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Jeyaraja S, Palanivel S, Sathyanathan S, Munusamy C. Photocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes using natural photo-smart pigment-A novel approach for waste water re-usability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:69639-69650. [PMID: 37140866 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at an efficient photocatalytic degradation of industrially important reactive dyes using phycocyanin extract as a photocatalyst. The percentage of dye degradation was evidenced by a UV-visible spectrophotometer and FT-IR analysis. The degraded water was checked for its complete degradation by varying pH from 3 to 12. Furthermore, the degraded water was also analyzed for water quality parameters and was found to meet industrial wastewater standards. The calculated irrigation parameters like magnesium hazard ratio, soluble sodium percentage, and Kelly's ratio of degraded water were within the permissible limits, which enables its reusability in irrigation, aquaculture, as industrial coolants, and domestic applications. The calculated correlation matrix shows that the metal influences various macro-, micro-, and non-essential elements. These results suggest that the non-essential element lead can be effectively reduced by increasing all the other micronutrients and macronutrients under study except sodium metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Jeyaraja
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Sholinganallur, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanan Palanivel
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Sholinganallur, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Sathyanathan
- Department of Physics, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Sholinganallur, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chamundeeswari Munusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Sholinganallur, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Alothman AA, Ayub A, Hachim SK, Mohammed BM, Hussain F, Altaf M, Kadhim ZJ, Lafta HA, Alnassar YS, Shams MA, Almuhous NA, Ouladsmane M, Sillanpaa M. Facile synthesis and comparative study of the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of two selected dyes by TiO 2-g-C 3N 4 composite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37332-37343. [PMID: 36571676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is considered a useful technique employed for the dye degradation through solar light, visible or UV light irradiation. In this study, TiO2, g-C3N4, and TiO2-g-C3N4 nanocomposites were successfully synthesized and studied for their ability to degrade Rhodamine B (RhB) and Reactive Orange 16 (RO-16), when exposed to visible light. The analytical techniques including XRD, TEM, SEM, DRS, BET, XPS, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to explore the characteristics of all the prepared semiconductors. The photocatalytic performance of synthesized materials has been tested against both the selected dyes, and various experimental parameters were studied. The experimental results demonstrate that, in comparison to other fabricated composites, the TiO2-g-C3N4 composite with the optimal weight ratio of g-C3N4 (15 wt%) to TiO2 has shown outstanding degrading efficiency against RhB (89.62%) and RO-16 (97.20%). The degradation experiments were carried out at optimal conditions such as a catalyst load of 0.07 g, a dye concentration of 50 ppm, and a temperature of 50 ℃ at neutral pH in 90 min. In comparison to pure TiO2 and g-C3N4, the TiO2-g-C3N4, a semiconductor, has shown higher degradation efficiency due to its large surface area and decreased electron-hole recombination. The scavenger study gave an idea about the primary active species (-OH radicals), responsible for dye degradation. The reusability of TiO2-g-C3N4 was also examined in order to assess the composite sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma A Alothman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asif Ayub
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Safa K Hachim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Farhat Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Altaf
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Marwah A Shams
- Technical Engineering College, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Nada A Almuhous
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ouladsmane
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mika Sillanpaa
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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