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Moon HS, Mahzarnia A, Stout J, Anderson RJ, Badea CT, Badea A. Feature attention graph neural network for estimating brain age and identifying important neural connections in mouse models of genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.13.571574. [PMID: 38168445 PMCID: PMC10760088 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the most extensively researched neurodegenerative disorders due to its widespread prevalence and complex risk factors. Age is a crucial risk factor for AD, which can be estimated by the disparity between physiological age and estimated brain age. To model AD risk more effectively, integrating biological, genetic, and cognitive markers is essential. Here, we utilized mouse models expressing the major APOE human alleles and human nitric oxide synthase 2 to replicate genetic risk for AD and a humanized innate immune response. We estimated brain age employing a multivariate dataset that includes brain connectomes, APOE genotype, subject traits such as age and sex, and behavioral data. Our methodology used Feature Attention Graph Neural Networks (FAGNN) for integrating different data types. Behavioral data were processed with a 2D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), subject traits with a 1D CNN, brain connectomes through a Graph Neural Network using quadrant attention module. The model yielded a mean absolute error for age prediction of 31.85 days, with a root mean squared error of 41.84 days, outperforming other, reduced models. In addition, FAGNN identified key brain connections involved in the aging process. The highest weights were assigned to the connections between cingulum and corpus callosum, striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and piriform cortex. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of predicting brain age in models of aging and genetic risk for AD. To verify the validity of our findings, we compared Fractional Anisotropy (FA) along the tracts of regions with the highest connectivity, the Return-to-Origin Probability (RTOP), Return-to-Plane Probability (RTPP), and Return-to-Axis Probability (RTAP), which showed significant differences between young, middle-aged, and old age groups. Younger mice exhibited higher FA, RTOP, RTAP, and RTPP compared to older groups in the selected connections, suggesting that degradation of white matter tracts plays a critical role in aging and for FAGNN's selections. Our analysis suggests a potential neuroprotective role of APOE2, relative to APOE3 and APOE4, where APOE2 appears to mitigate age-related changes. Our findings highlighted a complex interplay of genetics and brain aging in the context of AD risk modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sol Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ali Mahzarnia
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jacques Stout
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Anderson
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cristian T. Badea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Badea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Konar-Nié M, Guzman-Castillo A, Armijo-Weingart L, Aguayo LG. Aging in nucleus accumbens and its impact on alcohol use disorders. Alcohol 2023; 107:73-90. [PMID: 36087859 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is one of the most widely consumed drugs in the world and prolonged excessive ethanol intake might lead to alcohol use disorders (AUDs), which are characterized by neuroadaptations in different brain regions, such as in the reward circuitry. In addition, the global population is aging, and it appears that they are increasing their ethanol consumption. Although research involving the effects of alcohol in aging subjects is limited, differential effects have been described. For example, studies in human subjects show that older adults perform worse in tests assessing working memory, attention, and cognition as compared to younger adults. Interestingly, in the field of the neurobiological basis of ethanol actions, there is a significant dichotomy between what we know about the effects of ethanol on neurochemical targets in young animals and how it might affect them in the aging brain. To be able to understand the distinct effects of ethanol in the aging brain, the following questions need to be answered: (1) How does physiological aging impact the function of an ethanol-relevant region (e.g., the nucleus accumbens)? and (2) How does ethanol affect these neurobiological systems in the aged brain? This review discusses the available data to try to understand how aging affects the nucleus accumbens (nAc) and its neurochemical response to alcohol. The data show that there is little information on the effects of ethanol in aged mice and rats, and that many studies had considered 2-3-month-old mice as adults, which needs to be reconsidered since more recent literature defines 6 months as young adults and >18 months as an older mouse. Considering the actual relevance of an aged worldwide population and that this segment is drinking more frequently, it appears at least reasonable to explore how ethanol affects the brain in adult and aged models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Konar-Nié
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Alejandra Guzman-Castillo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Programa en Neurociencia, Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Lorena Armijo-Weingart
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Programa en Neurociencia, Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Luis Gerardo Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Programa en Neurociencia, Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, Chile.
