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Wei D, Cai J, Qin F, Zhou Q, Xiong W, Xu C, Li C, Wu H. Structure-activity relationship of dual inhibitors containing maleimide and imidazole motifs against glutaminyl cyclase and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 110:129851. [PMID: 38906336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major cause of dementia and one of the most common chronic diseases affecting the aging population. Because AD is considered a public health priority, there is a critical need to discover novel and effective agents for the treatment of this condition. In view of the known contribution of up-regulated glutaminyl cyclase (QC) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) to the initiation of AD, we previously evaluated a series of dual inhibitors containing maleimide and imidazole motifs as potential anti-AD agents. Here, we assessed another series of hybrids containing maleimide and imidazole motifs to gain an in-depth understanding of the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Based on the primary screening, the introduction of 5-methyl imidazole at one side of the molecule did not enhance the QC-specific inhibitory activity of these hybrids (2, IC50 = 1.22 μM), although the potency was increased by 2' substitution on the maleimide motif at the other side of the molecule. Interestingly, compounds containing 5-methyl imidazole exhibited stronger GSK-3β-specific inhibitory activity (2, IC50 = 0.0021 μM), and the electron-withdrawing group and 2' and 3' substitution were favorable. Further investigation of substitutions on the maleimide motif in compounds 14-35 revealed that QC-specific inhibition in the presence of piperidine was improved by introduction of a methoxy group (R2). Increasing the linker length and introduction of a methoxy group (R2) also increased the GSK-3β-specific inhibitory potency. These findings were further confirmed by molecular docking analysis of 33 and 24 with QC and GSK-3β. Overall, these hybrids exhibited enhanced inhibitory potency against both QC and GSK-3β, highlighting an important strategy for improving the potency of hybrids as dual-targeting anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingjun Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiaxin Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feixia Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chenshu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Wirth S, Schlößer A, Beiersdorfer A, Schweizer M, Woo MS, Friese MA, Lohr C, Grochowska KM. Astrocytic uptake of posttranslationally modified amyloid-β leads to endolysosomal system disruption and induction of pro-inflammatory signaling. Glia 2024; 72:1451-1468. [PMID: 38629411 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The disruption of astrocytic catabolic processes contributes to the impairment of amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance, neuroinflammatory signaling, and the loss of synaptic contacts in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). While it is known that the posttranslational modifications of Aβ have significant implications on biophysical properties of the peptides, their consequences for clearance impairment are not well understood. It was previously shown that N-terminally pyroglutamylated Aβ3(pE)-42, a significant constituent of amyloid plaques, is efficiently taken up by astrocytes, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α and synapse loss. Here we report that Aβ3(pE)-42, but not Aβ1-42, gradually accumulates within the astrocytic endolysosomal system, disrupting this catabolic pathway and inducing the formation of heteromorphous vacuoles. This accumulation alters lysosomal kinetics, lysosome-dependent calcium signaling, and upregulates the lysosomal stress response. These changes correlate with the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and increased activity of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Treatment with a lysosomal protease inhibitor, E-64, rescues GFAP upregulation, NF-κB activation, and synapse loss, indicating that abnormal lysosomal protease activity is upstream of pro-inflammatory signaling and related synapse loss. Collectively, our data suggest that Aβ3(pE)-42-induced disruption of the astrocytic endolysosomal system leads to cytoplasmic leakage of lysosomal proteases, promoting pro-inflammatory signaling and synapse loss, hallmarks of AD-pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wirth
- Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Schlößer
- Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Beiersdorfer
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Core Facility of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel S Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lohr
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M Grochowska
- Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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3
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Marshall KE, Mengham K, Spink MC, Vania L, Pollard HJ, Darrow MC, Duke E, Harkiolaki M, Serpell LC. Correlative cryo-soft X-ray tomography and cryo-structured illumination microscopy reveal changes to lysosomes in amyloid-β-treated neurons. Structure 2024; 32:585-593.e3. [PMID: 38471506 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Protein misfolding is common to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is partly characterized by the self-assembly and accumulation of amyloid-beta in the brain. Lysosomes are a critical component of the proteostasis network required to degrade and recycle material from outside and within the cell and impaired proteostatic mechanisms have been implicated in NDs. We have previously established that toxic amyloid-beta oligomers are endocytosed, accumulate in lysosomes, and disrupt the endo-lysosomal system in neurons. Here, we use pioneering correlative cryo-structured illumination microscopy and cryo-soft X-ray tomography imaging techniques to reconstruct 3D cellular architecture in the native state revealing reduced X-ray density in lysosomes and increased carbon dense vesicles in oligomer treated neurons compared with untreated cells. This work provides unprecedented visual information on the changes to neuronal lysosomes inflicted by amyloid beta oligomers using advanced methods in structural cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Marshall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK.
| | - Kurtis Mengham
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Matthew C Spink
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Lyra Vania
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Hannah Jane Pollard
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Michele C Darrow
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Elizabeth Duke
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Louise C Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK.
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4
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Beretta C, Svensson E, Dakhel A, Zyśk M, Hanrieder J, Sehlin D, Michno W, Erlandsson A. Amyloid-β deposits in human astrocytes contain truncated and highly resistant proteoforms. Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 128:103916. [PMID: 38244652 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that develops over decades. Glial cells, including astrocytes are tightly connected to the AD pathogenesis, but their impact on disease progression is still unclear. Our previous data show that astrocytes take up large amounts of aggregated amyloid-beta (Aβ) but are unable to successfully degrade the material, which is instead stored intracellularly. The aim of the present study was to analyze the astrocytic Aβ deposits composition in detail in order to understand their role in AD propagation. For this purpose, human induced pluripotent cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes were exposed to sonicated Aβ42 fibrils and magnetic beads. Live cell imaging and immunocytochemistry confirmed that the ingested Aβ aggregates and beads were transported to the same lysosomal compartments in the perinuclear region, which allowed us to successfully isolate the Aβ deposits from the astrocytes. Using a battery of experimental techniques, including mass spectrometry, western blot, ELISA and electron microscopy we demonstrate that human astrocytes truncate and pack the Aβ aggregates in a way that makes them highly resistant. Moreover, the astrocytes release specifically truncated forms of Aβ via different routes and thereby expose neighboring cells to pathogenic proteins. Taken together, our study establishes a role for astrocytes in mediating Aβ pathology, which could be of relevance for identifying novel treatment targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beretta
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - E Svensson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, WC1N 1PJ London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - A Dakhel
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - M Zyśk
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - J Hanrieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-43180 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - D Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - W Michno
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Zagorski K, King O, Hovakimyan A, Petrushina I, Antonyan T, Chailyan G, Ghazaryan M, Hyrc KL, Chadarevian JP, Davtyan H, Blurton-Jones M, Cribbs DH, Agadjanyan MG, Ghochikyan A. Novel Vaccine against Pathological Pyroglutamate-Modified Amyloid Beta for Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9797. [PMID: 37372944 PMCID: PMC10298272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translationally modified N-terminally truncated amyloid beta peptide with a cyclized form of glutamate at position 3 (pE3Aβ) is a highly pathogenic molecule with increased neurotoxicity and propensity for aggregation. In the brains of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) cases, pE3Aβ represents a major constituent of the amyloid plaque. The data show that pE3Aβ formation is increased at early pre-symptomatic disease stages, while tau phosphorylation and aggregation mostly occur at later stages of the disease. This suggests that pE3Aβ accumulation may be an early event in the disease pathogenesis and can be prophylactically targeted to prevent the onset of AD. The vaccine (AV-1986R/A) was generated by chemically conjugating the pE3Aβ3-11 fragment to our universal immunogenic vaccine platform MultiTEP, then formulated in AdvaxCpG adjuvant. AV-1986R/A showed high immunogenicity and selectivity, with endpoint titers in the range of 105-106 against pE3Aβ and 103-104 against the full-sized peptide in the 5XFAD AD mouse model. The vaccination showed efficient clearance of the pathology, including non-pyroglutamate-modified plaques, from the mice brains. AV-1986R/A is a novel promising candidate for the immunoprevention of AD. It is the first late preclinical candidate which selectively targets a pathology-specific form of amyloid with minimal immunoreactivity against the full-size peptide. Successful translation into clinic may offer a new avenue for the prevention of AD via vaccination of cognitively unimpaired individuals at risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Zagorski
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Olga King
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Armine Hovakimyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Irina Petrushina
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (I.P.); (J.P.C.); (H.D.); (M.B.-J.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Tatevik Antonyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Gor Chailyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Manush Ghazaryan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Krzysztof L. Hyrc
- The Hope Center of Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (I.P.); (J.P.C.); (H.D.); (M.B.-J.); (D.H.C.)
