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α-1,6-Fucosyltransferase Is Essential for Myogenesis in Zebrafish. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010144. [PMID: 36611938 PMCID: PMC9818595 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important mechanism regulating various biological processes, including intercellular signaling and adhesion. α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) belongs to a family of enzymes that determine the terminal structure of glycans. Fut8 is widely conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to humans, and its mutants have been reported in humans, mice, and zebrafish. Although mutants show various symptoms, such as spinal deformity and growth retardation, its effects on skeletal muscles are unknown. We aimed to elucidate the function of Fut8 in skeletal muscle using zebrafish and C2C12 cells for evaluation. We observed that most fut8a morphants died at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) or in earlier developmental stages even at low concentrations of morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs). Mutant juveniles also had small body sizes, and abnormal myocepta and sarcomere structures, suggesting that Fut8a plays important roles in myogenesis. Moreover, treatment of C2C12 cells with 2-fluorofucose (2FF), a fucosylation inhibitor, during cell differentiation dramatically reduced the expression of myogenic genes, such as Myomaker and other myogenic fusion genes, and inhibited myotube formation. These results indicate that Fut8 is an important factor in myogenesis, and myofusion in particular.
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Wang C, Chen YL, Bian WP, Xie SL, Qi GL, Liu L, Strauss PR, Zou JX, Pei DS. Deletion of mstna and mstnb impairs the immune system and affects growth performance in zebrafish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:572-580. [PMID: 29175471 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Myostatin (Mstn) is a negative regulator of muscle development in vertebrates. Although its function in muscle growth has been well studied in mammals and fish, it remains unclear whether or how mstn functions in the immune system. In this study, mstna-/- and mstnb-/- homozygous zebrafish were firstly generated using CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9). Deletion of mstnb but not mstna enhanced growth performance. Although survival rates under normal conditions were slightly decreased in both strains, mortality after dexamethasone-induced stress was increased by ∼30%. Furthermore, transcriptional levels of several critical immune-related genes were decreased, and the ability to withstand exposure to pathogenic E. tarda was decreased, compared with that of controls. In mstnb-/- but not mstna-/- zebrafish, expression of NF-κB subunits and several pro-inflammatory cytokines failed to respond to E. tarda exposure except nfkb1, c-rel and tnfα. Taken together, these results indicate that mstnb but not mstna plays a key role in zebrafish muscle growth. While each paralogue contributes to the response to bacterial insult, mstnb affects the immune system through activation of the NF-κB pathway, and mstna is likely to act upstream of NF-κB at some as yet unidentified target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yan-Ling Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Wan-Ping Bian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Shao-Lin Xie
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Ge-Le Qi
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Li Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Phyllis R Strauss
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ji-Xing Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
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Lee SB, Kim JH, Jin DH, Jin HJ, Kim YS. Myostatin inhibitory region of fish (Paralichthys olivaceus) myostatin-1 propeptide. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 194-195:65-70. [PMID: 26827850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a potent negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, and its activity is suppressed by MSTN propeptide (MSTNpro), the N-terminal part of MSTN precursor cleaved during post-translational MSTN processing. The current study examined which region of flatfish (Paralichthys olivaceus) MSTN-1 propeptide (MSTN1pro) is critical for MSTN inhibition. Six different truncated forms of MSTN1pro containing N-terminal maltose binding protein (MBP) as a fusion partner were expressed in Escherichia coli, and partially purified by an affinity chromatography for MSTN-inhibitory activity examination. Peptides covering different regions of flatfish MSTN1pro were also synthesized for MSTN-inhibitory activity examination. A MBP-fused MSTN1pro region consisting of residues 45-100 had the same MSTN-inhibitory potency as the full sequence flatfish MSTN1pro (residues 23-265), indicating that the region of flatfish MSTN1pro consisting of residues 45-100 is sufficient to maintain the full MSTN-inhibitory capacity. A MBP-fused MSTN1pro region consisting of residues 45-80 (Pro45-80) also showed MSTN-inhibitory activity with a lower potency, and the Pro45-80 demonstrated its MSTN binding capacity in a pull-down assay, indicating that the MSTN-inhibitory capacity of Pro45-80 is due to its binding to MSTN. Flatfish MSTN1pro synthetic peptides covering residues 45-65, 45-70, and 45-80 demonstrated MSTN-inhibitory activities, but not the synthetic peptide covering residues 45-54, indicating that residues 45-65 of flatfish MSTN1pro are essential for MSTN inhibition. In conclusion, current study show that like the mammalian MSTNpro, the MSTN-inhibitory region of flatfish MSTN1pro resides near its N-terminus, and imply that smaller sizes of MSTNpro can be effectively used in various applications designed for MSTN inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Beum Lee
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung-si, Ganwon-do, 210-702, South Korea; Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jeong Hwan Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung-si, Ganwon-do, 210-702, South Korea
| | - Deuk-Hee Jin
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung-si, Ganwon-do, 210-702, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Jin
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung-si, Ganwon-do, 210-702, South Korea.