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Drori E, Berman S, Mezer AA. Mapping microstructural gradients of the human striatum in normal aging and Parkinson's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm1971. [PMID: 35857492 PMCID: PMC9286505 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mapping structural spatial change (i.e., gradients) in the striatum is essential for understanding the function of the basal ganglia in both health and disease. We developed a method to identify and quantify gradients of microstructure in the single human brain in vivo. We found spatial gradients in the putamen and caudate nucleus of the striatum that were robust across individuals, clinical conditions, and datasets. By exploiting multiparametric quantitative MRI, we found distinct, spatially dependent, aging-related alterations in water content and iron concentration. Furthermore, we found cortico-striatal microstructural covariation, showing relations between striatal structural gradients and cortical hierarchy. In Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, we found abnormal gradients in the putamen, revealing changes in the posterior putamen that explain patients' dopaminergic loss and motor dysfunction. Our work provides a noninvasive approach for studying the spatially varying, structure-function relationship in the striatum in vivo, in normal aging and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elior Drori
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shai Berman
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviv A Mezer
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abdollahi M, Fahnestock M. Nurr1 Is Not an Essential Regulator of BDNF in Mouse Cortical Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6853. [PMID: 35743300 PMCID: PMC9224520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurr1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play major roles in cognition. Nurr1 regulates BDNF in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and cerebellar granule cells. Nurr1 and BDNF are also highly expressed in the cerebral cortex, a brain area important in cognition. Due to Nurr1 and BDNF tissue specificity, the regulatory effect of Nurr1 on BDNF in different brain areas cannot be generalized. The relationship between Nurr1 and BDNF in the cortex has not been investigated previously. Therefore, we examined Nurr1-mediated BDNF regulation in cortical neurons in activity-dependent and activity-independent states. Mouse primary cortical neurons were treated with the Nurr1 agonist, amodiaquine (AQ). Membrane depolarization was induced by KCl or veratridine and reversed by nimodipine. AQ and membrane depolarization significantly increased Nurr1 (p < 0.001) and BDNF (pAQ < 0.001, pKCl < 0.01) as assessed by real-time qRT-PCR. However, Nurr1 knockdown did not affect BDNF gene expression in resting or depolarized neurons. Accordingly, the positive correlation between Nurr1 and BDNF expression in AQ and membrane depolarization experiments does not imply co-regulation because Nurr1 knockdown did not affect BDNF gene expression in resting or depolarized cortical neurons. Therefore, in contrast to midbrain dopaminergic neurons and cerebellar granule cells, Nurr1 does not regulate BDNF in cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdollahi
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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IGF-1 Gene Transfer Modifies Inflammatory Environment and Gene Expression in the Caudate-Putamen of Aged Female Rat Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3337-3352. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02791-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Relationship among the quality of cognitive abilities, depression symptoms, and various aspects of handgrip strength in the elderly. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/vsp200811109j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim. Both the cognitive and physical functioning changes occur within the normal aging, suggesting possible common biological processes. The aging process is often characterized by a reduction of adaptive responses, an increasing vulnerability and functional limitations. The aim of this study was to determine if there were correlations between particular cognitive abilities (verbal ability, spatial ability, processing speed, memory, verbal fluency, divergent thinking, memory, attention, executive functions, conceptualization, orientation, computation), depression symptoms and different dynamometric parameters of muscle contraction, during handgrip (HG) of both hands, in the elderly population. Methods. The sample consisted of 98 participants, 16 males and 82 females, aged from 65 to 85. Neuropsychological assessment included Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Frontal Function Test (Go/No-Go), Categorical and Phonemic fluency tests and Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDS-SF). Physical measures were assessed by Handgrip Dynamometry Tests (HG), and included: the maximum force (Fmax), maximal rate of force development (RFDmax), static endurance HG time realized at 50% of maximal HG force (tFmax50%) of dominant (Do) and non-dominant (NDo) hand. Results. Higher MoCA score was followed by higher values of muscle endurance of dominant hands. Higher values of F max of dominant hand were associated with higher values of Alternating Trail Making that is by visuoconstructive abilities (MoCA). The variable Categorical fluency was in a small, positive correlation with Fmax. No correlation of depressive symptoms with HG parameters was found except in the subgroup of female subjects. Conclusion. Better cognitive performance was associated with better HG muscle strength. Therefore, HG strength can be a useful tool in geriatric practice in monitoring not only physical, but also cognitive function status and de-cline. The link between lower cognitive functioning and lower values of HG variables, emphasize the need for in-creased awareness about it in clinical practice.