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (I.P.); (J.P.C.); (H.D.); (M.B.-J.); (D.H.C.)
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (I.P.); (J.P.C.); (H.D.); (M.B.-J.); (D.H.C.)
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David H. Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (I.P.); (J.P.C.); (H.D.); (M.B.-J.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Michael G. Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
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6
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Li B, Ma Z, Li Z. A novel regulator in Alzheimer's disease progression: The astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101871. [PMID: 36736378 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known as an age-related irreversible neurodegenerative disease. AD seriously endangers the health of the elderly, but there is still no effective treatment. In the past several decades, the significant role of astrocytes in the process of AD has been universally acknowledged. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as an essential mediator in intercellular communication and participate in various pathophysiological processes by carrying and transporting diverse cargoes. Moreover, specific conditions and stimuli can modulate the amount and properties of astrocyte-derived EVs (ADEVs) to affect AD progression. Thus, recent studies focused on the involvement of ADEVs in the pathogenesis of AD and the potential application of ADEVs in the diagnosis and treatment of AD, which provides a new direction and possibility for revealing the mystery of AD. Interestingly, it can be concluded that ADEVs have both pathogenic and protective effects in the process of AD through a comprehensive generalization. In this review, we aim to summarize the multi-faces of ADEVs effects on AD development, which can provide a novel strategy to investigate the underlying mechanism in AD. We also summarize the current ADEVs clinically relevant studies to raise the potential use of ADEVs in the discovery of novel biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.; School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhixin Ma
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China..
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7
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Xie Y, Chen C, Lin S, Yu X, Ye S, Chen X, Ouyang N, Xiong W, Li C, Xu C, Song G, Wu H. Design, synthesis and anti-AD effects of dual inhibitor targeting glutaminyl cyclase/GSK-3β. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115089. [PMID: 36638710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), multifactorial disease, is recognized as one of the most common forms of dementia, and the efficacy of anti-AD drugs is limited clinically. Up-regulated glutaminyl cyclase (QC) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) have been identified as two critical elements involved in AD recently. Here, a series of novel chemicals containing maleimide and imidazole motif were designed and synthesized as dual inhibitors targeting QC and GSK-3β. Based on primary screening, compound 2 (2.26 μM), 5 (2.37 μM), 8 (1.34 μM), 21 (2.44 μM), 25 (0.36 μM), 27 (1.76 μM), 28 (1.04 μM), 33 (2.08 μM) and 34 (2.33 μM) exhibited notable human QC (hQC) inhibitory potency, while compound 1 (0.014 μM), 7 (0.04 μM), 8 (0.057 μM), 19 (0.034 μM), 24 (0.014 μM), 32 (0.032 μM), 38 (0.051 μM), 39 (0.044 μM), 44 (0.048 μM), 47 (0.011 μM), 49 (0.021 μM) and so on showed remarkable GSK-3β inhibitory activities. And as expected, these chemicals possessed significant inhibitory potency on both hQC and GSK-3β, such as compound 1 (2.80 and 0.014 μM), 8 (1.34 and 0.057 μM), 25 (0.36 and 0.15 μM), 27 (1.76 and 0.069 μM), 28 (1.04 and 0.090 μM), 33 (2.08 and 0.19 μM), 34 (2.33 and 0.11 μM), 35 (2.55 and 0.14 μM), 36 (2.34 and 0.11 μM), etc. Subsequent in vivo studies demonstrated that compound 8 attenuated cognitive deficits and decreased the anxiety-like behavior in 3 × Tg-AD mice. The treatment decreased both pE-Aβ and Aβ accumulation by inhibiting the activity of QC, and decreased the hyperphosphorylation of Tau by reducing the levels of GSK-3β in the brains of AD mice. Results obtained in this research suggested that these novel compounds could be supposed as potential anti-AD agents targeting QC and GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Xie
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shujing Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xi Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuixian Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Na Ouyang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chenshu Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Guoli Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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8
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Gomes P, Tzouanou F, Skolariki K, Vamvaka-Iakovou A, Noguera-Ortiz C, Tsirtsaki K, Waites CL, Vlamos P, Sousa N, Costa-Silva B, Kapogiannis D, Sotiropoulos I. Extracellular vesicles and Alzheimer's disease in the novel era of Precision Medicine: implications for disease progression, diagnosis and treatment. Exp Neurol 2022; 358:114183. [PMID: 35952764 PMCID: PMC9985072 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted membranous nano-sized particles, are critical intercellular messengers participating in nervous system homeostasis, while recent evidence implicates EVs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Specifically, small EVs have been shown to spread toxic proteins, induce neuronal loss, and contribute to neuroinflammation and AD progression. On the other hand, EVs can reduce amyloid-beta deposition and transfer neuroprotective substances between cells, mitigating disease mechanisms. In addition to their roles in AD pathogenesis, EVs also exhibit great potential for the diagnosis and treatment of other brain disorders, representing an advantageous tool for Precision Medicine. Herein, we summarize the contribution of small EVs to AD-related mechanisms and disease progression, as well as their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Foteini Tzouanou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anastasia Vamvaka-Iakovou
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Institute of Biosciences & Applications NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Carlos Noguera-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katerina Tsirtsaki
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Clarissa L Waites
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Institute of Biosciences & Applications NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.
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9
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McKendell AK, Houser MCQ, Mitchell SPC, Wolfe MS, Berezovska O, Maesako M. In-Depth Characterization of Endo-Lysosomal Aβ in Intact Neurons. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080663. [PMID: 36005059 PMCID: PMC9406119 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are produced within neurons. Some peptides are released into the brain parenchyma, while others are retained inside the neurons. However, the detection of intracellular Aβ remains a challenge since antibodies against Aβ capture Aβ and its precursor proteins (i.e., APP and C99). To overcome this drawback, we recently developed 1) the C99 720-670 biosensor for recording γ-secretase activity and 2) a unique multiplexed immunostaining platform that enables the selective detection of intracellular Aβ with subcellular resolution. Using these new assays, we showed that C99 is predominantly processed by γ-secretase in late endosomes and lysosomes, and intracellular Aβ is enriched in the same subcellular loci in intact neurons. However, the detailed properties of Aβ in the acidic compartments remain unclear. Here, we report using fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) that intracellular Aβ includes both long Aβ intermediates bound to γ-secretase and short peptides dissociated from the protease complex. Surprisingly, our results also suggest that the dissociated Aβ is bound to the glycoproteins on the inner membrane of lysosomes. Furthermore, we show striking cell-to-cell heterogeneity in intracellular Aβ levels in primary neurons and APP transgenic mouse brains. These findings provide a basis for the further investigation of the role(s) of intracellular Aβ and its relevance to Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec K. McKendell
- Alzheimer Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mei C. Q. Houser
- Alzheimer Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Shane P. C. Mitchell
- Alzheimer Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michael S. Wolfe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Rd, Lawrence, Kansas City, KS 66045, USA
| | - Oksana Berezovska
- Alzheimer Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Masato Maesako
- Alzheimer Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-724-2579
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10
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N-terminally truncated Aβ4-x proteoforms and their relevance for Alzheimer's pathophysiology. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:30. [PMID: 35641972 PMCID: PMC9158284 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular heterogeneity of Alzheimer’s amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits extends well beyond the classic Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 dichotomy, substantially expanded by multiple post-translational modifications that increase the proteome diversity. Numerous truncated fragments consistently populate the brain Aβ peptidome, and their homeostatic regulation and potential contribution to disease pathogenesis are largely unknown. Aβ4-x peptides have been reported as major components of plaque cores and the limited studies available indicate their relative abundance in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the topographic distribution of Aβ4-x species in well-characterized AD cases using custom-generated monoclonal antibody 18H6—specific for Aβ4-x species and blind for full-length Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42—in conjunction with thioflavin-S and antibodies recognizing Aβx-40 and Aβx-42 proteoforms. Circular dichroism, thioflavin-T binding, and electron microscopy evaluated the biophysical and aggregation/oligomerization properties of full-length and truncated synthetic homologues, whereas stereotaxic intracerebral injections of monomeric and oligomeric radiolabeled homologues in wild-type mice were used to evaluate their brain clearance characteristics. Results All types of amyloid deposits contained the probed Aβ epitopes, albeit expressed in different proportions. Aβ4-x species showed preferential localization within thioflavin-S-positive cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cored plaques, strongly suggesting poor clearance characteristics and consistent with the reduced solubility and enhanced oligomerization of their synthetic homologues. In vivo clearance studies demonstrated a fast brain efflux of N-terminally truncated and full-length monomeric forms whereas their oligomeric counterparts—particularly of Aβ4-40 and Aβ4-42—consistently exhibited enhanced brain retention. Conclusions The persistence of aggregation-prone Aβ4-x proteoforms likely contributes to the process of amyloid formation, self-perpetuating the amyloidogenic loop and exacerbating amyloid-mediated pathogenic pathways.
