems, providing efficient temperature regulation and energy conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev Patel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Wanying Wei
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Harmann Singh
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Kai Xu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Christopher Beck
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Michael Wildy
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - John Schossig
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Dong Choon Hyun
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook
National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Wenshuai Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry
of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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Xie L, Wu X, Wang G, Shulga YM, Liu Q, Li M, Li Z. Encapsulation of Paraffin Phase-Change Materials within Monolithic MTMS-Based Silica Aerogels. Gels 2023; 9:317. [PMID: 37102929 PMCID: PMC10137923 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the leakage issue of paraffin phase-change materials in thermal management, a monolithic MTMS-based silica aerogel (MSA) is employed to encapsulate paraffin through a facile impregnation process. We find that the paraffin and MSA form a physical combination, with little interaction occurring between them. The prepared no-leakage paraffin/MSA composites have a density of 0.70 g/cm3 and exhibit good mechanical properties and nice hydrophobicity, with a contact angle of 122°. Furthermore, the average latent heat of the paraffin/MSA composites is found to reach up to 209.3 J/g, about 85% of the pure paraffin's latent heat, which is significantly larger than other paraffin/silica aerogel phase-change composite materials. The thermal conductivity of the paraffin/MSA remains almost the same as that of the pure paraffin (~250 mW/m/K), without any heat transfer interference from the MSA skeletons. All these results indicate that MSA can effectively serve as a carrier material for encapsulating paraffin, which is beneficial for expanding the applications of MSAs in thermal management and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Xie
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wu
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Guichao Wang
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yury M. Shulga
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Qiong Liu
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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