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Kumar S, Mangi MD, Zadow S, Lim W. Nerve entrapment syndromes of the lower limb: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging 2023; 14:166. [PMID: 37782348 PMCID: PMC10545616 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-023-01514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves of the lower limb may become entrapped at various points during their anatomical course. While clinical assessment and nerve conduction studies are the mainstay of diagnosis, there are multiple imaging options, specifically ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which offer important information about the potential cause and location of nerve entrapment that can help guide management. This article overviews the anatomical course of various lower limb nerves, including the sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, medial plantar nerve, lateral plantar nerve, digital nerves, common peroneal nerve, deep peroneal nerve, superficial peroneal nerve, sural nerve, obturator nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and femoral nerve. The common locations and causes of entrapments for each of the nerves are explained. Common ultrasound and MRI findings of nerve entrapments, direct and indirect, are described, and various examples of the more commonly observed cases of lower limb nerve entrapments are provided.Critical relevance statement This article describes the common sites of lower limb nerve entrapments and their imaging features. It equips radiologists with the knowledge needed to approach the assessment of entrapment neuropathies, which are a critically important cause of pain and functional impairment.Key points• Ultrasound and MRI are commonly used to investigate nerve entrapment syndromes.• Ultrasound findings include nerve hypo-echogenicity, calibre changes and the sonographic Tinel's sign.• MRI findings include increased nerve T2 signal, muscle atrophy and denervation oedema.• Imaging can reveal causative lesions, including scarring, masses and anatomical variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanesh Kumar
- Department of Radiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Rd, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mohammad Danish Mangi
- Department of Radiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Rd, Adelaide, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Steven Zadow
- Department of Medical Imaging, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Australia
- Jones Radiology, Eastwood, Australia
| | - WanYin Lim
- Department of Radiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Rd, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Jones Radiology, Eastwood, Australia
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Abstract
Neuropathies are a common problem encountered by neurologist in the hospitalized setting. Nerve injury may occur secondary to compression, stretch, and direct trauma, among other causes. Common focal neuropathies include the ulnar, median, and radial nerve in the upper extremities and sciatic, peroneal, and femoral nerve in the lower extremities. Surgical and obstetric risk factors are especially important considerations in evaluation of patients with focal neuropathies. Treatment is either conservative therapy or surgery depending on the mechanism of injury and extent of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Terrelonge
- University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, 8th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Laura Rosow
- University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, 8th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Yi S, Jin X, Xiong Y, Fu B. Permanent neurological deficit caused by misdiagnosis of a giant intrapelvic sciatic schwannoma: A case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:3413-3417. [PMID: 34159689 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sciatic schwannomas (SSs) are extremely rare, and most are benign. Herein, we report a case of giant SSs in a woman who presented with abdominal pain. Because of the pain pattern and auxiliary examination findings, the patient was initially diagnosed with an ovarian cystadenoma. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an intrapelvic tumor. Histopathological examination confirmed that the mass was a benign intrapelvic schwannoma. Two days after complete tumor resection, the patients experience impaired mobility of the right lower limb. The tumor was 7 × 5.5 × 5 cm3 in size and in contact with the sacrum. The patient was followed up for up to 2 years. No evidence of recurrence was observed in the MRI scan. Severe damages to the sciatic nerve during surgery resulted in permanent neurological deficits. Hence, we also discuss the diagnostic tools and treatments for intrapelvic SSs, as well as the importance of careful radiological examination and multidisciplinary collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Department of Anesthesia, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanhuan Xiong
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bing Fu
- Medical Department, Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Clinical neurophysiology of lower extremity focal neuropathies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31307602 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64142-7.00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Daniels SP, Feinberg JH, Carrino JA, Behzadi AH, Sneag DB. MRI of Foot Drop: How We Do It. Radiology 2018; 289:9-24. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018172634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Daniels
- From the Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.D., A.H.B.); Electrodiagnostic Services, Department of Physiatry (J.H.F.), and Department of Radiology & Imaging (J.A.C., D.B.S.), Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th St, New York, NY 10021
| | - Joseph H. Feinberg
