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Madia MAO, de Oliveira LO, Baccule NS, Sakurada JY, Scanferla DTP, Aguera RG, Moreira PP, Bando É, Junior MM, Marchioni C, Mossini SAG. Amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA in hair samples from a rehabilitation facility: Validation and applicability of HF-LPME-GC-MS. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 119:107212. [PMID: 36028047 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is known that drug abuse jeopardizes economic and social development. Toxicological analyses can guide prevention and treatment strategies in rehabilitation facilities. The current greatest challenge is finding easily adaptable and less costly sensitive methods that meet the principles of green chemistry. Hair, as a biological matrix, has several advantages, and its ability to detect consumption for longer periods keeping the matrix stable and unaltered stands out. This manuscript addresses the use of a miniaturized technique in an alternative matrix, by making use of a reduced amount of solvents to quantify amphetamines, aiming to guide prevention and treatment strategies in rehabilitation facilities. METHODS A Hollow Fiber Liquid-phase Microextraction (HF-LPME) technique for extracting amphetamines from hair samples with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CG-MS) was validated, adapted, and applied to ten samples from patients of a rehabilitation facility. RESULTS The technique proved to be sensitive, accurate, precise, and not affected by interference from the biological matrix and the linear range for the analytes was 0.2 to 20 ng mg -1. The three analytes were quantified in the samples analyzed. It is worth stressing that the patients were young. CONCLUSION The HF-LPME-GC-MS technique complied with the principles of green chemistry, and proved to be a sensitive technique, adaptable to the routine of common laboratories. Validation in the analysis phase with authentic samples, thus, showed that it can be an important tool for preventing and controlling drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A O Madia
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Luís O de Oliveira
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil; State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nicole S Baccule
- State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Y Sakurada
- State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Deborah T P Scanferla
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raul G Aguera
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paula P Moreira
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Érika Bando
- Laboratory of Toxicology. Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Miguel Machinski Junior
- Laboratory of Toxicology. Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Marchioni
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis - Santa Catarina, Brazil, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n - Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis - Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Simone A G Mossini
- Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil; State University of Maringá, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Bloco I90 - sala 102B. Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
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Ji JJ, Zhao J, Xiang P, Yan H, Shen M. Chiral analysis of dextromethorphan and levomethorphan in human hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:312-321. [PMID: 36454412 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methorphan exists in two enantiomeric forms including dextromethorphan and levomethorphan. Dextromethorphan is an over-the-counter antitussive drug, whereas levomethorphan is strictly controlled as a narcotic drug. Chiral analysis of methorphan could, therefore, assist clinicians and forensic experts in differentiating between illicit and therapeutic use and in tracing the source of the drug. METHODS A method for enantiomeric separation and quantification of levomethorphan and dextromethorphan in human hair was developed and validated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Hair was extracted in hydrochloric acid/methanol (1:20, v/v). The supernatant were separated using a Supelco Astec Chirobiotic™ V2 column (250 × 2.1 mm, i.d., 5 μm particle size) and analyzed on a triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode. RESULTS The limits of detection for dextromethorphan and levomethorphan were 2 and 1 pg/mg, respectively; the lower limit of quantification was 2 pg/mg for both drugs. Good linearity (r > 0.995) was observed for both analytes over the linear range. Precision values were below 10% for both analytes; accuracy values ranged from 87.5 to 101%. The extraction recoveries were 78.3-98.4%, and matrix effects were 70.5-88.6%. This method was applied to human hair samples from 120 people suspected of methorphan use to further distinguish the drug chirality. Dextromethorphan was detected in all 120 samples at a concentration range of 2.7-19,100 pg/mg, whereas levomethorphan was not detected in any sample. CONCLUSIONS A sensitive quantitative method was established for the enantiomeric separation of dextromethorphan and levomethorphan in hair. This is the first study to achieve chiral analysis of methorphan in human hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Junbo Zhao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, China.