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Acquired demyelination but not genetic developmental defects in myelination leads to brain tissue stiffness changes. BRAIN MULTIPHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brain.2020.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Repeated intrastriatal application of botulinum neurotoxin-A did not influence choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive interneurons in hemiparkinsonian rat brain - A histological, stereological and correlational analysis. Brain Res 2020; 1742:146877. [PMID: 32387181 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, dopamine depletion leads to hyperactivity of cholinergic interneurons in the caudate-putamen (CPu). Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) inhibits the release of acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous system and is also thought to act as a local anticholinergic drug when injected intrastriatally. In hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats, a unilateral intrastriatal injection of 1 ng BoNT-A significantly diminished apomorphine-induced rotation behavior for at least 3 months, the effect fading thereafter. A second intrastriatal BoNT-A application, 6 months after the first one, led to a stronger and longer-lasting, beneficial behavioral reaction. As a single BoNT-A injection was not cytotoxic in the rat striatum and resembled BoNT-A treatment in clinical practice, here, we investigated the structural outcome of repeated intrastriatal BoNT-A injections with respect to striatal volume, the number of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) interneurons and of the length of their dendritic arbors, and the numeric density of ChAT-ir BoNT-A-induced varicosities (BiVs). Repeated unilateral intrastriatal BoNT-A application decreased the volume of the injected CPu, but did not significantly change the number of striatal ChAT-ir interneurons. Also, the total dendrite length of ChAT-ir interneurons after repeated BoNT-A application resembled the values in double vehicle-injected hemi-PD rats. In repeatedly BoNT-A-injected hemi-PD rats, the numeric density of ChAT-ir BiVs in the CPu was increased compared with rats only intrastriatally injected once with BoNT-A. Even repeated BoNT-A injections in rat striata did not cause substantial morphological changes in ChAT-ir neuron, except for the increased numeric density of ChAT-ir BiVs.
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Muddapu VR, Dharshini SAP, Chakravarthy VS, Gromiha MM. Neurodegenerative Diseases - Is Metabolic Deficiency the Root Cause? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:213. [PMID: 32296300 PMCID: PMC7137637 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are a prominent class of neurological diseases currently without a cure. They are characterized by an inexorable loss of a specific type of neurons. The selective vulnerability of specific neuronal clusters (typically a subcortical cluster) in the early stages, followed by the spread of the disease to higher cortical areas, is a typical pattern of disease progression. Neurodegenerative diseases share a range of molecular and cellular pathologies, including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate toxicity, calcium load, proteolytic stress, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and aging, which contribute to neuronal death. Efforts to treat these diseases are often limited by the fact that they tend to address any one of the above pathological changes while ignoring others. Lack of clarity regarding a possible root cause that underlies all the above pathologies poses a significant challenge. In search of an integrative theory for neurodegenerative pathology, we hypothesize that metabolic deficiency in certain vulnerable neuronal clusters is the common underlying thread that links many dimensions of the disease. The current review aims to present an outline of such an integrative theory. We present a new perspective of neurodegenerative diseases as metabolic disorders at molecular, cellular, and systems levels. This helps to understand a common underlying mechanism of the many facets of the disease and may lead to more promising disease-modifying therapeutic interventions. Here, we briefly discuss the selective metabolic vulnerability of specific neuronal clusters and also the involvement of glia and vascular dysfunctions. Any failure in satisfaction of the metabolic demand by the neurons triggers a chain of events that precipitate various manifestations of neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignayanandam Ravindernath Muddapu
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - S. Akila Parvathy Dharshini
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - M. Michael Gromiha
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Tascón L, Castillo J, León I, Cimadevilla JM. Walking and non-walking space in an equivalent virtual reality task: Sexual dimorphism and aging decline of spatial abilities. Behav Brain Res 2018; 347:201-208. [PMID: 29555340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spatial memory enables us to locate places and objects in space, to determine our position and manage spatial relationships in our environment. Our operations are displayed in a space that sometimes is inaccessible. In this case, the impossibility of movement within the context forces individuals to rely on the information gathered from limited viewpoints. This study investigates the use of walking and non-walking spaces using two equivalent virtual reality tasks in which displacement is only permitted in one of them. One hundred and fifty participants were divided into three age groups: 50-59, 60-69 and 70-79 year-old subjects. The starting position changed pseudo-randomly and two difficulty levels were set, with one and three positions to be found. Results provided evidence for 70-79 year-old people impairment of their spatial abilities compared with 50-59 and 60-69 year-old groups. In both difficulty conditions, participants made more errors in the non-walking space than in the walking space. All participants showed an improvement in the last trials of the task. Moreover, sexual dimorphism was registered in the high level of difficulty, in which men outperformed women. This study supports the idea that aging impairs the organization of spatial representations of the environment, and that this aspect is more noticeable in conditions where displacement is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tascón