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11
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Long HZ, Cheng Y, Zhou ZW, Luo HY, Wen DD, Gao LC. The key roles of organelles and ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1257-1280. [PMID: 35293012 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disease, is a striking global health problem. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation products and the accumulation of lethal reactive oxygen species. Strict regulation of iron metabolism is essential to ensure neuronal homeostasis. Excess and deficiency of iron are both associated with neurodegeneration. Studies have shown that oxidative stress caused by cerebral iron metabolism disorders in the body is involved in the process of AD, ferroptosis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD, and regulating ferroptosis is expected to be a new direction for the treatment of AD. Various organelles are closely related to ferroptosis: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome are involved in the regulation of ferroptosis from the aspects of iron metabolism and redox imbalance. In this review, the relationship between AD and the dysfunction of organelles (including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, and Golgi apparatus) and the role of organelles in ferroptosis of AD were reviewed to provide insights for understanding the relationship between organelles and ferroptosis in AD and the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhi Long
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Li-Chen Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
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12
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Yoon MC, Solania A, Jiang Z, Christy MP, Podvin S, Mosier C, Lietz CB, Ito G, Gerwick WH, Wolan DW, Hook G, O’Donoghue AJ, Hook V. Selective Neutral pH Inhibitor of Cathepsin B Designed Based on Cleavage Preferences at Cytosolic and Lysosomal pH Conditions. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1628-1643. [PMID: 34416110 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a cysteine protease that normally functions within acidic lysosomes for protein degradation, but in numerous human diseases, cathepsin B translocates to the cytosol having neutral pH where the enzyme activates inflammation and cell death. Cathepsin B is active at both the neutral pH 7.2 of the cytosol and the acidic pH 4.6 within lysosomes. We evaluated the hypothesis that cathepsin B may possess pH-dependent cleavage preferences that can be utilized for design of a selective neutral pH inhibitor by (1) analysis of differential cathepsin B cleavage profiles at neutral pH compared to acidic pH using multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry (MSP-MS), (2) design of pH-selective peptide-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) substrates, and (3) design and validation of Z-Arg-Lys-acyloxymethyl ketone (AOMK) as a selective neutral pH inhibitor. Cathepsin B displayed preferences for cleaving peptides with Arg in the P2 position at pH 7.2 and Glu in the P2 position at pH 4.6, represented by its primary dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase and modest endopeptidase activity. These properties led to design of the substrate Z-Arg-Lys-AMC having neutral pH selectivity, and its modification with the AOMK warhead to result in the inhibitor Z-Arg-Lys-AOMK. This irreversible inhibitor displays nanomolar potency with 100-fold selectivity for inhibition of cathepsin B at pH 7.2 compared to pH 4.6, shows specificity for cathepsin B over other cysteine cathepsins, and is cell permeable and inhibits intracellular cathepsin B. These findings demonstrate that cathepsin B possesses pH-dependent cleavage properties that can lead to development of a potent, neutral pH inhibitor of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Angelo Solania
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mitchell P. Christy
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher B. Lietz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Gen Ito
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dennis W. Wolan
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Sciences Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Xu C, Wang YN, Wu H. Glutaminyl Cyclase, Diseases, and Development of Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6549-6565. [PMID: 34000808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate (pE) modification, catalyzed mainly by glutaminyl cyclase (QC), is prevalent throughout nature and is particularly important in mammals including humans for the maturation of hormones, peptides, and proteins. In humans, the upregulation of QC is involved in multiple diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, melanomas, thyroid carcinomas, accelerated atherosclerosis, septic arthritics, etc. This upregulation catalyzes the generation of modified mediators such as pE-amyloid beta (Aß) and pE-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) peptides. Not surprisingly, QC has emerged as a reasonable target for the development of therapeutics to combat these diseases and conditions. In this manuscript the deleterious effects of upregulated QC resulting in disease manifestation are reviewed, along with progress on the development of QC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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14
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Pistono C, Bister N, Stanová I, Malm T. Glia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Role in Central Nervous System Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:623771. [PMID: 33569385 PMCID: PMC7868382 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are crucial for the maintenance of correct neuronal functionality in a physiological state and intervene to restore the equilibrium when environmental or pathological conditions challenge central nervous system homeostasis. The communication between glial cells and neurons is essential and extracellular vesicles (EVs) take part in this function by transporting a plethora of molecules with the capacity to influence the function of the recipient cells. EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, are a heterogeneous group of biogenetically distinct double membrane-enclosed vesicles. Once released from the cell, these two types of vesicles are difficult to discern, thus we will call them with the general term of EVs. This review is focused on the EVs secreted by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, aiming to shed light on their influence on neurons and on the overall homeostasis of the central nervous system functions. We collect evidence on neuroprotective and homeostatic effects of glial EVs, including neuronal plasticity. On the other hand, current knowledge of the detrimental effects of the EVs in pathological conditions is addressed. Finally, we propose directions for future studies and we evaluate the potential of EVs as a therapeutic treatment for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Pistono
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nea Bister
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Iveta Stanová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Extracellular vesicles from amyloid-β exposed cell cultures induce severe dysfunction in cortical neurons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19656. [PMID: 33184307 PMCID: PMC7661699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by a substantial loss of neurons and synapses throughout the brain. The exact mechanism behind the neurodegeneration is still unclear, but recent data suggests that spreading of amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology via extracellular vesicles (EVs) may contribute to disease progression. We have previously shown that an incomplete degradation of Aβ42 protofibrils by astrocytes results in the release of EVs containing neurotoxic Aβ. Here, we describe the cellular mechanisms behind EV-associated neurotoxicity in detail. EVs were isolated from untreated and Aβ42 protofibril exposed neuroglial co-cultures, consisting mainly of astrocytes. The EVs were added to cortical neurons for 2 or 4 days and the neurodegenerative processes were followed with immunocytochemistry, time-lapse imaging and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Addition of EVs from Aβ42 protofibril exposed co-cultures resulted in synaptic loss, severe mitochondrial impairment and apoptosis. TEM analysis demonstrated that the EVs induced axonal swelling and vacuolization of the neuronal cell bodies. Interestingly, EV exposed neurons also displayed pathological lamellar bodies of cholesterol deposits in lysosomal compartments. Taken together, our data show that the secretion of EVs from Aβ exposed cells induces neuronal dysfunction in several ways, indicating a central role for EVs in the progression of Aβ-induced pathology.
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16
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Argentati C, Tortorella I, Bazzucchi M, Emiliani C, Morena F, Martino S. The Other Side of Alzheimer's Disease: Influence of Metabolic Disorder Features for Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E115. [PMID: 32899957 PMCID: PMC7563360 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the amyloid cascade hypothesis is the dominant model to explain Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. By this hypothesis, the inherited genetic form of AD is discriminated from the sporadic form of AD (SAD) that accounts for 85-90% of total patients. The cause of SAD is still unclear, but several studies have shed light on the involvement of environmental factors and multiple susceptibility genes, such as Apolipoprotein E and other genetic risk factors, which are key mediators in different metabolic pathways (e.g., glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, energetic metabolism, and inflammation). Furthermore, growing clinical evidence in AD patients highlighted the presence of affected systemic organs and blood similarly to the brain. Collectively, these findings revise the canonical understating of AD pathogenesis and suggest that AD has metabolic disorder features. This review will focus on AD as a metabolic disorder and highlight the contribution of this novel understanding on the identification of new biomarkers for improving an early AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (C.E.); (F.M.)