| | - Yong Soo Kim
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Zhou F, Sun R, Chen H, Fei J, Lu D. Myostatin Gene Mutated Mice Induced with TALE Nucleases. Anim Biotechnol 2015; 26:169-79. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2014.913598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Nadjar-Boger E, Hinits Y, Funkenstein B. Structural and functional analysis of myostatin-2 promoter alleles from the marine fish Sparus aurata: evidence for strong muscle-specific promoter activity and post-transcriptional regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 361:51-68. [PMID: 22483947 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. In contrast to mammals, fish possess at least two paralogs of MSTN: MSTN-1 and MSTN-2. In this study, we analyzed the structural-functional features of the four variants of Sparus aurata MSTN-2 5'-flanking region: saMSTN-2a, saMSTN-2as, saMSTN-2b and saMSTN-2c. In silico analysis revealed numerous putative cis regulatory elements including several E-boxes known as binding sites to myogenic transcription factors. Transient transfection experiments using non-muscle and muscle cell lines showed surprisingly high transcriptional activity in muscle cells, suggesting the presence of regulatory elements unique to differentiated myotubes. These observations were confirmed by in situ intramuscular injections of promoter DNA followed by reporter gene assays. Moreover, high promoter activity was found in differentiated neural cell, in agreement with MSTN-2 expression in brain. Progressive 5'-deletion analysis, using reporter gene assays, showed that the core promoter is located within the first -127 bp upstream of the ATG, and suggested the presence of regulatory elements that either repress or induce transcriptional activity. Transient transgenic zebrafish provided evidence for saMSTN-2 promoter ability to direct GFP expression to myofibers. Finally, our data shows that although no mature saMSTN-2 mRNA is observed in muscle; unspliced forms accumulate, confirming high level of transcription. In conclusion, our study shows for the first time that MSTN-2 promoter is a very robust promoter, especially in muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Nadjar-Boger
- Department of Marine Biology & Biotechnology, National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Tel-Shikmona, Haifa, Israel
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de Santis C, Gomes GB, Jerry DR. Abundance of myostatin gene transcripts and their correlation with muscle hypertrophy during the development of barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 163:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tang J, Tang S, Haldi M, Seng WL. Zebrafish Assays for Identifying Potential Muscular Dystrophy Drug Candidates. Zebrafish 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118102138.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Xue L, Dong X, Zhang X, Diallo A. Organization and functional analysis of the 5' flanking regions of myostatin-1 and 2 genes from Larimichthys crocea. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:845-55. [PMID: 22149889 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and development. There are two types of MSTNs in fish, but little is known about their gene regulation. Here, the 5' flanking fragments of 1029 bp from MSTN-1 and 643 bp from MSTN-2 were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed in Larimichthys crocea. Both fragments contained CAAT box and several putative cis-regulatory elements. However, putative TATA box, MyoD, MEF3, SP1, USF, and GH-CSE sites were identified only in the L. crocea MSTN-1 (lcMSTN-1) promoter. Transcriptional activities of four fragments (1013, 841, 514, and 261 bp) truncated from lcMSTN-1 upstream region and two fragments (643 and 296 bp) from lcMSTN-2 upstream region were examined in vitro, using transient transfection in CIK and L6 cells. In CIK cells, the promoter activity correlated positively with the length of truncated fragments in both MSTN-1 and 2. The lcMSTN-2 promoter showed a higher activity than lcMSTN-1 in the corresponding region, which was consistent with MSTN gene expression in vivo. In L6 cells, lcMSTN-2 upstream showed an extremely high luciferase activity. These data indicated that both cloned 5' flanking sequences contained functional promoters, and that transcription regulation of lcMSTN-1 and 2 promoters was significantly different between mammalian and fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyi Xue