- From the Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.D., A.H.B.); Electrodiagnostic Services, Department of Physiatry (J.H.F.), and Department of Radiology & Imaging (J.A.C., D.B.S.), Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th St, New York, NY 10021
| | - John A. Carrino
- From the Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.D., A.H.B.); Electrodiagnostic Services, Department of Physiatry (J.H.F.), and Department of Radiology & Imaging (J.A.C., D.B.S.), Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th St, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ashkan Heshmatzadeh Behzadi
- From the Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.D., A.H.B.); Electrodiagnostic Services, Department of Physiatry (J.H.F.), and Department of Radiology & Imaging (J.A.C., D.B.S.), Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th St, New York, NY 10021
| | - Darryl B. Sneag
- From the Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY (S.P.D., A.H.B.); Electrodiagnostic Services, Department of Physiatry (J.H.F.), and Department of Radiology & Imaging (J.A.C., D.B.S.), Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th St, New York, NY 10021
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Abstract
RATIONALE Sciatic neuropathy has various causes; however, cases in which a pressure ulcer led to sciatic neuropathy have not been reported to date. PATIENT CONCERNS A 33-year-old woman with no pre-existing mobility problems visited our department with the chief complaint of an extensive pressure ulcer and necrosis in her right buttock. She had a medical history of being bedridden for 2 days while in a coma due to a drug overdose 2 months previously. Physical examination revealed loss of sensation and foot drop in the right foot. DIAGNOSIS Physical examination, magnetic resonance imaging, and nerve conduction studies were conducted; the patient was diagnosed with a common peroneal branch injury of the right sciatic nerve. INTERVENTIONS The necrotic tissue was debrided and sciatic nerve decompression was performed, followed by frequent dressing changes. In addition, psychiatric treatment and physical therapy were performed simultaneously. OUTCOMES The pressure ulcer decreased in size and healed to some extent with granulation tissue. However, gait disorders, accompanied by symptoms of sciatic neuropathy, continued. The patient was transferred to the department of gastroenterology for the treatment of toxic hepatitis, which occurred during her inpatient treatment. LESSONS Physicians should be aware that sciatic neuropathy may occur during the treatment of patients with a pressure ulcer who exhibit no symptoms of paraplegia or quadriplegia. To prevent neuropathy, aggressive treatment of the pressure ulcer is necessary.
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Flug JA, Burge A, Melisaratos D, Miller TT, Carrino JA. Post-operative extra-spinal etiologies of sciatic nerve impingement. Skeletal Radiol 2018; 47:913-921. [PMID: 29423723 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-018-2879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sciatica is a highly prevalent cause of morbidity, commonly resulting from intra-spinal pathological processes. Many cases can have extra-spinal etiologies and can be clinically challenging. Certain scenarios should suggest an extra-spinal etiology, particularly total and revision hip arthroplasty, surgical hip dislocation, hip arthroscopy, and surgery in the lithotomy position. We review the post-operative clinical scenarios where sciatic neuropathy may occur, along with the pertinent imaging findings.
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Bilateral Sciatic Neuropathy following Gluteal Augmentation With Autologous Fat Grafting. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1696. [PMID: 29707455 PMCID: PMC5908515 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As gluteal augmentation continues to gain in popularity among patients seeking aesthetic enhancements, a thorough knowledge of the postoperative complications associated with this procedure is crucial. This case report concerns a 31-year-old woman who suffered bilateral foot drop secondary to sciatic neuropathy and as a result was wheelchair-bound for several months, following gluteal autologous fat grafting in the Dominical Republic. One year later, the patient had persistent left foot drop and sensory deficits. This is a devastating but seldom reported complication that all plastic surgeons need to be aware of when performing this operation.
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Alvites R, Rita Caseiro A, Santos Pedrosa S, Vieira Branquinho M, Ronchi G, Geuna S, Varejão AS, Colette Maurício A. Peripheral nerve injury and axonotmesis: State of the art and recent advances. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1466404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Alvites
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Caseiro
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto (REQUIMTE/LAQV), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vieira Branquinho
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Artur S.P. Varejão
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA) da Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Diniz LRL, Portella VG, da Silva Alves KS, Araújo PCDC, de Albuquerque Júnior RLC, Cavalcante de Albuquerque AA, Coelho-de-Souza AN, Leal-Cardoso JH. Electrophysiologic alterations in the excitability of the sciatic and vagus nerves during early stages of sepsis. J Pain Res 2018; 11:783-790. [PMID: 29731661 PMCID: PMC5927063 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s144220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonspecific and delayed diagnosis of neurologic damage contributes to the development of neuropathies in patients with severe sepsis. The present study assessed the electrophysiologic parameters related to the excitability and conductibility of sciatic and vagus nerves during early stages of sepsis. Materials and methods Twenty-four hours after sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, sciatic and vagus nerves of septic (CLP group) and control (sham group) rats were removed, and selected electric stimulations were applied to measure the parameters of the first and second components of the compound action potential. The first component originated from fibers with motor and sensory functions (Types Aα and Aβ fibers) with a large conduction velocity (70-120 m/s), and the second component originated from fibers (Type Aγ) with sensorial function. To evaluate the presence of sensorial alterations, the sensitivity to non-noxious mechanical stimuli was measured by using the von Frey test. