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Isanejad M, Tajik B, McArdle A, Tuppurainen M, Sirola J, Kröger H, Rikkonen T, Erkkilä A. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and alpha-linolenic acid are associated with physical capacity measure but not muscle mass in older women 65-72 years. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1813-1821. [PMID: 34913105 PMCID: PMC9106622 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim was to investigate the cross-sectional association of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) intake with multiple physical functions, muscle mass and fat mass in older women. Method Study subjects were 554 women from the Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Fracture Prevention Study, with dietary intake assessed with 3-day food record. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical function measures included walking speed 10 m, chair rises, one leg stance, knee extension, handgrip strength and squat. Short physical performance battery (SPPB) score was defined based on the European working group on sarcopenia criteria. Results The multivariable adjusted models showed statistically significant associations for dietary ALA with higher SPPB (β = 0.118, P = 0.024), knee extension force at baseline (β = 0.075, P = 0.037) and lower fat mass (β = − 0.081, P = 0.034), as well as longer one-leg stance (β = 0.119, P = 0.010), higher walking speed (β = 0.113, P = 0.047), and ability to squat to the ground (β = 0.110, P = 0.027) at baseline. Total dietary omega-3 PUFA was associated with better SPPB (β = 0.108, P = 0.039), one-leg stance (β = 0.102, P = 0.041) and ability to squat (β = 0.110, P = 0.028), and with walking speed (β = 0.110, P = 0.028). However, associations for dietary EPA and DHA with physical function and body composition were not significant. Conclusion Dietary omega-3 and ALA, but not EPA and DHA, were positively associated with muscle strength and function in older women. The intake of omega-3 and its subtypes was not associated with muscle mass. Longitudinal studies are needed to show whether omega-3 intake may be important for muscle function in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Isanejad
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Sciences, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L6 8TX, England, UK. .,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Behnam Tajik
- Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne McArdle
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Sciences, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L6 8TX, England, UK
| | - Marjo Tuppurainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kuopio, University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Joonas Sirola
- Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Toni Rikkonen
- Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja Erkkilä
- Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
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Anthony R, Brown MA, Walton KL, McLennan PL, Peoples GE. A daily dose of fish oil increased the omega‐3 index in older adults and reduced their heart rate during a walking activity: A pilot study. NUTR BULL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Anthony
- Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology School of Medicine University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Marc A. Brown
- Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology School of Medicine University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Karen L. Walton
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics School of Medicine University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Peter L. McLennan
- Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology School of Medicine University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Gregory E. Peoples
- Centre for Medical and Exercise Physiology School of Medicine University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
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Erhardt R, Cardoso BR, Meyer BJ, Brownell S, O'Connell S, Mirzaee S, Duckham RL, Macpherson H. Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Are They Beneficial for Physical and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults? J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:454-461. [PMID: 33786562 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is equivocal evidence about beneficial properties of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA) for older adults. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relationship between circulating ω-3 LCPUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels and their corresponding dietary intakes with cognition and physical function in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults at risk of dementia. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 142 community-dwelling older adults (60-85 years) with subjective memory complaints. Erythrocyte fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA) and the omega-3 index were measured; dietary DHA and EPA were assessed with a LCPUFA specific questionnaire. Cognition was measured using the Cogstate computerised battery and Trail-making tests. Muscle strength was assessed by grip strength and physical function via the four-square step test, 30-second sit-to-stand, timed up-and-go test, and 4-m walk test. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between erythrocyte ω-3 LCPUFA, dietary intake, cognitive and physical function. RESULTS Higher dietary DHA and EPA were associated with better global cognitive function (DHA: β=0.164, p=0.042; EPA: β=0.188, p=0.020). Higher dietary EPA was associated with better attention/psychomotor composite scores (β=0.196, p=0.024), mobility (four-square step test: β=-0.202, p=0.015) and gait speed (4m walk test: β=-0.200, p=0.017). No associations were found between erythrocyte ω-3 LCPUFA and cognitive or functional performance measures. CONCLUSIONS In community-dwelling older adults with subjective memory complaints, higher dietary ω-3 LCPUFA intake was associated with better cognitive and physical function, supporting the evidence that ω-3 fatty acids play a role in optimising physical and cognitive health during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Erhardt
- Barbara R Cardoso, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia;