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17
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Hook V, Yoon M, Mosier C, Ito G, Podvin S, Head BP, Rissman R, O'Donoghue AJ, Hook G. Cathepsin B in neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and related brain disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140428. [PMID: 32305689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of Alzheimer's disease (AD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and related brain disorders have provided extensive evidence for involvement of cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, in mediating the behavioral deficits and neuropathology of these neurodegenerative diseases. This review integrates findings of cathepsin B regulation in clinical biomarker studies, animal model genetic and inhibitor evaluations, structural studies, and lysosomal cell biological mechanisms in AD, TBI, and related brain disorders. The results together indicate the role of cathepsin B in the behavioral deficits and neuropathology of these disorders. Lysosomal leakage occurs in AD and TBI, and related neurodegeneration, which leads to the hypothesis that cathepsin B is redistributed from the lysosome to the cytosol where it initiates cell death and inflammation processes associated with neurodegeneration. These results together implicate cathepsin B as a major contributor to these neuropathological changes and behavioral deficits. These findings support the investigation of cathepsin B as a potential drug target for therapeutic discovery and treatment of AD, TBI, and TBI-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America.
| | - Michael Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gen Ito
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian P Head
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory Hook
- American Life Sciences Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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18
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Acero G, Garay C, Venegas D, Ortega E, Gevorkian G. Novel monoclonal antibody 3B8 specifically recognizes pyroglutamate-modified amyloid β 3-42 peptide in brain of AD patients and 3xTg-AD transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 724:134876. [PMID: 32114116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the full-length beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ 1-40/42), several Aβ variants, truncated at their N- or C-termini and bearing different post-translational modifications, have been detected in the brain of Alzheimer´s disease (AD) patients. AβN3(pE), an Aβ peptide bearing an amino-terminal pyroglutamate at position 3, is a significant constituent of intracellular, extracellular and vascular Aβ deposits in brain tissue from individuals with AD and Down syndrome. Pioneering immunotherapy studies have primarily focused on the full-length Aβ peptide, disregarding the presence of N-truncated/modified species. However, in recent years, increasing attention has been directed towards AβN3(pE), in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. In the present study, we generated and characterized an anti-AβN3(pE) mouse monoclonal antibody (3B8) that recognizes amyloid aggregates in brain tissue from AD patients and in 3xTg-AD transgenic mice. To identify the epitope recognized by 3B8, a library of random heptapeptides fused to the minor coat protein of M13 phage was screened. Results from screening, along with those from ELISA assays against distinct Aβ fragments, suggest recognition of two conformational epitopes present in AβN3(pE) and Aβ 3-42, regardless of the glutamate-pyroglutamate modification. The novel 3B8 antibody may be useful in future therapeutic and diagnostic applications for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Acero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Claudia Garay
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - David Venegas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CDMX, CP, 04510, Mexico.
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19
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Bergkvist L, Du Z, Elovsson G, Appelqvist H, Itzhaki LS, Kumita JR, Kågedal K, Brorsson AC. Mapping pathogenic processes contributing to neurodegeneration in Drosophila models of Alzheimer's disease. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:338-350. [PMID: 31823504 PMCID: PMC7050262 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting millions of people and currently lacking available disease‐modifying treatments. Appropriate disease models are necessary to investigate disease mechanisms and potential treatments. Drosophila melanogaster models of AD include the Aβ fly model and the AβPP‐BACE1 fly model. In the Aβ fly model, the Aβ peptide is fused to a secretion sequence and directly overexpressed. In the AβPP‐BACE1 model, human AβPP and human BACE1 are expressed in the fly, resulting in in vivo production of Aβ peptides and other AβPP cleavage products. Although these two models have been used for almost two decades, the underlying mechanisms resulting in neurodegeneration are not yet clearly understood. In this study, we have characterized toxic mechanisms in these two AD fly models. We detected neuronal cell death and increased protein carbonylation (indicative of oxidative stress) in both AD fly models. In the Aβ fly model, this correlates with high Aβ1–42 levels and down‐regulation of the levels of mRNA encoding lysosomal‐associated membrane protein 1, lamp1 (a lysosomal marker), while in the AβPP‐BACE1 fly model, neuronal cell death correlates with low Aβ1–42 levels, up‐regulation of lamp1 mRNA levels and increased levels of C‐terminal fragments. In addition, a significant amount of AβPP/Aβ antibody (4G8)‐positive species, located close to the endosomal marker rab5, was detected in the AβPP‐BACE1 model. Taken together, this study highlights the similarities and differences in the toxic mechanisms which result in neuronal death in two different AD fly models. Such information is important to consider when utilizing these models to study AD pathogenesis or screening for potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Bergkvist
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Zhen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Greta Elovsson
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Hanna Appelqvist
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | | | - Janet R Kumita
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Katarina Kågedal
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christin Brorsson
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Sweden
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20
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Pistono C, Bister N, Stanová I, Malm T. Glia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Role in Central Nervous System Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020. [PMID: 33569385 DOI: 10.3389/cell.2020.623771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are crucial for the maintenance of correct neuronal functionality in a physiological state and intervene to restore the equilibrium when environmental or pathological conditions challenge central nervous system homeostasis. The communication between glial cells and neurons is essential and extracellular vesicles (EVs) take part in this function by transporting a plethora of molecules with the capacity to influence the function of the recipient cells. EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, are a heterogeneous group of biogenetically distinct double membrane-enclosed vesicles. Once released from the cell, these two types of vesicles are difficult to discern, thus we will call them with the general term of EVs. This review is focused on the EVs secreted by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, aiming to shed light on their influence on neurons and on the overall homeostasis of the central nervous system functions. We collect evidence on neuroprotective and homeostatic effects of glial EVs, including neuronal plasticity. On the other hand, current knowledge of the detrimental effects of the EVs in pathological conditions is addressed. Finally, we propose directions for future studies and we evaluate the potential of EVs as a therapeutic treatment for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Pistono
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nea Bister
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Iveta Stanová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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21
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Wirths O, Zampar S. Emerging roles of N- and C-terminally truncated Aβ species in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:991-1004. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1702972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Costa-Marques L, Arnold K, Pardon MC, Leovsky C, Swarbrick S, Fabian C, Stolzing A. Transplantation of bone marrow derived macrophages reduces markers of neuropathology in an APP/PS1 mouse model. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:33. [PMID: 31636901 PMCID: PMC6790992 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated early hallmarks of putative therapeutic effects following systemic transplantation of bone marrow derived macrophages (BM-M) in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Method BM-M were transplanted into the tail vein and the animals analysed 1 month later. Results BM-M transplantation promoted the reduction of the amyloid beta [37-42] plaque number and size in the cortex and hippocampus of the treated mice, but no change in the more heavily modified pyroglutamate amyloid beta E3 plaques. The number of phenotypically 'small' microglia increased in the hippocampus. Astrocyte size decreased overall, indicating a reduction of activated astrocytes. Gene expression of interleukin 6 and 10, interferon-gamma, and prostaglandin E receptor 2 was significantly lower in the hippocampus, while interleukin 10 expression was elevated in the cortex of the treated mice. Conclusions BM-M systemically transplanted, promote a decrease in neuroinflammation and a limited reversion of amyloid pathology. This exploratory study may support the potential of BM-M or microglia-like cell therapy and further illuminates the mechanisms of action associated with such transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Costa-Marques
- 1Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK
| | - Katrin Arnold
- 2Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Pardon
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Samantha Swarbrick
- 1Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK
| | - Claire Fabian
- 2Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stolzing