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castillo
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Irene León
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Kummari E, Guo-Ross S, Eells JB. Region Specific Effects of Aging and the Nurr1-Null Heterozygous Genotype on Dopamine Neurotransmission. NEUROCHEMISTRY & NEUROPHARMACOLOGY : OPEN ACCESS 2017; 3:114. [PMID: 28989991 PMCID: PMC5630175 DOI: 10.4172/2469-9780.1000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nurr1 is essential for dopamine neuron differentiation and is important in maintaining dopamine synthesis and neurotransmission in the adult. Reduced Nurr1 function, due to the Nurr1-null heterozygous genotype (+/-), impacts dopamine neuron function in a region specific manner resulting in a decrease in dopamine synthesis in the dorsal and ventral striatum and a decrease in tissue dopamine levels in the ventral striatum. Additionally, maintenance of tissue dopamine levels in the dorsal striatum and survival of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons with aging (>15 months) or after various toxicant treatments are impaired. To further investigate the effects of aging and the Nurr1-null heterozygous genotype, we measured regional tissue dopamine levels, dopamine neuron numbers, body weight, open field activity and rota-rod performance in young (3-5 months) and aged (15-17 months) wild-type +/+ and +/- mice. Behavioral tests revealed no significant differences in rota-rod performance or basal open field activity as a result of aging or genotype. The +/- mice did show a significant increase in open field activity after 3 min of restraint stress. No differences in tissue dopamine levels were found in the dorsal striatum. However, there were significant reductions in tissue dopamine levels in the ventral striatum, which was separated into the nucleus accumbens core and shell, in the aged +/- mice. These data indicate that the mesoaccumbens system is more susceptible to the combination of aging and the +/- genotype than the nigrostriatal system. Additionally, the effects of aging and the +/- genotype may be dependent on genetic background or housing conditions. As Nurr1 mutations have been implicated in a number of diseases associated with dopamine neurotransmission, further data is needed to understand why and how Nurr1 can have differential functions across different dopamine neuron populations in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangel Kummari
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Shirley Guo-Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Eells
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Hommel B, Kibele A. Down with Retirement: Implications of Embodied Cognition for Healthy Aging. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1184. [PMID: 27555831 PMCID: PMC4977281 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive and neurocognitive approaches to human healthy aging attribute age-related decline to the biologically caused loss of cognitive-control functions. However, an embodied-cognition approach to aging implies a more interactive view according to which cognitive control emerges from, and relies on a person’s active encounters with his or her physical and social environment. We argue that the availability of cognitive-control resources does not only rely on biological processes but also on the degree of active maintenance, that is, on the systematic use of the available control resources. Unfortunately, there is evidence that the degree of actual use might systematically underestimate resource availability, which implies that elderly individuals do not fully exploit their cognitive potential. We discuss evidence for this possibility from three aging-related issues: the reduction of dopaminergic supply, loneliness, and the loss of body strength. All three phenomena point to a downward spiral, in which losses of cognitive-control resources do not only directly impair performance but also more indirectly discourage individuals from making use of them, which in turn suggests underuse and a lack of maintenance—leading to further loss. On the positive side, the possibility of underuse points to not yet fully exploited reservoirs of cognitive control, which calls for more systematic theorizing and experimentation on how cognitive control can be enhanced, as well as for reconsiderations of societal practices that are likely to undermine the active maintenance of control resources—such as retirement laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hommel
- Cognitive Psychology Unit and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden Netherlands
| | - Armin Kibele
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Kassel Germany