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Kinoshita K, Satake S, Matsui Y, Arai H. Quantifying Muscle Mass by Adjusting for Body Mass Index Is the Best for Discriminating Low Strength and Function in Japanese Older Outpatients. J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:501-506. [PMID: 33786568 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of three muscle mass adjustment methods with low muscle strength (MS) and low physical function (PF) defined by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Clinical setting. PARTICIPANTS We included 361 outpatients (77.9 ± 5.9 years) without scheduled orthopedic surgery or activities of daily living disability. MEASUREMENTS Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, then divided by height-square (ht2), body weight, and body mass index (BMI) to calculate the ASM indexes. We assessed grip strength, gait speed, short physical performance battery, and five-time chair stand test. Low MS and low PF were defined by the AWGS2019 criteria. To compare the association of three muscle mass adjustments with low MS and low PF, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusted for age in each sex. RESULTS Participants with low MS was 31.5%, low PF was 50.1%. After adjustment, only ASM/BMI was significantly associated with all independent variables, such as low MS, low PF, and either of these, with the odds ratios of 2.09, 2.08, and 2.50 for males; and 1.87, 2.43, and 2.71 for females, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ASM/BMI is best associated with low MS and low PF in older Japanese outpatients. Longitudinal outcome studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kinoshita
- Shosuke Satake, Section of Frailty Prevention, Department of Frailty Research, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan, Phone: +81-0562-46-2311; Fax: +81-0562-46-2373;
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Rossato LT, de Branco FMS, Azeredo CM, Rinaldi AEM, de Oliveira EP. Association between omega-3 fatty acids intake and muscle strength in older adults: A study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3434-3441. [PMID: 32201063 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle strength is a predictor of mortality in older adults and some dietary components are associated with this variable; however, little is known about the association between omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3) intake and strength in older adults. OBJECTIVE To assess whether ω-3 intake is associated with muscle strength in individuals over 50 years. We also aimed to evaluate whether an isocaloric substitution of dietary fatty acids types by ω-3 intake could be associated with muscle strength. METHODS This study included older adults aged from 50 to 85 y, from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000 and 2001-2002. A total of 2141 individuals (1119 men and 1022 women) were evaluated and provided complete and reliable dietary intake and isokinetic strength of the knee extensors (peak force) data. Linear regression analysis was conducted without (Model 1) and with adjustments (Model 2). Isocaloric substitution analysis was performed to evaluate whether the substitution of polyunsaturated (excluding ω-3), monounsaturated, saturated fats and ω-6 by consumption of ω-3 is associated with strength. RESULTS Total ω-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) intakes were positively associated with peak force in men (Model 1). However, after the adjustments for confounders (Model 2), only total ω-3 intake remained significant. Ω-3 intake was not associated with strength in women. The isocaloric substitution of saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated fats and ω-6 by ω-3 was not associated with peak force. CONCLUSION The intake of total ω-3 was positively associated with muscle strength in older men, but not in older women. In addition, the substitution of other fatty acids by ω-3 intake was not associated with strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana T Rossato
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Exercise and Health (LaNES), School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia M S de Branco
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Exercise and Health (LaNES), School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Catarina M Azeredo
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa M Rinaldi
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erick P de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Exercise and Health (LaNES), School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Fairbairn P, Tsofliou F, Johnson A, Dyall SC. Effects of a high-DHA multi-nutrient supplement and exercise on mobility and cognition in older women (MOBILE): a randomised semi-blinded placebo-controlled study. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:1-10. [PMID: 32100647 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a complex interplay between mobility and cognition in older adults. We have previously shown that a high-DHA multi-nutrient supplement improves habitual walking speed, verbal memory and psychomotor response latency in older women. Exercise also improves mobility and cognition in older adults, and n-3 fatty acids and exercise share a range of overlapping biological effects. This study examined for the first time the effects of the high-DHA multi-nutrient supplement and aerobic exercise on mobility and cognition in older women. Women (mean age 67 (sd 8) years) were assigned to the following groups: multi-nutrient (1 g DHA, 160 mg EPA, 240 mg Ginkgo biloba, 60 mg phosphatidylserine, 20 mg d-α tocopherol, 1 mg folic acid and 20 µg vitamin B12 per d, n 13), multi-nutrient and exercise (spin class twice per week, n 14), exercise and placebo (n 12) or placebo (n 12). The multi-nutrient was given for 24 weeks and exercise for 12 weeks. No treatment effects were observed for the primary outcome, habitual walking speed. Improvements in verbal memory and executive function were seen for all treatments groups v. placebo (all, P < 0·05). Significant improvements in self-reported emotional well-being were seen with multi-nutrient and exercise groups v. placebo (P = 0·03). The results suggest that the high-DHA multi-nutrient supplement produces similar improvements in cognitive function to aerobic exercise, offering the intriguing prospect that supplementation may be able to mitigate some of the effects of low physical activity on cognitive function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fairbairn
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, BournemouthBH1 3LT, UK
| | - Fotini Tsofliou
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, BournemouthBH1 3LT, UK
| | - Andrew Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, BournemouthBH1 3LT, UK
| | - Simon C Dyall
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, LondonSW15 5PU, UK