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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Huang KL, Wang JW, Han CC, Liu HH, Li L, Dai F, Pan Z, Xu F, He H, Xu H. Developmental expression and alternative splicing of the duck myostatin gene. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2011; 6:238-43. [PMID: 21592875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) plays a key role in the negative regulation of muscle growth and development during embryogenesis. The MSTN genes have different genetic characteristics in vertebrates: sole gene in mammals, gene duplication in fish, and alternative splicing in birds. To investigate the alternative splicing sites and developmental expression patterns of the duck MSTN genes, the mRNA and genome sequences were cloned, and the expression patterns were detected during breast muscle and leg muscle development by real-time PCR. In our study, four alternatively spliced forms of MSTN mRNA were found in the developing skeletal muscle of Peking duck, including two novel alternatively spliced transcripts, MSTN-c and MSTN-d. As a result of alternative splicing at the common GT-AG processing sites, MSTN-b and MSTN-c retained only the N-terminal TGFβ-propeptide superfamily domains. However, MSTN-d was not missing these domains, in contrast to MSTN-a. The real-time PCR results showed that there was no significant difference between breast muscle and leg muscle in MSTN-a mRNA expression, also in MSTN-b and MSTN-c. MSTN-a and MSTN-b have significant higher expressions than MSTN-c and MSTN-d, suggesting that they play the major role during embryo muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Liang Huang
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, PR China
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De Santis C, Jerry DR. Differential tissue-regulation of myostatin genes in the teleost fish Lates calcarifer in response to fasting. Evidence for functional differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 335:158-65. [PMID: 21241767 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene or genome duplication is a fundamental evolutionary mechanism leading towards the origin of new genes, or gene functions. Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator of muscle growth that in teleost fish, as a result of genome duplication, is present in double copy. This study provides evidence of differentiation of MSTN paralogs in fish by comparatively exploring their tissue-regulation in the Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) when subjected to fasting stress. Results showed differential regulation as well as specific tissue-responses in the muscle, liver, gill and brain of L. calcarifer after nutritional deprivation. In particular, the LcMstn-1 expression increased in liver (∼4 fold) and muscle (∼3 fold) and diminished in brain (∼0.5 fold) and gill (∼0.5 fold) while that of LcMstn-2 remained stable in brain and muscle and was up regulated in gill (∼2.5 fold) and liver (∼2 fold). Differential regulation of Mstn paralogs was supported by in silico analyses of regulatory motifs that revealed, at least in the immediate region upstream the genes, a differentiation between Mstn-1 and Mstn-2. The Mstn-1 in particular showed a significantly higher conservation of regulatory sites among teleost species compared to its paralog indicating that this gene might have a highly conserved function in the taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De Santis
- Aquaculture Genetics Research Program, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia.