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van der Holst HM, van Uden IWM, Tuladhar AM, de Laat KF, van Norden AGW, Norris DG, van Dijk EJ, Esselink RAJ, Platel B, de Leeuw FE. Cerebral small vessel disease and incident parkinsonism: The RUN DMC study. Neurology 2015; 85:1569-77. [PMID: 26446068 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between baseline cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and the risk of incident parkinsonism using different MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures. METHODS In the Radboud University Nijmegen Diffusion Tensor and Magnetic Resonance Cohort (RUN DMC) study, a prospective cohort study, 503 elderly participants with SVD and without parkinsonism were included in 2006. During follow-up (2011-2012), parkinsonism was diagnosed according to UK Brain Bank criteria. Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the association between baseline imaging measures and incident all-cause parkinsonism and vascular parkinsonism (VP). Tract-based spatial statistics analysis was used to identify differences in baseline DTI measures of white matter (WM) tracts between participants with VP and without parkinsonism. RESULTS Follow-up was available from 501 participants (mean age 65.6 years; mean follow-up duration 5.2 years). Parkinsonism developed in 20 participants; 15 were diagnosed with VP. The 5-year risk of (any) parkinsonism was increased for those with a high white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume (hazard ratio [HR] 1.8 per SD increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-2.4) and a high number of lacunes (HR 1.4 per number increase, 95% CI 1.1-1.8) at baseline. For VP, this risk was also increased by the presence of microbleeds (HR 5.7, 95% CI 1.9-16.8) and a low gray matter volume (HR 0.4 per SD increase, 95% CI 0.2-0.8). Lower fractional anisotropy values in bifrontal WM tracts involved in movement control were observed in participants with VP compared to participants without parkinsonism. CONCLUSIONS SVD at baseline, especially a high WMH volume and a high number of lacunes, is associated with incident parkinsonism. Our findings favor a role of SVD in the etiology of parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M van der Holst
- From the Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (H.M.v.d.H., I.W.M.v.U., A.M.T., E.J.v.D., R.A.J.E., F.-E.d.L.), and Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging (A.M.T., D.G.N.), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (K.F.d.L.), HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.G.W.v.N.), Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, the Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D.G.N.), UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe Zollverein, Leitstand Kokerei Zollverein, Essen, Germany; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (D.G.N.), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (B.P.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Inge W M van Uden
- From the Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (H.M.v.d.H., I.W.M.v.U., A.M.T., E.J.v.D., R.A.J.E., F.-E.d.L.), and Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging (A.M.T., D.G.N.), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (K.F.d.L.), HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.G.W.v.N.), Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, the Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D.G.N.), UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe Zollverein, Leitstand Kokerei Zollverein, Essen, Germany; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (D.G.N.), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (B.P.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anil M Tuladhar
- From the Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (H.M.v.d.H., I.W.M.v.U., A.M.T., E.J.v.D., R.A.J.E., F.-E.d.L.), and Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging (A.M.T., D.G.N.), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (K.F.d.L.), HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.G.W.v.N.), Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, the Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D.G.N.), UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe Zollverein, Leitstand Kokerei Zollverein, Essen, Germany; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (D.G.N.), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (B.P.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karlijn F de Laat
- From the Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (H.M.v.d.H., I.W.M.v.U., A.M.T., E.J.v.D., R.A.J.E., F.-E.d.L.), and Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging (A.M.T., D.G.N.), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (K.F.d.L.), HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.G.W.v.N.), Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, the Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D.G.N.), UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe Zollverein, Leitstand Kokerei Zollverein, Essen, Germany; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (D.G.N.), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (B.P.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk G W van Norden
- From the Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (H.M.v.d.H., I.W.M.v.U., A.M.T., E.J.v.D., R.A.J.E., F.-E.d.L.), and Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging (A.M.T., D.G.N.), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (K.F.d.L.), HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.G.W.v.N.), Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, the Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D.G.N.), UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe Zollverein, Leitstand Kokerei Zollverein, Essen, Germany; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (D.G.N.), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (B.P.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David G Norris
- From the Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (H.M.v.d.H., I.W.M.v.U., A.M.T., E.J.v.D., R.A.J.E., F.-E.d.L.), and Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging (A.M.T., D.G.N.), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (K.F.d.L.), HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.G.W.v.N.), Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, the Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D.G.N.), UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe Zollverein, Leitstand Kokerei Zollverein, Essen, Germany; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (D.G.N.), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (B.P.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ewoud J van Dijk
