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R PA, Anbarasu A. Antimicrobial Peptides as Immunomodulators and Antimycobacterial Agents to Combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a Critical Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1539-1566. [PMID: 36576687 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating disease foisting a significantly high morbidity, prepotent in low- and middle-income developing countries. Evolution of drug resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, has made the TB treatment more complicated. The protracted nature of present TB treatment, persistent and tolerant Mtb populations, interaction with antiretroviral therapy and existing toxicity concerned with conventional anti-TB drugs are the four major challenges inflicted with emergence of drug-resistant mycobacterial strains, and the standard medications are unable to combat these strains. These factors emphasize an exigency to develop new drugs to overcome these barriers in current TB therapy. With this regard, antimycobacterial peptides derived from various sources such as human cells, bacterial sources, mycobacteriophages, fungal, plant and animal sources could be considered as antituberculosis leads as most of these peptides are associated with dual advantages of having both bactericidal activity towards Mtb as well as immuno-regulatory property. Some of the peptides possess the additional advantage of interacting synergistically with antituberculosis medications too, thereby increasing their efficiency, underscoring the vigour of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as best possible alternative therapeutic candidates or adjuvants in TB treatment. Albeit the beneficiary features of these peptides, few obstacles allied with them like cytotoxicity and proteolytic degradation are matter of concerns too. In this review, we have focused on structural hallmarks, targeting mechanisms and specific structural aspects contributing to antimycobacterial activity and discovered natural and synthetic antimycobacterial peptides along with their sources, anti-TB, immuno-regulatory properties, merits and demerits and possible delivery methods of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi A R
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Bio-Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India
- Department of Biotechnology, SBST, VIT, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Bio-Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, SBST, VIT, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Tahmourespour A, Aminzadeh A, Salehifard I. Anti-adherence and anti-bacterial activities of Pistacia atlantica resin extract against strongly adherent Streptococcus mutans strains. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.344159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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3
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Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Anti-Tubercular Leads: A Concise Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040323. [PMID: 33918182 PMCID: PMC8065624 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being considered a public health emergency for the last 25 years, tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the deadliest infectious diseases, responsible for over a million deaths every year. The length and toxicity of available treatments and the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis renders standard regimens increasingly inefficient and emphasizes the urgency to develop new approaches that are not only cost- and time-effective but also less toxic. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are small cationic and amphipathic molecules that play a vital role in the host immune system by acting as a first barrier against invading pathogens. The broad spectrum of properties that peptides possess make them one of the best possible alternatives for a new “post-antibiotic” era. In this context, research into AMP as potential anti-tubercular agents has been driven by the increasing danger revolving around the emergence of extremely-resistant strains, the innate resistance that mycobacteria possess and the low compliance of patients towards the toxic anti-TB treatments. In this review, we will focus on AMP from various sources, such as animal, non-animal and synthetic, with reported inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Füchtbauer S, Mousavi S, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Antibacterial properties of capsaicin and its derivatives and their potential to fight antibiotic resistance - A literature survey. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2021; 11:10-17. [PMID: 33764892 PMCID: PMC8042654 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2021.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is endangering public health globally and gives reason for constant fear of virtually intractable bacterial infections. Given a limitation of novel antibiotic classes brought to market in perspective, it is indispensable to explore novel, antibiotics-independent ways to fight bacterial infections. In consequence, the antibacterial properties of natural compounds have gained increasing attention in pharmacological sciences. We here performed a literature survey regarding the antibacterial effects of capsaicin and its derivatives constituting natural compounds of chili peppers. The studies included revealed that the compounds under investigation exerted i.) both direct and indirect antibacterial properties in vitro depending on the applied concentrations and the bacterial strains under investigation; ii.) synergistic antibacterial effects in combination with defined antibiotics; iii.) resistance-modification via inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps; iv.) attenuation of bacterial virulence factor expression; and v.) dampening of pathogen-induced immunopathological responses. In conclusion, capsaicin and its derivatives comprise promising antimicrobial molecules which could complement or replace antibiotic treatment strategies to fight bacterial infections. However, a solid basis for subsequent clinical trials requires future investigations to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms and in particular pharmaceutical evaluations in animal infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Füchtbauer
