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Maráková K, Renner BJ, Thomas SL, Opetová M, Tomašovský R, Rai AJ, Schug KA. Solid phase extraction as sample pretreatment method for top-down quantitative analysis of low molecular weight proteins from biological samples using liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1243:340801. [PMID: 36697174 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeting and quantifying intact proteins from biological samples is still a very challenging research area. Several crucial steps exist in the analytical workflow, including development of a reliable sample preparation method. Here, we developed and applied for the first time a non-immunoaffinity sample preparation method based on a generally widely available micro-elution solid phase extraction (μSPE) strategy for the extraction of multiple lower molecular weight intact proteins (<30 kDa) from various biological matrices. Omission of a time-consuming drying and reconstitution step after extraction resulted in a more simple and rapid sample preparation procedure. A model set of eleven intact proteins (molecular weights: 5.5-29 kDa; isoelectric points: 4.5-11.3) were analyzed in multiple biological fluids using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Various sample pre-treatment reagents, sorbent types, and washing and elution solvents were experimentally tested and optimized to obtain the μSPE clean-up condition for a broad mixture of intact proteins having variable physicochemical properties. 1% trifluoroacetic acid and 0.2% Triton 100-X were selected as suitable sample pre-treatment reagents for releasing protein-protein interactions in human serum/plasma and human urine, respectively. Hydrophilic lipophilic balanced μSPE sorbent was selected as a high performing stationary phase. Addition of 1% trifluoroacetic acid to all washing and elution solutions showed the most beneficial effect for the extraction recovery of the proteins. Under the optimized conditions, reproducible extraction recoveries >65% for all targeted proteins (up to 30 kDa) in human urine and >50% for most of the proteins in serum/plasma were achieved. The selected conditions were applied also for the analysis of clinical serum and urine samples to demonstrate the feasibility of the developed method to target intact proteins directly by more affordable μSPE sample preparation and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, which could be beneficial in many application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Maráková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Beatriz J Renner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Shannon L Thomas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Martina Opetová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Tomašovský
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia; Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alex J Rai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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Maráková K. The Crucial Step in Every Analytical Workflow: Sample Preparation—Are We Ready For a Growing Area of Intact Protein Analysis? LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.ci1888f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are biomolecules with a lot of essential functions in a human body. Their varied expression during complex disorders, including cancer, predicts their potential use as biomarkers. Therefore, there is a need for reliable analytical workflows for their analysis in complex biological matrices. Despite the very sensitive and advanced instrumentation we have available for protein analysis today, sample preparation still remains one of the biggest challenges.
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Lange T, Thomas A, Görgens C, Bidlingmaier M, Schilbach K, Fichant E, Delahaut P, Thevis M. Comprehensive insights into the formation of metabolites of the ghrelin mimetics capromorelin, macimorelin and tabimorelin as potential markers for doping control purposes. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5075. [PMID: 33458843 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods to determine the potential misuse of the ghrelin mimetics capromorelin (CP-424,391), macimorelin (macrilen, EP-01572) and tabimorelin (NN703) in sports were developed. Therefore, different extraction strategies, i.e. solid-phase extraction, protein precipitation, as well as a "dilute-and-inject" approach, from urine and EDTA-plasma were assessed and comprehensive in vitro/in vivo experiments were conducted, enabling the identification of reliable target analytes by means of high resolution mass spectrometry. The drugs' biotransformation led to the preliminary identification of 51 metabolites of capromorelin, 12 metabolites of macimorelin and 13 metabolites of tabimorelin. Seven major metabolites detected in rat urine samples collected post-administration of 0.5-1.0 mg of a single oral dose underwent in-depth characterization, facilitating their implementation into future confirmatory test methods. In particular, two macimorelin metabolites exhibiting considerable abundances in post-administration rat urine samples were detected, which might contribute to an improved sensitivity, specificity, and detection window in case of human sports drug testing programs. Further, the intact drugs were implemented into World Anti-Doping Agency-compliant initial testing (limits of detection 0.02-0.60 ng/ml) and confirmation procedures (limits of identification 0.18-0.89 ng/ml) for human urine and blood matrices. The obtained results allow extension of the test spectrum of doping agents in multitarget screening assays for growth hormone-releasing factors from human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lange
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Christian Görgens
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Katharina Schilbach
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Eric Fichant
- Département Santé, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, Marloie, 6900, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- Département Santé, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, Marloie, 6900, Belgium
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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Judák P, Esposito S, Coppieters G, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Doping control analysis of small peptides: A decade of progress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122551. [PMID: 33848801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides are handled in the field of sports drug testing analysis as a separate group doping substances. It is a diverse group, which includes but is not limited to growth hormone releasing-factors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Significant progress has been achieved during the past decade in the doping control analysis of these peptides. In this article, achievements in the application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methodologies are reviewed. To meet the augmenting demands for analyzing an increasing number of samples for the presence of an increasing number of prohibited small peptides, testing methods have been drastically simplified, whilst their performance level remained constant. High-resolution mass spectrometers have been installed in routine laboratories and became the preferred detection technique. The discovery and implementation of metabolites/catabolites in testing methods led to extended detection windows of some peptides, thus, contributed to more efficient testing in the anti-doping community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Judák
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Simone Esposito
- ADME/DMPK Department, Drug Discovery Division, IRBM S.p.A, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Tanveer ZI, Huang Q, Liu L, Jiang K, Nie D, Pan H, Chen Y, Liu X, Luan L, Han Z, Wu Y. Reduced graphene oxide-zinc oxide nanocomposite as dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent for simultaneous enrichment and purification of multiple mycotoxins in Coptidis rhizoma (Huanglian) and analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461515. [PMID: 32911177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, a robust dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) strategy using reduced graphene oxide-zinc oxide (rGO-ZnO) nanocomposite as the sorbent was proposed for separation, purification and enrichment of 12 mycotoxins in Coptidis rhizoma (Huanglian). The targeted mycotoxins included aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin M1, alternariol-methylether, mycophenolic acid, ochratoxin A, penitrem A, nivalenol, zearalenone and zearalanone. The rGO-ZnO nanocomposite was successfully synthesized through hydrothermal process by a modified Hummers method, and further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FTIR spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Several key parameters affecting the performance of the dSPE approach were extensively investigated, and after optimization, acetonitrile/water/formic acid (80/19/1, v/v/v) as the extraction solution, 2% acetonitrile as the adsorption solution, 15 mg rGO-ZnO as the sorbent, n-hexane as the washing solution, and methanol/formic acid (99/1, v/v) as the desorption solution presented an excellent purification and enrichment efficiency. Under the optimal dSPE procedure followed by analysis with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), adequate linearity (R2 ≥ 0.991), high sensitivity (limit of quantification in the range of 0.09-0.41 µg kg-1), acceptable recovery (70.3-105.7%) and satisfactory precision (RSD 1.4-15.0%) were obtained. The analysis of 12 selected mycotoxins was also carried out in real Coptidis rhizoma (Huanglian) samples for applicability evaluation of the established method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal Tanveer
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingwen Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Keqiu Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongxia Nie
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Hongye Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lianjun Luan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Yongjiang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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