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Is there sufficient evidence to supplement omega-3 fatty acids to increase muscle mass and strength in young and older adults? Clin Nutr 2019; 39:23-32. [PMID: 30661906 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (ω-3) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with anti-inflammatory properties that presents three main forms: alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Recently, studies performed in both young and older adults suggest that ω-3 may improve gains in muscle mass and/or enhance physical function. Thus, the aim of this narrative review was to evaluate the current evidence of ω-3 intake/supplementation on muscle/lean mass (LM) and physical function in young and older adults, and draw research-based conclusions as to the practical implications of findings. We first assessed whether ω-3 intake is associated with muscle mass and strength (observational studies), and then sought to determine whether evidence shows that supplementation of ω-3 increases muscle protein synthesis, LM and strength in adults and older adults (interventional studies). The search was carried out in PubMed and Scopus databases for the periods between 1997 and November 2018. The following keywords were used alone and in combination: ω-3, fish oil, muscle protein synthesis, muscle mass, lean mass, body composition, and physical function. In general, the evidence is mixed as to the effects of ω-3 supplementation on muscle mass in sedentary young and older adults; the hypertrophic effects of supplementation when combined with resistance training remain equivocal. Moreover, there is conflicting evidence as to whether supplementation confers a beneficial effect on muscle function in older adults. Importantly, this conclusion is based on limited data and more studies are needed before ω-3 supplementation can be recommended as a viable strategy for such purposes in clinical practice.
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Ungvari Z, Tarantini S, Yabluchanskiy A, Csiszar A. Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Treatment With Fluoxetine and Other Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Patients With Geriatric Depression: Implications for Atherogenesis and Cerebromicrovascular Dysregulation. Front Genet 2019; 10:898. [PMID: 31616477 PMCID: PMC6764114 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Late life depression is an important public health problem, which associates with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including fluoxetine, are often prescribed to treat geriatric depression. There is increasing evidence that fluoxetine and other SSRIs exert a wide range of cardiovascular side effects. Furthermore, there is evidence that aging may increase plasma level of SSRIs. In this overview, the potential role of side effects of treatment with fluoxetine and other SSRIs in the pathogenesis of age-related cardiovascular diseases, including atherogenesis, cardiac pathologies, and cerebromicrovascular impairment, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zoltan Ungvari,
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Translational Geroscience Laboratory, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A large percentage of older adults do not receive recommended amounts of many nutrients from food alone. Accordingly, the routine use of dietary supplements has become common among older persons. Although supplement use provides potential benefits by increasing nutrient intakes, there are potential drawbacks. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical studies have pointed to potential reductions in the risk to develop age-related diseases among older people who reported long-term use of multivitamin supplements. Higher plasma levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were also associated with fewer cardiovascular deaths in older people consuming omega-3 supplements. Dietary protein supplementation combined with exercise had a strong effect in preventing age-related muscle mass attenuation and leg strength loss in older people. Finally, beneficial effects of purified flavonoids on cognitive functions have been reported in some studies, whereas in a significant number of other studies, no such effect could be observed. SUMMARY The use of dietary supplements among older people has increased over the years due to the expectation of reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases. Although some dietary supplements may indeed fulfill some of these expectations, it would be unwise to assume that they are all efficacious and safe to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Walrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Nutrition Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Tessier AJ, Chevalier S. An Update on Protein, Leucine, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin D in the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia and Functional Decline. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1099. [PMID: 30115829 PMCID: PMC6116139 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with sarcopenia and functional decline, leading to frailty and disability. As a modifiable risk factor, nutrition may represent a target for preventing or postponing the onset of these geriatric conditions. Among nutrients, high-quality protein, leucine, vitamin D, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are of particular interest for their demonstrated effects on skeletal muscle health. This narrative review aims to examine the recent observational and interventional evidence on the associations and the role of these nutrients in the muscle mass, strength, mobility, and physical function of free-living older adults, who are either healthy or at risk of frailty. Recent evidence supports a higher protein intake recommendation of 1.0⁻1.2 g/kg/day in healthy older adults; an evenly distributed mealtime protein intake or minimal protein per meal may be beneficial. In addition, vitamin D supplementation of 800⁻1000 IU, particularly when vitamin D status is low, and doses of ~3 g/day of n-3 PUFA may be favorable for physical function, muscle mass, and strength. Reviewed studies are highly heterogenous, yet the quantity, quality, and timing of intakes should be considered when designing intervention studies. Combined protein, leucine, vitamin D, and n-3 PUFA supplements may convey added benefits and may represent an intervention strategy in the prevention of sarcopenia and functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Julie Tessier
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Stéphanie Chevalier
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
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