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Wang F, Xue Y, Fu L, Wang Y, He M, Zhao L, Liao X. Extraction, purification, bioactivity and pharmacological effects of capsaicin: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5322-5348. [PMID: 33591238 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1884840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), a well-known vanilloid, which is the main spicy component in chili peppers, showing several biological activities and the potential applications range from food flavorings to therapeutics. Traditional extraction of capsaicin by organic solvents was time-consuming, some new methods such as aqueous two-phase method and ionic liquid extraction method have been developed. During past few decades, an ample variety of biological effects of capsaicin have been evaluated. Capsaicin can be used in biofilms and antifouling coatings due to its antimicrobial activity, allowing it has a promising application in food packaging, food preservation, marine environment and dental therapy. Capsaicin also play a crucial role in metabolic disorders, including weight loss, pressure lowing and insulin reduction effects. In addition, capsaicin was identified effective on preventing human cancers, such as lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer and breast cancer by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation of tumor cells. Previous research also suggest the positive effects of capsaicin on pain relief and cognitive impairment. Capsaicin, the agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), could selectively activate TRPV1, inducing Ca2+ influx and related signaling pathways. Recently, gut microbiota was also involved in some diseases therapeutics, but its influence on the effects of capsaicin still need to be deeply studied. In this review, different extraction and purification methods of capsaicin, its biological activities and pharmacological effects were systematically summarized, as well as the possible mechanisms were also deeply discussed. This article will give an updated and better understanding of capsaicin-related biological effects and provide theoretical basis for its further research and applications in human health and manufacture development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhang Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Fu
- ACK Company, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minxia He
- ACK Company, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Perez Rodriguez M, Dastmalchi K, Yoo B, Stark RE. Needle in a haystack: Antibacterial activity-guided fractionation of a potato wound tissue extract. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115428. [PMID: 32216988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Erwinia carotovora is a major cause of potato tuber infection, which results in disastrous failures of this important food crop. There is currently no effective antibiotic treatment against E. carotovora. Recently we reported antibacterial assays of wound tissue extracts from four potato cultivars that exhibit a gradient of russeting character, finding the highest potency against this pathogen for a polar extract from the tissue formed immediately after wounding by an Atlantic cultivar. In the current investigation, antibacterial activity-guided fractions of this extract were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) utilizing a quadrupole-time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer. The most active chemical compounds identified against E. carotovora were: 6-O-nonyl glucitol, Lyratol C, n-[2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)] ethyldecanamide, α-chaconine and α-solanine. Interactions among the three compounds, ferulic acid, feruloyl putrescine, and α-chaconine, representing metabolite classes upregulated during initial stages of wound healing, were also evaluated, offering possible explanations for the burst in antibacterial activity after tuber wounding and a chemical rationale for the temporal resistance phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathiu Perez Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, City University of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Keyvan Dastmalchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, City University of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Barney Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ruth E Stark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, City University of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, NY 10031, USA; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10016, USA; Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Oyedemi BO, Kotsia EM, Stapleton PD, Gibbons S. Capsaicin and gingerol analogues inhibit the growth of efflux-multidrug resistant bacteria and R-plasmids conjugal transfer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:111871. [PMID: 31022566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE Capsicum and ginger are used widely in human diets and in folklore medicines. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin and both classes of compounds are notable for their spiciness and characteristic pungent aroma. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds contain antimicrobial compounds with robust pharmacological importance. AIM The present study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activities of capsaicinoids and gingerols against a panel of clinical MRSA strains and their inhibitory effect on the conjugal transfer of R-plasmids harboured in E. coli. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crude methanol extract of C. annum was fractionated using solid phase extraction (SPE) and screened for R-plasmid transfer inhibition: TP114, PUB 307, PKM 101, R6K and R7K. The bio-guided assay led to the isolation of bioactive compounds with strong R-plasmid transfer inhibition. The compounds were identified using Nuclear Magnetic resonance (NMR) and Mass spectroscopy (MS). Capsaicin analogues nonivamide, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were screened for antimicrobial activity against a panel of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Gram-negative bacteria strains using microdilution method while the plasmid transfer inhibition assay of the compounds was determined by broth mating method. RESULTS The bioactive fraction Ca-11 showed good inhibition rates (8.57-25.52%) against three R-plasmids PUB307, PKM 101, TP114 followed by the crude extract of C. annum (8.59%) respectively leading to the bioassay-guided isolation of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin as the bioactive principles. The antiplasmid effect of pure capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were broad and within active ranges (5.03-31.76%) against the various antibiotic resistance-conferring plasmids including R6K, R7K. Capsaicin, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol had good broad antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 8 to 256 mg/L against effluxing MRSA strains SA1199B (NorA), XU212 (TetK) and RN4220 (MsrA). While they exhibited moderate antibacterial activity (128-512 mg/L) against the Gram-negative bacteria. The effect of 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol and nonivamide on the plasmids were very active on PKM 101 (6.24-22.16%), PUB 307 (1.22-45.63%) and TP114 (0.1-7.19%) comparative to the positive control plumbagin (5.70-31.76%). CONCLUSION These results are suggestive that the R-plasmids could possess substrate for capsaicinoids-like compounds and for their ability to inhibit the plasmid conjugation processes. Plant natural products possess the potential value of antibacterial and mechanistic antiplasmid activity as demonstrated by the compounds and should be evaluated in developing antimicrobial leads to novel mechanism against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing Om Oyedemi
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - E M Kotsia
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Paul D Stapleton
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK.