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Pascual-Caro S, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Recent chromatographic and electrophoretic based methods for determining drugs of abuse in urine and oral fluid: A review from 2018 to June 2021. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Du Q, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chang J, Wang A, Ren X, Liu B. Quantitative analysis of 17 hypoglycemic drugs in fingerprints using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9199. [PMID: 34554614 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The objective of this study was to develop, optimize, and validate a method for the determination and quantification of 17 hypoglycemic drugs in fingerprints using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTRAP-MS/MS). We also aimed to apply the present method to the fingerprints collected from patients with hyperglycemia. METHODS The scheduled multiple reaction monitoring information-dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion (SMRM-IDA-EPI) scanning mode was utilized. The chromatographic system consisted of an Acquity UHPLC® BEH C18 column (3.0 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) and a mobile phase of 0.01% (v/v) formic acid in water and methanol. Analytes were extracted via a precipitation protein procedure. The method was validated in accordance with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance and applied to the analysis of fingerprint deposits from subjects who had taken the drugs. RESULTS The limits of detection (LODs) and the lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) of 17 hypoglycemic drugs were 0.001 to 0.020 and 0.002 to 0.050 ng/fingerprint, respectively. The correlation coefficients (r) for the calibration curves were > 0.99 in the range of 0.050-50.000 ng/fingerprint. The matrix effect and recovery of 17 hypoglycemic drugs at three concentrations ranged from 81.1 to 117.3% and 80.0 to 109.6%, respectively. The validation data (intra- and inter-day combined) for accuracy ranged from 85.5 to 117.2%, the CV (%) data were ≤19.7%. All analytes were found to be stable stored in the autosampler (4°C) for 24 h. This validated method was successfully applied to detect hypoglycemic drugs in fingerprints from patients with hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS A quantification method for hypoglycemic drugs in fingerprints was developed, optimized, and validated. This sensitive method could be used for drug monitoring and providing reference information in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyao Du
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Jifen Wang
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Ren
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- SCIEX Asia Pacific Application Support Center, Beijing, China
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Recent advances in chiral analysis for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:493-511. [PMID: 33719527 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article covers current methods and applications in chiral analysis from 2010 to 2020 for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Sample preparation for aqueous and solid biological samples prior to instrumental analysis were discussed in the article. GC, HPLC, capillary electrophoresis and sub/supercritical fluid chromatography provide the efficient tools for chiral drug analysis coupled to fluorescence, UV and MS detectors. The application of chiral analysis is discussed in the article, which involves differentiation between clinical use and drug abuse, pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacology/toxicology evaluations and chiral inversion. Typical chiral analytes, including amphetamines and their analogs, anesthetics, psychotropic drugs, β-blockers and some other chiral compounds, are also reviewed.
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Chen L, Yu Y, Duan G, Wang X, Shen B, Xiang P. Simultaneous Determination of Selegiline, Desmethylselegiline, R/S-methamphetamine, and R/S-amphetamine on Dried Urine Spots by LC/MS/MS: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Urine. Front Chem 2019; 7:248. [PMID: 31058136 PMCID: PMC6478707 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Chiral analysis is a crucial method to differentiate selegiline intake from drug abuse. A dried urine spot (DUS) analytical method based on spotting urine samples (10 μL) onto dried spot collection cards, and followed by air-drying and extraction, was developed and validated for the determination of selegiline, desmethylselegiline, R/S-methamphetamine, and R/S-amphetamine. Methods: Methanol (0.5 mL) was found to be the ideal extraction solvent for target extraction from DUSs under orbital-horizontal stirring on a lateral shaker at 1,450 rpm for 30 min. Determinations were performed by direct electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) under positive electrospray ionization conditions using multiple reaction monitoring mode. The chromatographic system consisted of a ChirobioticTM V2 column (2.1 × 250 mm, 5 μm) and a mobile phase of methanol containing 0.1% (v/v) glacial acetic acid and 0.02% (v/v) ammonium hydroxide. Results and conclusions: The calibration curves were linear from 50 to 5,000 ng/mL, with r > 0.995 for all analytes, imprecisions ≤ 15% and accuracies between -11.4 and 11.7%. Extraction recoveries ranged from 48.6 to 105.4% with coefficients of variation (CV) ≤ 13.7%, and matrix effects ranged from 45.4 to 104.1% with CV ≤ 10.3%. The lower limit of quantification was 50 ng/mL for each analyte. The present method is simple, rapid (accomplished in 12 min), sensitive, and validated by a pharmacokinetic study in human urine collected after a single oral administration of SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjia Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
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Chen L, Shen B, Wang S, Yu Y, Yan H, Shi Y, Duan G, Xiang P. Pharmacokinetics of selegiline, R‐methamphetamine, R‐amphetamine, and desmethylselegiline in oral fluid after a single oral administration of selegiline. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:898-905. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Chen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of JusticeShanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road Shanghai 200063 China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of PharmacyFudan University No. 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of JusticeShanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Songtao Wang
- Criminal Investigation Police University of China No. 83 Tawan Street, Huanggu District Shenyang City Liaoning Province China
| | - Yingjia Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of PharmacyFudan University No. 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of JusticeShanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of JusticeShanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of PharmacyFudan University No. 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of JusticeShanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine No.1347 Guangfu Xi Road Shanghai 200063 China
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