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Yen YT, Zhou SL, Huang DY, Tseng SH, Wang CF, Chyueh SC. 2-Methyl-4'-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone: A commercial photoinitiator being used as a new psychoactive substance. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 360:112074. [PMID: 38823217 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, which are novel psychoactive substances, have caused major social problems worldwide. A substance called 2-methyl-4'-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone (MMMP), which is employed as a commercial industrial photoinitiator for triggering polymerization, has a basic cathinone backbone; however, few reports regarding MMMP have been published. In the current study, three potential metabolites of MMMP-namely hydroxy-MMMP (HO-MMMP), HO-MMMP-sulfoxide (HO-MMMP-SO), and HO-MMMP-sulfone (HO-MMMP-SO2)-were successfully synthesized, and MMMP and these three potential metabolites were used as standards to establish an analytic method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of urine. This analytic method and related parameters-including dynamic range, limit of quantification, selectivity, precision, accuracy, carryover effect, matrix effect, interference, and dilution integrity-were optimized and validated. Forty urine samples from 1,691 individuals who abused drugs were determined to contain MMMP, HO-MMMP, HO-MMMP-SO, or HO-MMMP-SO2; the results of this study indicate that approximately 2.37 % of drug abusers in Taiwan consumed MMMP in 2023. These 40 urine samples were analyzed to investigate the metabolism of MMMP in humans. The results indicate that HO-MMMP-SO is the main metabolite in human urine. This study recommends HO-MMMP-SO with a concentration of 2 ng/mL as a target and cutoff value, respectively, for identifying individuals who have consumed MMMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Te Yen
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan.
| | - Song-Lin Zhou
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Ying Huang
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Tseng
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan
| | - San-Chong Chyueh
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan
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2
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Behpour M, Maghsoudi M, Nojavan S. Analysis of methamphetamine, methadone, tramadol, and buprenorphine in biological samples by ion mobility spectrometry after electromembrane extraction in tandem with slug flow microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463355. [PMID: 35908513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel tandem extraction method based on electromembrane extraction (EME) and slug flow microextraction (SFME) was developed for the extraction of some narcotics (methamphetamine, methadone, tramadol, and buprenorphine) from biological samples. The analytes were quantified by corona discharge-ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS). In this method, initially, analytes were extracted using an EME procedure (step-1). After that, the acceptor solution of the first step containing target analytes was applied in an SFME procedure (step-2) as a donor solution for further preconcentration. In the second step, analytes were extracted from an aqueous solution into an organic extractant. The optimum EME and SFME conditions were as follows: type of supported liquid membrane: 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether containing 10% v/v di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, acceptor solution pH: 1.0, sample solution pH: 4.0, voltage: 248 V, extraction time: 17.5 min, tilting number of glass capillary tube: 10 times, type of the organic extractant: toluene, the concentration of NaOH solution: 400 mM. Under optimum extraction conditions, good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.50-750.0 ng/mL with coefficients of determination (r2) ≥ 0.991. The limits of detection and quantification were achieved in the range of 0.15-3.5 ng/mL and 0.50-12.0 ng/mL, respectively. The inter-day and intra-day precisions (n = 3) provided RSDs lower than 12.8% and 12.7%, respectively. Enrichment factors and extraction recoveries of the analytes were in the range of 255.7 to 505.4 and 37.6-78.3%, respectively. Comparing the EME/HPLC-UV with EME-SFME/CD-IMS showed that using the tandem extraction method improved the enrichment factors by more than 2.7 times and limits of detection and quantification by more than 15 times. Finally, this procedure was used to quantify target analytes in plasma and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Behpour
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Majid Maghsoudi
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of analytical chemistry and pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran 1983969411, Iran.
