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Pizzurro F, Nerone E, Ancora M, Di Domenico M, Mincarelli LF, Cammà C, Salini R, Di Renzo L, Di Giacinto F, Corbau C, Bokan I, Ferri N, Recchi S. Exposure of Mytilus galloprovincialis to Microplastics: Accumulation, Depuration and Evaluation of the Expression Levels of a Selection of Molecular Biomarkers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:4. [PMID: 38200735 PMCID: PMC10778302 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microplastic contamination is a growing marine environmental issue with possible consequences for seafood safety. Filter feeders are the target species for microplastic (MPs) pollution because they filter large quantities of seawater to feed. In the present study, an experimental contamination of Mytilus galloprovincialis was conducted using a mixture of the main types of MPs usually present in the seawater column (53% filaments, 30% fragments, 3% granules) in order to test the purification process as a potential method for removing these contaminants from bivalves intended for human consumption. A set of molecular biomarkers was also evaluated in order to detect any variations in the expression levels of some genes associated with biotransformation and detoxification, DNA repair, cellular response, and the immune system. Our results demonstrate that: (a) the purification process can significantly reduce MP contamination in M. galloprovincialis; (b) a differential expression level has been observed between mussels tested and in particular most of the differences were found in the gills, thus defining it as the target organ for the use of these biomarkers. Therefore, this study further suggests the potential use of molecular biomarkers as an innovative method, encouraging their use in next-generation marine monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pizzurro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Eliana Nerone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Massimo Ancora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Luana Fiorella Mincarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Cesare Cammà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Romolo Salini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Ludovica Di Renzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Federica Di Giacinto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Corinne Corbau
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Prevenzione, Università di Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Itana Bokan
- Teaching Institute of Public Health (TIPH), 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Sara Recchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.A.); (M.D.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.); (L.D.R.); (F.D.G.); (N.F.); (S.R.)
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Porretti M, Impellitteri F, Caferro A, Albergamo A, Litrenta F, Filice M, Imbrogno S, Di Bella G, Faggio C. Assessment of the effects of non-phthalate plasticizer DEHT on the bivalve molluscs Mytilus galloprovincialis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 336:139273. [PMID: 37343639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to their uncontrolled use, plastics has become an environmental concern, not only for their varying dimension but also for the potential release of substances such as phthalates (PAEs) and non-phthalates (NPPs) into the water. Phthalates are the most common plasticizers of concern, but non-phthalate plasticizers such as di (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) have also been lately found in the marine environment. Mytilus galloprovincialis is a well-known bioindicator of aquatic environments due to its ability to accumulate a wide variety of xenobiotics, including plasticizers. Hence, aim of this study was to evaluate the potential bioaccumulation and effects of the NPP DEHT on M. galloprovincialis. To this purpose, following exposure to DEHT at 1 mg/l (DEHT1) and 100 mg/l (DEHT100), its accumulation in tissues and its effects on total lipids and fatty acid (FA) composition, protein content, cell viability, ability to recover volume and changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress were assessed. Mussels were able to bioaccumulate DEHT in their tissues, with a statistically significant increase compared to the control organisms. Differences in FA composition were observed after exposure, since C16:0, C18:0, C20:5ω-3 and C22:6ω-3 were significantly decreased from control to exposed groups. As a result, total SFA, MUFA and PUFA were affected in DEHT-exposed groups. Also, total protein varied following DEHT exposure, and significantly decreased in the DEHT100-group. Considering the physiological responses, both DEHT-exposed groups lost their ability to return to the original volume of digestive gland (DG) cells. On the other hand, oxidative biomarkers in the gills and DG were not significantly affected by the DEHT exposure. Overall, this study showed for the first time that DEHT exposure differentially affect mussels, in their lipid and protein metabolism, as well as cellular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Porretti
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Federica Impellitteri
- University of Messina, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Viale Giovanni Palatucci Snc, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Alessia Caferro
- University of Calabria, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Ambrogina Albergamo
- University of Messina, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences (BIOMORF), 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Federica Litrenta
- University of Messina, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences (BIOMORF), 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Mariacristina Filice
- University of Calabria, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Sandra Imbrogno
- University of Calabria, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- University of Messina, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences (BIOMORF), 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, 98100, Messina, Italy.
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