Acute toxicity and teratogenicity of carbaryl (carbamates), tebufenpyrad (pyrazoles), cypermethrin and permethrin (pyrethroids) on the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L, 1758) early life stages

Toxic Effects of Carbaryl Exposure on Juvenile Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer)

This study examines the physiological and immunological effects of 0.5 ppm carbaryl exposure on juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) over 12 h to 72 h. Notable results include decreased activities of liver enzymes catalase (CAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels remained stable, with the lowest activities of CAT and GSH-PX observed at 72 h. Serum biochemistry revealed increased alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) at 24 h, with declining aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and a peak in creatinine at 48 h. Histopathological analysis showed carbaryl-induced necrosis in liver and spleen cells, and increased melanomacrophage centers in both organs. Additionally, immune gene expression analysis indicated an upregulation of heat shock proteins and consistent elevation of complement component C3 and interleukin-8 (IL-8). These findings suggest that carbaryl exposure significantly impairs organ function and modulates immune responses in L. calcarifer, underlining the need for further research on protective strategies against pesticide impacts in aquaculture.

Sea-urchin-like covalent organic framework as solid-phase microextraction fiber coating for sensitive detection of trace pyrethroid insecticides in water

Pyrethroid insecticides residues in water pose a critical threat to the environment from widespread production and overuse. Therefore, it is of major relevance to develop a sensitive and efficient method to detect pyrethroid insecticides in water. In this paper, a covalent organic framework (COF) with NHCO as the structural unit was synthesized using a simple condensation reaction of TTL (NH2) and TDBA (COOH). Various characterization results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that multiple interactions synergistically promoted the adsorption of pyrethroid insecticides on COFTDBA-TTL. Based on the excellent extraction capability of COFTDBA-TTL, efficient detection of 11 pyrethroid insecticides in water was achieved using COFTDBA-TTL-coated SPME fiber and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the extraction enhancement factors (EFs) of pyrethroid insecticides were as high as 2584-7199, and the extraction efficiencies were 3.28-446 times higher than that of commercial fiber, which reflected its high adsorption property. Meanwhile, the limits of detection (LODs) of the COFTDBA-TTL coated fiber were as low as 0.170-1.68 ng/L under the optimal conditions, and the recoveries of 11 pyrethroid insecticides in the actual water samples were 88.5-108 %. In conclusion, the SPME-GC-MS method based on COFTDBA-TTL coated fiber was simple, rapid, and efficient, and should have a promising application in trace detection of pyrethroid insecticides in the environment.

Simultaneous determination of carbendazim and carbaryl pesticides in water bodies samples using a new voltammetric sensor based on Moringa oleifera biochar

For the first time, a modified electrochemical sensor based on carbon paste was developed using biochar derived from the husks of Moringa oleifera pods to detect successfully and simultaneously carbendazim (CBZ) and carbaryl (CBR) pesticides. Biochar was obtained via pyrolysis at 400 °C, which required no additional activation or modification processes. The incorporation of the biochar modifier enabled the preconcentration of both pesticides under open potential circuit conditions, resulting in a significant enhancement in sensitivity compared to bare electrode. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the developed sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity to the target analytes, showing a linear relationship within the concentration range of 0.29-6.00 μM for CBZ and 29.9-502 μM for CBR. The limits of detection were calculated to be 0.12 μM for CBZ and 10.4 μM for CBR. The proposed method demonstrated remarkable selectivity for analytes even in the presence of diverse organic and inorganic species. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to the determination of CBZ and CBR pesticides in various water matrices, including river, sea, drinking, and groundwater samples, without the need for any sample pretreatment, such as extraction or filtration. The observed recoveries ranged from 87% to 111%, indicating the efficiency and reliability of this method.

Pyrethroid residues in Indonesian river Citarum: A simple analytical method applied for an ecological and human health risk assessment

Pyrethroid residues in the Citarum River, Indonesia, was first investigated based on their occurrences, water assimilative capacity, and risk assessment. In this paper, first, a relatively simple and efficient method was built and validated for analysis of seven pyrethroids in river water matrix: bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, permethrin, β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin. Next, the validated method was used to analyze pyrethroids in the Citarum River. Three pyrethroids, β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, were detected in some sampling points with concentration up to 0.01 mg/L. Water assimilative capacity evaluation shows that β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin pollution exceed the Citarum river water capacity. However, due to hydrophobicity properties of pyrethroids, removal through binding to sediments are expected. Ecotoxicity risk assessment shows that β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin pose risks to the aquatic organisms in the Citarum River and its tributaries through bioaccumulation in food chain. Based on bioconcentration factors of the detected pyrethroids, β-cyfluthrin poses the highest adverse effect to humans while cypermethrin is the safest. Human risk assessment based on hazard index suggests that acute non-carcinogenic risk associated to consuming fish from the study location polluted with β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin is unlikely. However, hazard quotient shows that chronic non-carcinogenic risk associated to consuming fish from the study location polluted with β-cyfluthrin is likely. However, since the risk assessment was performed separately for each pyrethroid, further assessment on the impact of mixture pyrethroid to aquatic organisms and humans should be performed to explore the real impact of pyrethroids to the river system.

Tebufenpyrad induces cell cycle arrest and disruption of calcium homeostasis in porcine trophectoderm and luminal epithelial cells

Tebufenpyrad is classified as a pyrazole acaricide and insecticide. It is widely used for several crops, especially in greenhouses, in several countries. While its unfavorable effects on non-target organisms have already been established, relatively little is known about its reproductive toxicity. Therefore, we demonstrated the biochemical effects of tebufenpyrad using porcine trophectoderm and porcine luminal epithelial cells, which are involved in implantation. We found that tebufenpyrad had antiproliferative effects and reduced cell viability. Tebufenpyrad also triggered apoptosis and excessive reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, it induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and disrupted calcium homeostasis in the cytosol and mitochondria. MAPK signaling pathways and the crosstalk among them were altered following tebufenpyrad treatment. In addition, the migration ability of cells was reduced after treatment with tebufenpyrad. Lastly, tebufenpyrad influenced the expression of genes related to pregnancy. Collectively, these results reveal the mechanism of the biochemical and physiological effects of tebufenpyrad to both trophectoderm and uterine cells and suggest that tebufenpyrad reduces the potential of successful implantation.