- 1Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK.,4Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Lambeth T, Riggs DL, Talbert LE, Tang J, Coburn E, Kang AS, Noll J, Augello C, Ford BD, Julian RR. Spontaneous Isomerization of Long-Lived Proteins Provides a Molecular Mechanism for the Lysosomal Failure Observed in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1387-1395. [PMID: 31482121 PMCID: PMC6716341 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteinaceous aggregation is a well-known observable in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but failure and storage of lysosomal bodies within neurons is equally ubiquitous and actually precedes bulk accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaque. In fact, AD shares many similarities with certain lysosomal storage disorders though establishing a biochemical connection has proven difficult. Herein, we demonstrate that isomerization and epimerization, which are spontaneous chemical modifications that occur in long-lived proteins, prevent digestion by the proteases in the lysosome (namely, the cathepsins). For example, isomerization of aspartic acid into l-isoAsp prevents digestion of the N-terminal portion of Aβ by cathepsin L, one of the most aggressive lysosomal proteases. Similar results were obtained after examination of various target peptides with a full series of cathepsins, including endo-, amino-, and carboxy-peptidases. In all cases peptide fragments too long for transporter recognition or release from the lysosome persisted after treatment, providing a mechanism for eventual lysosomal storage and bridging the gap between AD and lysosomal storage disorders. Additional experiments with microglial cells confirmed that isomerization disrupts proteolysis in active lysosomes. These results are easily rationalized in terms of protease active sites, which are engineered to precisely orient the peptide backbone and cannot accommodate the backbone shift caused by isoaspartic acid or side chain dislocation resulting from epimerization. Although Aβ is known to be isomerized and epimerized in plaques present in AD brains, we further establish that the rates of modification for aspartic acid in positions 1 and 7 are fast and could accrue prior to plaque formation. Spontaneous chemistry can therefore provide modified substrates capable of inducing gradual lysosomal failure, which may play an important role in the cascade of events leading to the disrupted proteostasis, amyloid formation, and tauopathies associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
R. Lambeth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Dylan L. Riggs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lance E. Talbert
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jin Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Emily Coburn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Amrik S. Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jessica Noll
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Catherine Augello
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Byron D. Ford
- Division
of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan R. Julian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- E-mail:
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24
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Cheng D, Tan Q, Zhu Q, Zhang J, Han X, Fang P, Jin W, Liu X. TFEB Probably Involved in Midazolam-Disturbed Lysosomal Homeostasis and Its Induced β-Amyloid Accumulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:108. [PMID: 31164812 PMCID: PMC6536689 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, and β-amyloid (Aβ) plays a leading role in the pathogenesis of AD. The transcription factor EB (TFEB), a main regulating factor of autophagy and lysosome biosynthesis, is involved in the pathogenesis of AD by regulating autophagy-lysosomal pathways. To date, the choice of anesthetics during surgery in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and evaluation of the effects and underlying mechanisms in these patients have rarely been reported. In this study, the HEK293-APP cells overexpressing APP and Hela cells were used. The cells were treated with midazolam at different concentrations and at different times, then lysosomes were stained by lysotracker and their morphology was observed under a fluorescence microscope. The number and size of lysosomes were analyzed using the ImageJ software. The levels of TFEB in the nucleus and APP-cleaved intracellular proteins were detected by nuclear separation and Western Blot. Finally, ELISA was used to detect the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the cells after drug treatment. We found that 30 μM midazolam decreased the number of lysosomes and increased its size in HEK293 and HeLa cells. However, 15 μM midazolam transiently disturbed lysosomal homeostasis at 24 h and recovered it at 36 h. Notably, there was no significant difference in the extent to which lysosomal homeostasis was disturbed between treatments of different concentrations of midazolam at 24 h. In addition, 30 μM midazolam prevents the transport of TFEB to the nucleus in either normal or starved cells. Finally, the intracellular C-terminal fragment β (CTFβ), CTFα, Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were all significantly elevated in 30 μM midazolam-treated HKE293-APP cells. Collectively, the inhibition of TFEB transport to the nucleus may be involved in midazolam-disturbed lysosomal homeostasis and its induced Aβ accumulation in vitro. The results indicated the risk of accelerating the pathogenesis of AD by midazolam and suggested that TFEB might be a candidate target for reduction of midazolam-dependent neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qilian Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qianyun Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiqian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Panpan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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25
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van Weering JRT, Scheper W. Endolysosome and Autolysosome Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: Where Intracellular and Extracellular Meet. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:639-648. [PMID: 31165364 PMCID: PMC6647502 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disturbed proteostasis as reflected by a massive accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates is a central feature in Alzheimer's disease. Proteostatic disturbances may be caused by a shift in protein production and clearance. Whereas rare genetic causes of the disease affect the production side, sporadic cases appear to be directed by dysfunction in protein clearance. This review focusses on the involvement of lysosome-mediated clearance. Autophagy is a degradational system where intracellular components are degraded by lysosomal organelles. In addition, "outside-to-inside" trafficking through the endosomes converges with the autolysosomal pathway, thereby bringing together intracellular and extracellular components. Recent findings demonstrate that disturbance in the endo- and autolysosomal pathway induces "inside-to-outside" communication via induction of unconventional secretion, which may bear relevance to the spreading of disease pathology through the brain. The involvement of these pathways in the pathogenesis of the disease is discussed with an outlook to the opportunities it provides for diagnostics as well as therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R. T. van Weering
- 0000 0004 1754 9227grid.12380.38Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,0000000084992262grid.7177.6Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wiep Scheper
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit (VU), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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26
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Wang L, Han X, Qu G, Su L, Zhao B, Miao J. A pH probe inhibits senescence in mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:343. [PMID: 30526663 PMCID: PMC6286523 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are gradually getting attention because of its multi-directional differentiation potential, hematopoietic support, and promotion of stem cell implantation. However, cultured BMSCs in vitro possess a very limited proliferation potential, and the presence of stem cell aging has substantially restricted the effect together with the efficiency in clinical treatment. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the connection between cellular aging and lysosomal acidification as new reports indicated that vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase) activity was altered and lysosomal pH was dysregulated in the process of cellular aging. Therefore, promoting lysosomal acidification might contribute to inhibition of cell senescence. Our previous studies showed that a novel small molecule, 3-butyl-1-chloro imidazo [1, 5-a] pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (SGJ), could selectively and sensitively respond to acidic pH with fast response (within 3 min), but whether SGJ can promote lysosomal acidification and inhibit senescence in BMSCs is unknown. METHODS Rat BMSCs were cultured based on our system that had been already documented. BMSCs were treated with SGJ and/or Bafilomycin-A1 (Baf-A1). The co-localization between SGJ and lysosomes was assessed by a confocal microscope. Acridine orange (AO) staining and the Lysosensor™ Green DND-189 reagents were used for indicating changes in lysosomal concentration of H+. Changes of senescence were detected by immunoblotting of p21 and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining as well as immunofluorescence assay of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF). Changes of autophagy were detected by immunoblotting of MAP1LC3 (LC3B) and SQSTM1 (p62). Cell proliferation was determined by flow cytometry. Cell viability was calculated by sulforhodamine B assay (SRB). The V0 proton channel of v-ATPase was knocked down by transfecting with its small interfering RNA (si-ATP6V0C). RESULTS Our work showed that SGJ can promote lysosomal acidification and inhibit senescence in BMSCs. Firstly, SGJ and lysosomes were well co-located in senescent BMSCs with the co-localization coefficient of 0.94. Secondly, SGJ increased the concentration of H+ and the protein expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2). Thirdly, SGJ suppressed the expression of p21 in the senescent BMSCs and reduced SA-β-gal positive cells. Fourthly, SGJ promoted senescent BMSCs' proliferation and protein level of LC3B but reduced the p62/SQSTM1 protein level. Furthermore, experimental group pretreated with 20 μM SGJ showed a stronger red fluorescent intensity, thinner cell morphology, less SA-β-gal positive cell, and less p21 protein level as well as higher cell viability in the presence of Baf-A1. Notably, ATP6V0C knockdown decreased the activity of v-ATPase and SGJ increased the concentration of H+. CONCLUSION Our work showed that SGJ could inhibit senescence in BMSCs and protect lysosomes by promoting expression of LAMP1 and LAMP2. Meanwhile, SGJ could promote autophagy. Furthermore, our study also suggested that SGJ was a new Baf-A1 antagonist because SGJ could target and occupy the V0 proton channel of v-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjing Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojing Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junying Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Maysinger D, Ji J, Moquin A, Hossain S, Hancock MA, Zhang I, Chang PK, Rigby M, Anthonisen M, Grütter P, Breitner J, McKinney RA, Reimann S, Haag R, Multhaup G. Dendritic Polyglycerol Sulfates in the Prevention of Synaptic Loss and Mechanism of Action on Glia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:260-271. [PMID: 29078046 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic polyglycerols (dPG), particularly dendritic polyglycerol sulfates (dPGS), have been intensively studied due to their intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity. As related to brain pathologies involving neuroinflammation, the current study examined if dPG and dPGS can (i) regulate neuroglial activation, and (ii) normalize the morphology and function of excitatory postsynaptic dendritic spines adversely affected by the neurotoxic 42 amino acid amyloid-β (Aβ42) peptide of Alzheimer disease (AD). The exact role of neuroglia, such as microglia and astrocytes, remains controversial especially their positive and negative impact on inflammatory processes in AD. To test dPGS effectiveness in AD models we used primary neuroglia and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures exposed to Aβ42 peptide. Overall, our data indicate that dPGS is taken up by both microglia and astrocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The mechanism of action of dPGS involves binding to Aβ42, i.e., a direct interaction between dPGS and Aβ42 species interfered with Aβ fibril formation and reduced the production of the neuroinflammagen lipocalin-2 (LCN2) mainly in astrocytes. Moreover, dPGS normalized the impairment of neuroglia and prevented the loss of dendritic spines at excitatory synapses in the hippocampus. In summary, dPGS has desirable therapeutic properties that may help reduce amyloid-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Maysinger