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3
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Yao W, Wang B, Wu Y, Wang J, Xu Z, Meng F, Wang P. Rapid Determination of Methamphetamine and Cocaine in Saliva by Portable Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2080839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanwei Meng
- Hangzhou Neoline Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Losacker M, Kraemer M, Philipsen A, Duecker K, Dreimueller N, Engelmann J, Roehrich J, Hess C. Enantioselective Quantification of Amphetamine and Metabolites in Serum Samples: Forensic Evaluation and Estimation of Consumption Time. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080521. [PMID: 34436462 PMCID: PMC8400571 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In forensic toxicology, amphetamine intoxications represent one of the most common case groups and present difficult questions for toxicologists. Estimating the time of consumption and the current influence of the stimulant is particularly difficult when only total amphetamine concentrations are considered. Stereoselective analysis and the consideration of metabolites can provide valuable information to facilitate interpretation. An enantioselective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for detection of amphetamine, norephedrine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine was developed. Validation showed satisfactory selectivity, sensitivity, linearity (0.5-250 ng/mL), precision and accuracy for all enantiomers. The method was applied to a collective of 425 forensic serum samples and 30 serum samples from psychiatric inpatients stating their last time of amphetamine consumption. Norephedrine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine were detected more frequently at higher amphetamine concentrations and at lower amphetamine (R)/(S) concentration ratios, possibly indicating recent consumption. Mean (R)/(S) ratio of amphetamine was 1.14, whereas higher ratios (mean 1.36) were found for amphetamine concentrations below 100 ng/mL. The (R)/(S) ratios of psychiatric inpatients significantly correlated with the reported time intervals to last consumption. The use of amphetamine (R)/(S) ratios and the simultaneous detection of metabolites are promising factors that can facilitate estimation of consumption time and current impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Losacker
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Am Pulverturm 3, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.R.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, D-53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.P.); (K.D.)
| | - Kristina Duecker
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, D-53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.P.); (K.D.)
| | - Nadine Dreimueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.D.); (J.E.)
| | - Jan Engelmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.D.); (J.E.)
| | - Joerg Roehrich
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Am Pulverturm 3, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.R.); (C.H.)
| | - Cornelius Hess
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Am Pulverturm 3, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (J.R.); (C.H.)
- Reference Institute for Bioanalytics, Friesdorfer Str. 153, D-53175 Bonn, Germany
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Elboraie MZ, Elbashir AA, Eid EEM, Aboul-Enein HY. Dispersive solid-phase extraction for simultaneous determination of four amphetamines drugs in urine using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Fast determination of amphetamine-type stimulants and synthetic cathinones in whole blood samples using protein precipitation and LC-MS/MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Shi JW, Zhou JF, He X, Zhang Y. Rapid Analysis of Four Amphetamines in Urine by Self-Made Pipette-Tip Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by GC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:569-575. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A simple and rapid pipette-tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) procedure with derivatization prior to gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis is developed for the simultaneous determination of amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in urine samples. The PT-SPE procedure using self-made sorbent could extract drugs within 6 min from 100-μL urine samples, requiring low solvent-consumption (<2.0 mL). Besides, the self-made pipette tip could be reused at least five times. Under optimized conditions, the recoveries of four amphetamines at spiked levels (low, medium and high) ranged from 87.7 to 110.4%, with relative standard deviations < 9.5%. The limit of detections and limit of quantifications for AMP, MA, MDA and MDMA were in the range of 2.52–8.25 ng⋅mL−1 and 8.4–27.5 ng⋅mL−1, respectively. Validation results show that the proposed method is suitable for the quantitation of amphetamines and has been successfully applied in the urine samples of suspected drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Shi
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315104, China
| | | | - Xiong He
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315104, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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8
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Wang J, Yao W, Meng F, Wang P, Wu Y, Wang B. A surface plasmon resonance immunoassay for the rapid analysis of methamphetamine in forensic oral fluid. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22993. [PMID: 31373733 PMCID: PMC6868402 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current chromatographic methods applied for the forensic analysis of methamphetamine are costly, time‐consuming, and require complicated pretreatment procedures. Thus, the rapid detection of methamphetamine is a critical and unmet need. In this study, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system based on indirect inhibitive immunoassay was designed for the analysis of methamphetamine in forensic oral fluid samples. Methods For the inhibition immunoassay, the diluted oral fluid was mixed with methamphetamine antibody and then injected into the SPR sensor chip. The biosensor chip was constructed by covalently immobilizing of methamphetamine‐bovine serum albumin conjugate onto a carboxymethyl dextran surface at an optimized pH. The concentration of antibody was also optimized. Results The SPR biosensor showed good sensitivity with a limit of detection of 0.44 ng/mL and was comparable or lower than the pre‐existing methods. The method was finally tested using oral fluid samples from 20 suspected drug abusers in forensic cases, and it provided an acceptable recovery of 113.2%, indicating good anti‐interference capability of the SPR sensor. Conclusion The SPR biosensor was rapid, reproducible, and had a great potential approach for the forensic detection of methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weixuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanwei Meng
- Hangzhou Neoline Technology CO., LTD., Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengjuan Wang