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Kollia E, Proestos C, Zoumpoulakis P, Markaki P. Capsaicin, an inhibitor of Ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus section Nigri strains in grapes ( Vitis vinifera L.). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1709-1721. [PMID: 31437087 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1652771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Food decay by spoilage fungi leads to significant economic losses and hazards to consumers' health due to the potential of mycotoxin occurrence. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin known as nephrotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. Natural capsaicin was evaluated for its effectiveness against the growth of five Aspergillus section Nigri strains and accumulation of OTA in inoculated black grapes. Results showed that capsaicin was effective in inhibiting fungal growth and OTA production by new four Aspergillus section Nigri strains (ATHUM 6997, 6998, 6999, 7000) and by Aspergillus carbonarius as well. Moreover, capsaicin addition exhibited maximum inhibition of OTA produced by ATHUM 6997, 6998, 6999, and 7000 in black grapes at 28.9%, 8.6%, 68.4%, and 78.1%, respectively. Inhibition percentage of OTA production by A. carbonarius in grapes treated with capsaicin was estimated at 61.5%. These results suggest that capsaicin influences the OTA biosynthesis pathway of all Aspergillus section Nigri strains and therefore could be used as an effective natural preservative against OTA contamination of vineyards. Risk assessment revealed that when grapes are treated with capsaicin, consumers are less exposed to OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kollia
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Markaki
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Szydełko J, Szydełko M, Boguszewska-Czubara A. Health-promoting properties of compounds derived from Capsicum sp. A review. HERBA POLONICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/hepo-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Summary
This article presents multidirectional effects of capsaicin and its natural derivatives as well as natural and synthetic analogs in term of their therapeutic properties. Active agents present in various Capsicum genus plants exert analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. Furthermore, capsaicin positively influences the metabolism of lipids. Numerous research show that capsaicinoids inhibit proliferation and migration process of cancer cells, what makes them molecules of high interest in oncology. Among broad range of positive activities, we have focused only on those properties that have already found application in medicine or seemed to be the most probably used in the near future. Even if in low or single doses this compound has been reported successful in numerous therapies, the negative consequences of high doses or prolonged administration is also discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szydełko
- Department of Medical Chemistry Medical University of Lublin Chodźki 4A 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szydełko
- Department of Medical Chemistry Medical University of Lublin Chodźki 4A 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Jablonski JE, Johnson MT, Keller SE. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for cinnamic acid determination and its use to evaluate components of dried hot peppers (Capsicum annum
) associated with growth inhibition of Salmonella enterica
serovars. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Jablonski
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Bedford Park IL USA
| | - Mary Teena Johnson
- Institute for Food Safety and Health Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago IL USA
| | - Susanne E. Keller
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Bedford Park IL USA
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Kar D, Bandyopadhyay S, Dimri U, Mondal DB, Nanda PK, Das AK, Batabyal S, Dandapat P, Bandyopadhyay S. Antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles and capsaicin against MDR-ESBL producing Escherichia coli: An in vitro study. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yang J, Johnson BJ, Letourneau AA, Vogels CM, Decken A, Baerlocher FJ, Westcott SA. Synthesis, Characterisation, and Antifungal Activities of Novel Benzodiazaborines. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Eight new fluoro- and methoxy-substituted benzodiazaborines have been prepared by a simple condensation reaction in high-to-excellent yields. All new compounds have been characterised by several physical methods, including X-ray diffraction studies on three examples. All new compounds were examined for antifungal activities against five species of potentially pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium albo-atrum, and Verticillium dahliae). While substitution of the aromatic group derived from the 2-formylphenylboronic acid group had an effect on bioactivities, substitution on the parent thioamide C(=S)NH2 group of the starting thiosemicarbazide greatly reduced activities.
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Sarwa KK, Mazumder B, Rudrapal M, Verma VK. Potential of capsaicin-loaded transfersomes in arthritic rats. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:638-46. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.871601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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