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Jeff Ji
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Alexandre Moquin
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Shireen Hossain
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Mark A. Hancock
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Issan Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Philip K.Y. Chang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Matthew Rigby
- Department
of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 2T8
| | | | - Peter Grütter
- Department
of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - John Breitner
- Douglas
Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - R. Anne McKinney
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Sabine Reimann
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Multhaup
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
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28
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Seminary ER, Sison SL, Ebert AD. Modeling Protein Aggregation and the Heat Shock Response in ALS iPSC-Derived Motor Neurons. Front Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29515358 PMCID: PMC5826239 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by the selective loss of the upper and lower motor neurons. Only 10% of all cases are caused by a mutation in one of the two dozen different identified genes, while the remaining 90% are likely caused by a combination of as yet unidentified genetic and environmental factors. Mutations in C9orf72, SOD1, or TDP-43 are the most common causes of familial ALS, together responsible for at least 60% of these cases. Remarkably, despite the large degree of heterogeneity, all cases of ALS have protein aggregates in the brain and spinal cord that are immunopositive for SOD1, TDP-43, OPTN, and/or p62. These inclusions are normally prevented and cleared by heat shock proteins (Hsps), suggesting that ALS motor neurons have an impaired ability to induce the heat shock response (HSR). Accordingly, there is evidence of decreased induction of Hsps in ALS mouse models and in human post-mortem samples compared to unaffected controls. However, the role of Hsps in protein accumulation in human motor neurons has not been fully elucidated. Here, we generated motor neuron cultures from human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines carrying mutations in SOD1, TDP-43, or C9orf72. In this study, we provide evidence that despite a lack of overt motor neuron loss, there is an accumulation of insoluble, aggregation-prone proteins in iPSC-derived motor neuron cultures but that content and levels vary with genetic background. Additionally, although iPSC-derived motor neurons are generally capable of inducing the HSR when exposed to a heat stress, protein aggregation itself is not sufficient to induce the HSR or stress granule formation. We therefore conclude that ALS iPSC-derived motor neurons recapitulate key early pathological features of the disease and fail to endogenously upregulate the HSR in response to increased protein burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Seminary
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Samantha L Sison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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29
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Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) is the major constituent of the brain deposits found in parenchymal plaques and cerebral blood vessels of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides classic full-length peptides, biochemical analyses of brain deposits have revealed high degree of Aβ heterogeneity likely resulting from the action of multiple proteolytic enzymes. This chapter describes a sequential extraction protocol allowing the differential fractionation of soluble and deposited Aβ species taking advantage of their differential solubility properties. Soluble Aβ is extracted by water-based buffers like phosphate-buffered saline-PBS-whereas pre-fibrillar and fibrillar deposits, usually poorly soluble in PBS, are extractable in detergent containing solutions or more stringent conditions as formic acid. The extraction procedure is followed by the biochemical identification of the extracted Aβ species using Western blot and a targeted proteomic analysis which combines immunoprecipitation with MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. This approach revealed the presence of numerous C- and N-terminal truncated Aβ species in addition to Aβ1-40/42. Notably, the more soluble C-terminal cleaved fragments constitute a main part of PBS homogenates. On the contrary, N-terminal truncated species typically require more stringent conditions for the extraction in agreement with their lower solubility and enhanced aggregability. Detailed assessment of the molecular diversity of Aβ species composing interstitial fluid and amyloid deposits at different disease stages, as well as the evaluation of the truncation profile during various pharmacologic approaches will provide a comprehensive understanding of the still undefined contribution of Aβ truncations to AD pathogenesis and their potential as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agueda Rostagno
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Ghiso
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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30
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Roher AE, Kokjohn TA, Clarke SG, Sierks MR, Maarouf CL, Serrano GE, Sabbagh MS, Beach TG. APP/Aβ structural diversity and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurochem Int 2017; 110:1-13. [PMID: 28811267 PMCID: PMC5688956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) proposes amyloid- β (Aβ) is a chief pathological element of dementia. AD therapies have targeted monomeric and oligomeric Aβ 1-40 and 1-42 peptides. However, alternative APP proteolytic processing produces a complex roster of Aβ species. In addition, Aβ peptides are subject to extensive posttranslational modification (PTM). We propose that amplified production of some APP/Aβ species, perhaps exacerbated by differential gene expression and reduced peptide degradation, creates a diverse spectrum of modified species which disrupt brain homeostasis and accelerate AD neurodegeneration. We surveyed the literature to catalog Aβ PTM including species with isoAsp at positions 7 and 23 which may phenocopy the Tottori and Iowa Aβ mutations that result in early onset AD. We speculate that accumulation of these alterations induce changes in secondary and tertiary structure of Aβ that favor increased toxicity, and seeding and propagation in sporadic AD. Additionally, amyloid-β peptides with a pyroglutamate modification at position 3 and oxidation of Met35 make up a substantial portion of sporadic AD amyloid deposits. The intrinsic physical properties of these species, including resistance to degradation, an enhanced aggregation rate, increased neurotoxicity, and association with behavioral deficits, suggest their emergence is linked to dementia. The generation of specific 3D-molecular conformations of Aβ impart unique biophysical properties and a capacity to seed the prion-like global transmission of amyloid through the brain. The accumulation of rogue Aβ ultimately contributes to the destruction of vascular walls, neurons and glial cells culminating in dementia. A systematic examination of Aβ PTM and the analysis of the toxicity that they induced may help create essential biomarkers to more precisely stage AD pathology, design countermeasures and gauge the impacts of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Roher
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Division of Clinical Education, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
| | - Tyler A Kokjohn
- Department of Microbiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Steven G Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Michael R Sierks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, USA
| | - Chera L Maarouf
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Marwan S Sabbagh
- Alzheimer's and Memory Disorders Division, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
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31
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Aβ truncated species: Implications for brain clearance mechanisms and amyloid plaque deposition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:208-225. [PMID: 28711595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extensive parenchymal and vascular Aβ deposits are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides classic full-length peptides, biochemical analyses of brain deposits have revealed high degree of Aβ heterogeneity likely resulting from the action of multiple proteolytic enzymes. In spite of the numerous studies focusing in Aβ, the relevance of N- and C-terminal truncated species for AD pathogenesis remains largely understudied. In the present work, using novel antibodies specifically recognizing Aβ species N-terminally truncated at position 4 or C-terminally truncated at position 34, we provide a clear assessment of the differential topographic localization of these species in AD brains and transgenic models. Based on their distinct solubility, brain N- and C-terminal truncated species were extracted by differential fractionation and identified via immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry analysis. Biochemical/biophysical studies with synthetic homologues further confirmed the different solubility properties and contrasting fibrillogenic characteristics of the truncated species composing the brain Aβ peptidome. Aβ C-terminal degradation leads to the production of more soluble fragments likely to be more easily eliminated from the brain. On the contrary, N-terminal truncation at position 4 favors the formation of poorly soluble, aggregation prone peptides with high amyloidogenic propensity and the potential to exacerbate the fibrillar deposits, self-perpetuating the amyloidogenic loop. Detailed assessment of the molecular diversity of Aβ species composing interstitial fluid and amyloid deposits at different disease stages, as well as the evaluation of the truncation profile during various pharmacologic approaches will provide a comprehensive understanding of the still undefined contribution of Aβ truncations to the disease pathogenesis and their potential as novel therapeutic targets.
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32
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Lysosomal Re-acidification Prevents Lysosphingolipid-Induced Lysosomal Impairment and Cellular Toxicity. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002583. [PMID: 27977664 PMCID: PMC5169359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are severe and untreatable, and mechanisms underlying cellular dysfunction are poorly understood. We found that toxic lipids relevant to three different LSDs disrupt multiple lysosomal and other cellular functions. Unbiased drug discovery revealed several structurally distinct protective compounds, approved for other uses, that prevent lysosomal and cellular toxicities of these lipids. Toxic lipids and protective agents show unexpected convergence on control of lysosomal pH and re-acidification as a critical component of toxicity and protection. In twitcher mice (a model of Krabbe disease [KD]), a central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant protective agent rescued myelin and oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitors, improved motor behavior, and extended lifespan. Our studies reveal shared principles relevant to several LSDs, in which diverse cellular and biochemical disruptions appear to be secondary to disruption of lysosomal pH regulation by specific lipids. These studies also provide novel protective strategies that confer therapeutic benefits in a mouse model of a severe LSD.