- From the Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (H.M.v.d.H., I.W.M.v.U., A.M.T., E.J.v.D., R.A.J.E., F.-E.d.L.), and Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging (A.M.T., D.G.N.), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (K.F.d.L.), HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.G.W.v.N.), Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, the Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D.G.N.), UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe Zollverein, Leitstand Kokerei Zollverein, Essen, Germany; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (D.G.N.), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (B.P.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne A J Esselink
- From the Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (H.M.v.d.H., I.W.M.v.U., A.M.T., E.J.v.D., R.A.J.E., F.-E.d.L.), and Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging (A.M.T., D.G.N.), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (K.F.d.L.), HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.G.W.v.N.), Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, the Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D.G.N.), UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe Zollverein, Leitstand Kokerei Zollverein, Essen, Germany; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (D.G.N.), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (B.P.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Platel
- From the Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (H.M.v.d.H., I.W.M.v.U., A.M.T., E.J.v.D., R.A.J.E., F.-E.d.L.), and Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging (A.M.T., D.G.N.), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (K.F.d.L.), HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.G.W.v.N.), Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, the Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D.G.N.), UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe Zollverein, Leitstand Kokerei Zollverein, Essen, Germany; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (D.G.N.), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (B.P.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- From the Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology (H.M.v.d.H., I.W.M.v.U., A.M.T., E.J.v.D., R.A.J.E., F.-E.d.L.), and Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging (A.M.T., D.G.N.), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (K.F.d.L.), HagaZiekenhuis Den Haag, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.G.W.v.N.), Amphia Ziekenhuis Breda, the Netherlands; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (D.G.N.), UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe Zollverein, Leitstand Kokerei Zollverein, Essen, Germany; MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (D.G.N.), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (B.P.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Raudkivi K, Alttoa A, Leito I, Harro J. Differences in extracellular glutamate levels in striatum of rats with high and low exploratory activity. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:858-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pereira PA, Santos D, Neves J, Madeira MD, Paula-Barbosa MM. Nerve growth factor retrieves neuropeptide Y and cholinergic immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens of old rats. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1988-95. [PMID: 23540942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) contains high levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is involved in the regulation of functions and behaviors that deteriorate with aging. We sought to determine if aging alters NPY expression in this nucleus and, in the affirmative, if those changes are attributable to the cholinergic innervation of the NAc. The total number and the somatic volume of NPY- and choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurons, and the density of cholinergic varicosities were estimated in the NAc of adult (6 months old) and aged (24 months old) rats. In aged rats, the number of NPY neurons was reduced by 20% and their size was unaltered. The number of cholinergic neurons and the density of the cholinergic varicosities were unchanged, but their somas were hypertrophied. Nerve growth factor administration to aged rats further increased the volume of cholinergic neurons, augmented the density of the cholinergic varicosities, and reversed the age-related decrease in the number of NPY neurons. Our data show that the age-related changes in NPY levels in the NAc cannot be solely ascribed to the cholinergic innervation of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Pereira
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Paul K, Cox CL. Age-dependent actions of dopamine on inhibitory synaptic transmission in superficial layers of mouse prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 2012; 109:1323-32. [PMID: 23221420 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00756.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous developmental changes in the nervous system occur during the first several weeks of the rodent lifespan. Therefore, many characteristics of neuronal function described at the cellular level from in vitro slice experiments conducted during this early time period may not generalize to adult ages. We investigated the effect of dopamine (DA) on inhibitory synaptic transmission in superficial layers of the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) in prepubertal [postnatal age (P; days) 12-20], periadolescent (P30-48), and adult (P70-100) mice. The PFC is associated with higher-level cognitive functions, such as working memory, and is associated with initiation, planning, and execution of actions, as well as motivation and cognition. It is innervated by DA-releasing fibers that arise from the ventral tegmental area. In slices from prepubertal mice, DA produced a biphasic modulation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded in layer II/III pyramidal neurons. Activation of D2-like receptors leads to an early suppression of the evoked IPSC, which was followed by a longer-lasting facilitation of the IPSC mediated by D1-like DA receptors. In periadolescent mice, the D2 receptor-mediated early suppression was significantly smaller compared with the prepubertal animals and absent in adult animals. Furthermore, we found significant differences in the DA-mediated lasting enhancement of the inhibitory response among the developmental groups. Our findings suggest that behavioral paradigms that elicit dopaminergic release in the PFC differentially modulate inhibition of excitatory pyramidal neuron output in prepuberty compared with periadolescence and adulthood in the superficial layers (II/III) of the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Paul