- Hangzhou Neoline Technology CO., LTD., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Postmortem analysis of famprofazone and its metabolites, methamphetamine and amphetamine, in porcine bone marrow. Talanta 2019; 191:545-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Rapid and on-site analysis of amphetamine-type illicit drugs in whole blood and raw urine by slug-flow microextraction coupled with paper spray mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1032:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Kočová Vlčková H, Pilařová V, Svobodová P, Plíšek J, Švec F, Nováková L. Current state of bioanalytical chromatography in clinical analysis. Analyst 2018; 143:1305-1325. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic methods have become popular in clinical analysis in both routine and research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Kočová Vlčková
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - V. Pilařová
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - P. Svobodová
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - J. Plíšek
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - F. Švec
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - L. Nováková
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
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12
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Herbrink M, Thijssen B, Hillebrand MJX, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Nuijen B, Beijnen JH. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of Dexamphetamine in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 148:259-264. [PMID: 29059615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dexamphetamine is registered for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Current research has highlighted the possible application of dexamphetamine in the treatment of cocaine addiction. To support clinical pharmacologic trials a new simple, fast, and sensitive assay for the quantification of dexamphetamine in human plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. Additionally, it is the first reported LC-MS assay with these advantages to be fully validated according to current US FDA and EMA guidelines. Human plasma samples were collected on an outpatient basis and stored at nominally -20°C. The analyte and the internal standard (stable isotopically labeled dexamphetamine) were extracted using double liquid-liquid extraction (plasma-organic and organic-water) combined with snap-freezing. The aqueous extract was filtered and 2μL was injected on a C18-column with isocratic elution and analyzed with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. The validated concentration range was from 2.5-250ng/mL and the calibration model was linear. A weighting factor of 1 over the squared concentration was applied and correlation coefficients of 0.997 or better were obtained. At all concentrations the bias was within ±15% of the nominal concentrations and imprecision was ≤15%. All results were within the acceptance criteria of the latest US FDA guidance and EMA guidelines on method validation. In conclusion, the developed method to quantify dexamphetamine in human plasma was fit to support a clinical study with slow-release dexamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herbrink
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Thijssen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J X Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H M Schellens
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Xu F, Liu L. Simultaneous determination of free methamphetamine, pethidine, ketamine and tramadol in urine by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with GC-MS. Forensic Sci Res 2017; 4:188-194. [PMID: 31304447 PMCID: PMC6610497 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2017.1377386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and rapid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique coupled with gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was developed for the extraction and analysis of methamphetamine (MA), pethidine (PD), ketamine (KT) and tramadol (TD) from human urine. In this study, different parameters affecting the extraction process such as the type and volume of extraction solvent, type and volume of disperser solvent, extraction time and pH value and salt effect were studied and optimized. Under optimized conditions, the enrichment factor ranged from 185 to 226 and the average recovery ranged from 80.45% to 95.55%. The linear range was 10.0–1000.0 µg/L, the limit of detection and quantitation were in the range 0.43–1.96 µg/L and 1.44–6.53 µg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations were in the range 1.98%–3.90% (n = 7). The obtained results show that DLLME combined with GC–MS is a fast and simple method for the determination of MA, PD, KT and TD in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmin Xu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Public Security Bureau of Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyun Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Public Security Bureau of Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Effects of triglycerides levels in human whole blood on the extraction of 19 commonly used drugs using liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:785-791. [PMID: 28962414 PMCID: PMC5598366 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) is the most commonly sample preparation procedure used by forensic toxicologists in China for screening drugs in whole human blood. It extracts numerous substances from blood including targeted drugs and interfering substances, specifically triglycerides (TG). With increasing prevalence of hyperlipidemia, the influences of TG on LLE and on subsequent analysis with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) may become a major issue for forensic laboratories. This study aims to elucidate the influences of TG on LLE and to provide possible solutions to this problem. Nineteen commonly encountered drugs in forensic cases were spiked to human whole blood with different TG concentrations. Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate/hexane mixed solutions, chlorobutane and several other frequently used solvents were tested for the extraction of drugs from spiked whole blood. The supernatant organic layer was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted with methanol. The resultant products were analyzed by GC–MS, and the extraction recovery was calculated. LLE with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate/hexane (9:1) and chlorobutane all possessed effective and reliable extraction recoveries for blood sample with low TG concentrations (0.63–6.85 mmol/L). At high TG concentrations, diethyl ether produced a highly turbid substance that could not be further analyzed using GC–MS. Extraction recoveries drastically dropped for ethyl acetate/hexane (9:1) mixture at high TG concentrations, while chlorobutane experienced minimal drops in extraction recoveries. In conclusion, TG levels in whole blood noticeably influence drug recovery to variable extents depending on the LLE solvent. Chlorobutane showed minimal influences from TG content in whole blood and thus is the recommended LLE solvent for forensic drug extraction.
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