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33
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Gupta V, Gupta VB, Chitranshi N, Gangoda S, Vander Wall R, Abbasi M, Golzan M, Dheer Y, Shah T, Avolio A, Chung R, Martins R, Graham S. One protein, multiple pathologies: multifaceted involvement of amyloid β in neurodegenerative disorders of the brain and retina. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4279-4297. [PMID: 27333888 PMCID: PMC11108534 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and its aggregates in the ageing central nervous system is regarded synonymous to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Despite unquestionable advances in mechanistic and diagnostic aspects of the disease understanding, the primary cause of Aβ accumulation as well as its in vivo roles remains elusive; nonetheless, the majority of the efforts to address pathological mechanisms for therapeutic development are focused towards moderating Aβ accumulation in the brain. More recently, Aβ deposition has been identified in the eye and is linked with distinct age-related diseases including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma as well as AD. Awareness of the Aβ accumulation in these markedly different degenerative disorders has led to an increasing body of work exploring overlapping mechanisms, a prospective biomarker role for Aβ and the potential to use retina as a model for brain related neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we present an integrated view of current understanding of the retinal Aβ deposition discussing the accumulation mechanisms, anticipated impacts and outlining ameliorative approaches that can be extrapolated to the retina for potential therapeutic benefits. Further longitudinal investigations in humans and animal models will determine retinal Aβ association as a potential pathognomonic, diagnostic or prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Veer B Gupta
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sumudu Gangoda
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roshana Vander Wall
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mojdeh Abbasi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mojtaba Golzan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yogita Dheer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tejal Shah
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Alberto Avolio
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roger Chung
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ralph Martins
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Stuart Graham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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34
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Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, Erlandsson A. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:38. [PMID: 27176225 PMCID: PMC4865996 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the clear physical association between activated astrocytes and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, the importance of astrocytes and their therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease remain elusive. Soluble Aβ aggregates, such as protofibrils, have been suggested to be responsible for the widespread neuronal cell death in Alzheimer’s disease, but the mechanisms behind this remain unclear. Moreover, ineffective degradation is of great interest when it comes to the development and progression of neurodegeneration. Based on our previous results that astrocytes are extremely slow in degrading phagocytosed material, we hypothesized that astrocytes may be an important player in these processes. Hence, the aim of this study was to clarify the role of astrocytes in clearance, spreading and neuronal toxicity of Aβ. Results To examine the role of astrocytes in Aβ pathology, we added Aβ protofibrils to a co-culture system of primary neurons and glia. Our data demonstrates that astrocytes rapidly engulf large amounts of Aβ protofibrils, but then store, rather than degrade the ingested material. The incomplete digestion results in a high intracellular load of toxic, partly N-terminally truncated Aβ and severe lysosomal dysfunction. Moreover, secretion of microvesicles containing N-terminally truncated Aβ, induce apoptosis of cortical neurons. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that astrocytes play a central role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, by accumulating and spreading toxic Aβ species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Söllvander
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Nikitidou
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Brolin
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Söderberg
- BioArctic Neuroscience AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health & Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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35
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Li DL, Wang ZV, Ding G, Tan W, Luo X, Criollo A, Xie M, Jiang N, May H, Kyrychenko V, Schneider JW, Gillette TG, Hill JA. Doxorubicin Blocks Cardiomyocyte Autophagic Flux by Inhibiting Lysosome Acidification. Circulation 2016; 133:1668-87. [PMID: 26984939 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.017443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical use of doxorubicin is limited by cardiotoxicity. Histopathological changes include interstitial myocardial fibrosis and the appearance of vacuolated cardiomyocytes. Whereas dysregulation of autophagy in the myocardium has been implicated in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, the role of autophagy in doxorubicin cardiomyopathy remains poorly defined. METHODS AND RESULTS Most models of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity involve intraperitoneal injection of high-dose drug, which elicits lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and peritoneal fibrosis, all of which confound the interpretation of autophagy. Given this, we first established a model that provokes modest and progressive cardiotoxicity without constitutional symptoms, reminiscent of the effects seen in patients. We report that doxorubicin blocks cardiomyocyte autophagic flux in vivo and in cardiomyocytes in culture. This block was accompanied by robust accumulation of undegraded autolysosomes. We go on to localize the site of block as a defect in lysosome acidification. To test the functional relevance of doxorubicin-triggered autolysosome accumulation, we studied animals with diminished autophagic activity resulting from haploinsufficiency for Beclin 1. Beclin 1(+/-) mice exposed to doxorubicin were protected in terms of structural and functional changes within the myocardium. Conversely, animals overexpressing Beclin 1 manifested an amplified cardiotoxic response. CONCLUSIONS Doxorubicin blocks autophagic flux in cardiomyocytes by impairing lysosome acidification and lysosomal function. Reducing autophagy initiation protects against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L Li
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Zhao V Wang
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Guanqiao Ding
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Wei Tan
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xiang Luo
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Min Xie
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nan Jiang
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Herman May
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Viktoriia Kyrychenko
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jay W Schneider
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Thomas G Gillette
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Joseph A Hill
- From Division of Cardiology (D.L.L., Z.V.W., G.D., X.L., A.C., M.X., N.J., H.M., V.K., J.W.S., T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Department of Molecular Biology (W.T., J.A.H.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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Lyons B, Friedrich M, Raftery M, Truscott R. Amyloid Plaque in the Human Brain Can Decompose from Aβ(1-40/1-42) by Spontaneous Nonenzymatic Processes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2675-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lyons
- Illawarra
Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields
Avenue, Wollongong, New South
Wales 2522, Australia
- Save
Sight Institute, Sydney Eye Hospital, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie
Street, Sydney, New South
Wales 2001, Australia
| | - Michael Friedrich
- Illawarra
Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields
Avenue, Wollongong, New South
Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Mark Raftery
- Biological
Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Roger Truscott
- Illawarra
Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields
Avenue, Wollongong, New South
Wales 2522, Australia
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37
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Gunn AP, Wong BX, Johanssen T, Griffith JC, Masters CL, Bush AI, Barnham KJ, Duce JA, Cherny RA. Amyloid-β Peptide Aβ3pE-42 Induces Lipid Peroxidation, Membrane Permeabilization, and Calcium Influx in Neurons. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:6134-45. [PMID: 26697885 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.655183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-β (pE-Aβ) is a highly neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) isoform and is enriched in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer disease compared with healthy aged controls. Pyroglutamate formation increases the rate of Aβ oligomerization and alters the interactions of Aβ with Cu(2+) and lipids; however, a link between these properties and the toxicity of pE-Aβ peptides has not been established. We report here that Aβ3pE-42 has an enhanced capacity to cause lipid peroxidation in primary cortical mouse neurons compared with the full-length isoform (Aβ(1-42)). In contrast, Aβ(1-42) caused a significant elevation in cytosolic reactive oxygen species, whereas Aβ3pE-42 did not. We also report that Aβ3pE-42 preferentially associates with neuronal membranes and triggers Ca(2+) influx that can be partially blocked by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801. Aβ3pE-42 further caused a loss of plasma membrane integrity and remained bound to neurons at significantly higher levels than Aβ(1-42) over extended incubations. Pyroglutamate formation was additionally found to increase the relative efficiency of Aβ-dityrosine oligomer formation mediated by copper-redox cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Gunn
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | - Bruce X Wong
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | | | - James C Griffith
- Materials Characterisation and Fabrication Platform, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia and
| | | | - Ashley I Bush
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Departments of Pathology and
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and
| | - James A Duce
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Departments of Pathology and the School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Cherny
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health,
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38
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Detection and Quantification of β-Amyloid, Pyroglutamyl Aβ, and Tau in Aged Canines. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:912-23. [PMID: 26247394 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome is an age-associated disorder that resembles many aspects of human Alzheimer disease. The characterization of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome has been restricted to selected laboratory dogs and mongrels, thereby limiting our knowledge of potential breed-related and age-related differences. We examined the brains of 24 dogs from various breeds. The frontal cortex, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex were investigated. Deposits of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau were analyzed phenotypically and quantified stereologically. In all dogs aged 10 years or older, plaques containing pyroglutamyl Aβ and Aβ8-17 were detected. Within the ventral hippocampus, significantly more pyroglutamyl Aβ plaques were deposited in small and medium dogs than in large dogs. Hyperphosphorylated tau with formation of neurofibrillary tangles was observed in 3 animals aged 13 to 15 years. This study provides the first investigation of pyroglutamyl Aβ in comparison with total Aβ (as shown by Aβ8-17 immunoreactivity) in dogs of different breeds, sizes, and ages. Our results indicate that canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome is relatively common among aged canines, thereby emphasizing the relevance of such populations to translational Alzheimer disease research.