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Nadjar-Boger E, Funkenstein B. Myostatin-2 gene structure and polymorphism of the promoter and first intron in the marine fish Sparus aurata: evidence for DNA duplications and/or translocations. BMC Genet 2011; 12:22. [PMID: 21284852 PMCID: PMC3045353 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-12-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myostatin (MSTN) is a member of the transforming growth factor-ß superfamily that functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth in mammals. Fish express at least two genes for MSTN: MSTN-1 and MSTN-2. To date, MSTN-2 promoters have been cloned only from salmonids and zebrafish. RESULTS Here we described the cloning and sequence analysis of MSTN-2 gene and its 5' flanking region in the marine fish Sparus aurata (saMSTN-2). We demonstrate the existence of three alleles of the promoter and three alleles of the first intron. Sequence comparison of the promoter region in the three alleles revealed that although the sequences of the first 1050 bp upstream of the translation start site are almost identical in the three alleles, a substantial sequence divergence is seen further upstream. Careful sequence analysis of the region upstream of the first 1050 bp in the three alleles identified several elements that appear to be repeated in some or all sequences, at different positions. This suggests that the promoter region of saMSTN-2 has been subjected to various chromosomal rearrangements during the course of evolution, reflecting either insertion or deletion events. Screening of several genomic DNA collections indicated differences in allele frequency, with allele 'b' being the most abundant, followed by allele 'c', whereas allele 'a' is relatively rare. Sequence analysis of saMSTN-2 gene also revealed polymorphism in the first intron, identifying three alleles. The length difference in alleles '1R' and '2R' of the first intron is due to the presence of one or two copies of a repeated block of approximately 150 bp, located at the 5' end of the first intron. The third allele, '4R', has an additional insertion of 323 bp located 116 bp upstream of the 3' end of the first intron. Analysis of several DNA collections showed that the '2R' allele is the most common, followed by the '4R' allele, whereas the '1R' allele is relatively rare. Progeny analysis of a full-sib family showed a Mendelian mode of inheritance of the two genetic loci. No clear association was found between the two genetic markers and growth rate. CONCLUSION These results show for the first time a substantial degree of polymorphism in both the promoter and first intron of MSTN-2 gene in a perciform fish species which points to chromosomal rearrangements that took place during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Nadjar-Boger
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Tel-Shikmona, Haifa 31080, Israel
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Laziz I, Ferry A, Armand AS, Gallien CL, Gaspera BD, Charbonnier F, Chanoine C. Eccentric stimulation reveals an involvement of FGF6 in muscle resistance to mechanical stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:1507-15. [PMID: 21188410 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this report was to analyse a potential role for FGF6 in muscle resistance to mechanical stress. Normal or regenerating muscles of FGF6 (-/-) mice versus wild-type mice were submitted to different protocols of damaging eccentric contractions (eccentric electrostimulation and intermittent downhill exercise). Then muscular structural properties were analysed by histological and immunochemistry techniques to evaluate the post-injury muscle recovery; their muscle contractile parameters (maximal tetanic force, kinetics properties and fatigue resistance) were assessed. The absence of FGF6 causes (1) a fast-to-slow myofibre type switch in adult control and regenerating Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle; (2) muscle weakness in regenerating muscles in animals submitted to eccentric exercise protocols due to aberrant extensive necrotic zones. These observations point out a crucial and unexpected role for FGF6 in muscle integrity and muscle protection against mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Laziz
- UMR 8194 CNRS, Centre d'Etude de Sensori-Motricité, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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Etard C, Roostalu U, Strähle U. Lack of Apobec2-related proteins causes a dystrophic muscle phenotype in zebrafish embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 189:527-39. [PMID: 20440001 PMCID: PMC2867308 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200912125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Apo2 proteins interact with chaperone Unc45b (but not Hsp90) and are required for correct zebrafish skeletal musculature and heart function. The chaperones Unc45b and Hsp90a are essential for folding of myosin in organisms ranging from worms to humans. We show here that zebrafish Unc45b, but not Hsp90a, binds to the putative cytidine deaminase Apobec2 (Apo2) in an interaction that requires the Unc45/Cro1p/She4p-related (UCS) and central domains of Unc45b. Morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of the two related proteins Apo2a and Apo2b causes a dystrophic phenotype in the zebrafish skeletal musculature and impairs heart function. These phenotypic traits are shared with mutants of unc45b, but not with hsp90a mutants. Apo2a and -2b act nonredundantly and bind to each other in vitro, which suggests a heteromeric functional complex. Our results demonstrate that Unc45b and Apo2 proteins act in a Hsp90a-independent pathway that is required for integrity of the myosepta and myofiber attachment. Because the only known function of Unc45b is that of a chaperone, Apo2 proteins may be clients of Unc45b but other yet unidentified processes cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Etard
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in the Helmholtz Association, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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The vignette for V15 N5 issue. J Biomed Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11373-008-9270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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