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Scienceand Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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17
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Modulation of acetylcholine release by cholecystokinin in striatum: receptor specificity; role of dopaminergic neuronal activity. Brain Res Bull 2012; 89:177-84. [PMID: 22981453 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin, a neuroactive peptide functioning as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the central nervous system, mediates a number of processes and is implicated in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease, anxiety and schizophrenia. Striatum is one of the brain structures with the highest concentrations of CCK in the brain, rich in CCK receptors as well. The physiological effect of CCK on cholinergic interneurons, which are the major interneurons in striatum and the modulatory interactions which exist between dopamine, acetylcholine and cholecystokinin in this brain structure are still unclear. We studied the effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from striatal slices of the rat brain. CCK-8 (0.01-0.1μM) showed no statistically significant effect on the basal but enhanced dose-dependently the electrically (2Hz)-evoked release of [(3)H]ACh. When slices were preperfused with 100μM sulpiride, a selective dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist, the CCK-8 (0.01μM) effect on electrically stimulated ACh release was increased nearly 2-fold. A similar increase was observed after depletion of endogenous dopamine (DA) from nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (2× 250μg/animal, i.c.v.). Furthermore in the presence of dopamine (100μM) or apomorphine (10μM), the prototypical DA receptor agonist, CCK-8 (0.01μM) failed to enhance the stimulation-evoked release of [(3)H]ACh. The D(2) receptor agonist quinpirol (1μM) abolished the CCK-8 effect on electrically stimulated ACh release as well. The increase in electrically induced [(3)H]ACh release produced by 0.01μM CCK-8 was antagonized by d,l loxiglumide (CR 1505), 10μM, a non-peptide CCK-A receptor antagonist and by Suc-Tyr-(OSO3)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-β-phenethyl-amide (GE-410), 1μM, a peptide CCK-A receptor antagonist. The antagonistic effect of GE-410 on the CCK-8-potentiated, electrically induced release of [(3)H]ACh was studied in striatum for the first time. CAM 1028 (10μM), a CCK-B receptor antagonist, also prevented the potentiating effect of CCK-8 (0.01μM) on electrically stimulated release of [(3)H]ACh. The presented results indicate that (i) CCK-8 is capable of increasing ACh elicited by field electrical stimulation in striatum; (ii) CCK-8 is more effective in its ACh-stimulating effect when dopaminergic activity in striatum is blocked i.e. CCK-8-facilitated release of electrically induced ACh from cholinergic interneurons in the striatum is under the inhibitory control of the tonic activity of dopamine from the nigrostriatal pathway; (iii) the enhancing effect of CCK-8 on electrically evoked ACh release is mediated through both CCK-A and CCK-B cholecystokinin receptors located most likely on the cell bodies of cholinergic interneurons in striatum.
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Dirnberger G, Lang W, Lindinger G. Differential effects of age and executive functions on the resolution of the contingent negative variation: a reexamination of the frontal aging theory. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 32:323-335. [PMID: 20640552 PMCID: PMC2926855 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The "frontal aging theory" assumes the deterioration of executive/inhibitory functions as causal factors for the cognitive decline in human aging. The contingent negative variation resolution (CNV-R) is an electroencephalographic potential elicited after the second (informative) stimulus in warned Go/NoGo tasks requiring a response to one type of stimulus (Go) but not to the other (NoGo). Whereas the CNV-R across conditions is a measure of executive functions, the augmented potential in the NoGo condition is a specific measure of inhibitory processes. The aim was to examine the presumed linkage between executive processes and the CNV-R with special regard to inhibition in the NoGo condition, and to test whether any effects of age on this potential can be explained by a failure of (inhibitory) executive functions. Nineteen young and 15 elderly non-demented healthy volunteers were examined in a Go/NoGo CNV-R paradigm and on a test of executive functions focussed on set shifting (Trail Making test). Results showed: (1) Better executive functions are associated with higher amplitudes of the CNV-R across conditions. (2) The CNV-R is higher for elderly than younger subjects; this increment is much stronger in the NoGo condition. In conclusion, the CNV-R across conditions reflects executive processes such as the shift of motor set. A higher CNV-R for elderly subjects (particularly of the inhibition-related NoGo CNV-R) indicates that this group is not impaired in the available amount of executive control but may exert such control for task demands where young subjects do not require it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Dirnberger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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