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Todd K, Ghiso J, Rostagno A. Oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated cell death mechanisms triggered by the familial Danish dementia ADan amyloid. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:130-143. [PMID: 26459115 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial Danish Dementia (FDD), an early-onset non-amyloid-β (Aβ) cerebral amyloidosis, is neuropathologically characterized by widespread cerebral amyloid angiopathy, parenchymal amyloid and preamyloid deposits, as well as neurofibrillary degeneration indistinguishable to that seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main amyloid subunit composing FDD lesions, a 34-amino acid de-novo generated peptide ADan, is the direct result of a genetic defect at the 3'-end of the BRI2 gene and the physiologic action of furin-like proteolytic processing at the C-terminal region of the ADan precursor protein. We aimed to study the impact of the FDD mutation, the additional formation of the pyroglutamate (pE) posttranslational modification as well as the relevance of C-terminal truncations -all major components of the heterogeneous FDD deposits- on the structural and neurotoxic properties of the molecule. Our data indicates that whereas the mutation generated a β-sheet-rich hydrophobic ADan subunit of high oligomerization/fibrillization propensity and the pE modification further enhanced these properties, C-terminal truncations had the opposite effect mostly abolishing these features. The potentiation of pro-amyloidogenic properties correlated with the initiation of neuronal cell death mechanisms involving oxidative stress, perturbation of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and downstream activation of caspase-mediated apoptotic pathways. The amyloid-induced toxicity was inhibited by targeting specific components of these detrimental cellular pathways, using reactive oxygen scavengers and monoclonal antibodies recognizing the pathological amyloid subunit. Taken together, the data indicate that the FDD mutation and the pE posttranslational modification are both primary elements driving intact ADan into an amyloidogenic/neurotoxic pathway while truncations at the C-terminus eliminate the pro-amyloidogenic characteristics of the molecule, likely reflecting effect of physiologic clearance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysti Todd
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jorge Ghiso
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Agueda Rostagno
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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40
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Dammers C, Gremer L, Neudecker P, Demuth HU, Schwarten M, Willbold D. Purification and Characterization of Recombinant N-Terminally Pyroglutamate-Modified Amyloid-β Variants and Structural Analysis by Solution NMR Spectroscopy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139710. [PMID: 26436664 PMCID: PMC4593648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly and is characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Pathological hallmark of AD brains are intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques. The major component of these plaques is the highly heterogeneous amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, varying in length and modification. In recent years pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-β (pEAβ) peptides have increasingly moved into the focus since they have been described to be the predominant species of all N-terminally truncated Aβ. Compared to unmodified Aβ, pEAβ is known to show increased hydrophobicity, higher toxicity, faster aggregation and β-sheet stabilization and is more resistant to degradation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a particularly powerful method to investigate the conformations of pEAβ isoforms in solution and to study peptide/ligand interactions for drug development. However, biophysical characterization of pEAβ and comparison to its non-modified variant has so far been seriously hampered by the lack of highly pure recombinant and isotope-enriched protein. Here we present, to our knowledge, for the first time a reproducible protocol for the production of pEAβ from a recombinant precursor expressed in E. coli in natural isotope abundance as well as in uniformly [U-15N]- or [U-13C, 15N]-labeled form, with yields of up to 15 mg/l E. coli culture broth. The chemical state of the purified protein was evaluated by RP-HPLC and formation of pyroglutamate was verified by mass spectroscopy. The recombinant pyroglutamate-modified Aβ peptides showed characteristic sigmoidal aggregation kinetics as monitored by thioflavin-T assays. The quality and quantity of produced pEAβ40 and pEAβ42 allowed us to perform heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy in solution and to sequence-specifically assign the backbone resonances under near-physiological conditions. Our results suggest that the presented method will be useful in obtaining cost-effective high-quality recombinant pEAβ40 and pEAβ42 for further physiological and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dammers
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Neudecker
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Dep. Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Melanie Schwarten
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Oberstein TJ, Spitzer P, Klafki HW, Linning P, Neff F, Knölker HJ, Lewczuk P, Wiltfang J, Kornhuber J, Maler JM. Astrocytes and microglia but not neurons preferentially generate N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Todd K, Fossati S, Ghiso J, Rostagno A. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by a post-translationally modified amyloid linked to a familial mutation in an alternative model of neurodegeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2457-67. [PMID: 25261792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Familial British dementia (FBD) is an early-onset non-amyloid-β (Aβ) cerebral amyloidosis that presents with severe cognitive decline and strikingly similar neuropathological features to those present in Alzheimer's disease (AD). FBD is associated with a T to A single nucleotide transition in the stop codon of a gene encoding BRI2, leading to the production of an elongated precursor protein. Furin-like proteolytic processing at its C-terminus releases a longer-than-normal 34 amino acid peptide, ABri, exhibiting amyloidogenic properties not seen in its 23 amino acid physiologic counterpart Bri1-23. Deposited ABri exhibits abundant post-translational pyroglutamate (pE) formation at the N-terminus, a feature seen in truncated forms of Aβ found in AD deposits, and co-exists with neurofibrillary tangles almost identical to those found in AD. We tested the impact of the FBD mutation alone and in conjunction with the pE post-translational modification on the structural properties and associated neurotoxicity of the ABri peptide. The presence of pE conferred to the ABri molecule enhanced hydrophobicity and accelerated aggregation/fibrillization properties. ABri pE was capable of triggering oxidative stress, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-mediated apoptotic mechanisms in neuronal cells, whereas homologous peptides lacking the elongated C-terminus and/or the N-terminal pE were unable to induce similar detrimental cellular pathways. The data indicate that the presence of N-terminal pE is not in itself sufficient to induce pathogenic changes in the physiologic Bri1-23 peptides but that its combination with the ABri mutation is critical for the molecular pathogenesis of FBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysti Todd
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Silvia Fossati
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jorge Ghiso
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Agueda Rostagno
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Gupta M, Jangra H, Bharatam PV, Madan AK. Relative eccentric distance sum/product indices for QSAR/QSPR: development, evaluation, and application. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:101-12. [PMID: 24483724 DOI: 10.1021/co400088p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gupta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University , Rohtak 124 001, India
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Perez-Garmendia R, Gevorkian G. Pyroglutamate-Modified Amyloid Beta Peptides: Emerging Targets for Alzheimer´s Disease Immunotherapy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:491-8. [PMID: 24403873 PMCID: PMC3763757 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311050004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular and intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide aggregates in the brain has been hypothesized to play an important role in the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The main Aβ variants detected in the human brain are Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, however a significant proportion of AD brain Aβ consists also of N-terminal truncated species. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ peptides have been demonstrated to be the predominant components among all N-terminal truncated Aβ species in AD brains and represent highly desirable and abundant therapeutic targets. The current review describes the properties and localization of two pyroglutamate-modified Aβ peptides, AβN3(pE) and AβN11(pE), in the brain. The role of glutaminyl cyclase (QC) in the formation of these peptides is also addressed. In addition, two potential therapeutic strategies, the inhibition of QC and immunotherapy approaches, and clinical trials aimed to target these important pathological Aβ species are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Perez-Garmendia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico
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De Kimpe L, Bennis A, Zwart R, van Haastert ES, Hoozemans JJM, Scheper W. Disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis increases glutaminyl cyclase expression; connecting two early pathogenic events in Alzheimer's disease in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44674. [PMID: 22970285 PMCID: PMC3436868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A major neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the deposition of aggregated β amyloid (Aβ) peptide in the senile plaques. Aβ is a peptide of 38–43 amino acids and its accumulation and aggregation plays a key role early in the disease. A large fraction of β amyloid is N-terminally truncated rendering a glutamine that can subsequently be cyclized into pyroglutamate (pE). This makes the peptide more resistant to proteases, more prone to aggregation and increases its neurotoxicity. The enzyme glutaminyl cyclase (QC) catalyzes this conversion of glutamine to pE. In brains of AD patients, the expression of QC is increased in the earliest stages of pathology, which may be an important event in the pathogenesis. In this study we aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism underlying the upregulation of QC expression in AD. Using differentiated SK-N-SH as a neuronal cell model, we found that neither the presence of Aβ peptides nor the unfolded protein response, two early events in AD, leads to increased QC levels. In contrast, we demonstrated increased QC mRNA levels and enzyme activity in response to another pathogenic factor in AD, perturbed intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. The QC promoter contains a putative binding site for the Ca2+ dependent transcription factors c-fos and c-jun. C-fos and c-jun are induced by the same Ca2+-related stimuli as QC and their upregulation precedes QC expression. We show that in the human brain QC is predominantly expressed by neurons. Interestingly, the Ca2+- dependent regulation of both c-fos and QC is not observed in non-neuronal cells. Our results indicate that perturbed Ca2+ homeostasis results in upregulation of QC selectively in neuronal cells via Ca2+- dependent transcription factors. This suggests that disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis may contribute to the formation of the neurotoxic pE Aβ peptides in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line De Kimpe
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bennis
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Zwart
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wiep Scheper
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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