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the nerves was performed. Results We observed an increase of rheobase followed by a decrease in the first component amplitude and a higher paw withdrawal threshold in response to the application of von Frey filaments in sciatic nerves from the CLP group compared to the sham group. Differently, a decrease in rheobase and an increase in the first component amplitude of vagal C fibers from CLP group were registered. No significant morphologic alteration was observed. Conclusion Our data showed that the electrophysiologic alterations in peripheral nerves vary with the fiber type and might be identified in the first 24 h of sepsis, before clinical signs of neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviane Gomes Portella
- Department of Physiology, Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Kerly Shamira da Silva Alves
- Department of Physiology, Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - José Henrique Leal-Cardoso
- Department of Physiology, Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Silva P, Pereira P, Pinto R, Silveira F, Vaz R. Bilateral sciatic neuropathy due to fibrous bands in a patient with severe traumatic brain injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 120:93-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sciatica due to Schwannoma at the Sciatic Notch. Case Rep Orthop 2013; 2013:510901. [PMID: 23762699 PMCID: PMC3671531 DOI: 10.1155/2013/510901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwannomas are rarely seen on the sciatic nerve and can cause sciatica. In this case report we aimed to present an unusual location of schwannoma along sciatic nerve that causes sciatica. A 60-years-old-man was admitted to us with complaints of pain on his thigh and paresthesia on his foot. Radiography of the patient revealed a solitary lesion on the sciatic nerve. The lesion was excised and the symptoms resolved after surgery.
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Abstract
Sciatic neuropathy is the second most common neuropathy of the lower extremity and a common cause of foot drop. This article reviews the anatomy, clinical features, pathophysiology, and electrodiagnostic assessment of sciatic neuropathies. There are multiple potential sites of pathology, determined in part by the mechanism of insult, including trauma, compression, masses, inflammation, and vascular lesions. Diagnosis is augmented by careful electrodiagnostic studies and imaging to help distinguish sciatic neuropathy from other sources of pathology. Electrodiagnostic studies may also help in assessing for early recovery and in determining prognosis.
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Entrapment neuropathies in the upper and lower limbs: anatomy and MRI features. Radiol Res Pract 2012; 2012:230679. [PMID: 23125929 PMCID: PMC3483739 DOI: 10.1155/2012/230679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve entrapment occurs at specific anatomic locations. Familiarity with the anatomy and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of nerve entrapment syndromes is important for accurate diagnosis and early treatment of entrapment neuropathies. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the normal anatomy of peripheral nerves in the upper and lower limbs and to review the MRI features of common disorders affecting the peripheral nerves, both compressive/entrapment and noncompressive, involving the suprascapular nerve, the axillary nerve, the radial nerve, the ulnar nerve, and the median verve in the upper limb and the sciatic nerve, the common peroneal nerve, the tibial nerve, and the interdigital nerves in the lower limb.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The sciatic nerve may normally exhibit mild T2 hyperintensity in MR neurography (MRN) images, rendering assessment of sciatic neuropathy difficult. The purpose of this case-control study was to evaluate whether a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the sciatic nerves and regional skeletal muscles increases the accuracy of MRN in detecting sciatic neuropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the MRN studies of the pelvis and thighs of 34 subjects (12 men and 22 women; mean [± SD] age, 50 ± 15 years), of which 17 had a final diagnosis of sciatic neuropathy according to electrodiagnostic or surgical confirmation, and 17 had no evidence of sciatic neuropathy and served as control subjects. On each side, the sciatic nerves were evaluated for signal intensity (SI), size, course, and fascicular shape, whereas the regional skeletal muscles were evaluated for edema, fatty replacement, and atrophy. In addition, the nerve-to-vessel SI ratio was registered for each side at the same time and 8 months later. RESULTS The sciatic nerves of the abnormal sides exhibited higher nerve-to-vessel SI ratios and higher incidences of T2 hyperintensity, enlargement, and abnormal fascicular shape compared to the nerves of the normal sides. The regional muscles of the abnormal sides demonstrated a higher grade of fatty infiltration and higher frequencies of edema and atrophy. A cutoff value of nerve-to-vessel SI ratio of 0.89 exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in predicting sciatic neuropathy. Calculation of the nerve-to-vessel SI ratio demonstrated excellent inter- and intraobserver reliability. CONCLUSION Both qualitative and quantitative criteria should be used to suggest the MRN diagnosis of sciatic neuropathy.
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Martinoli C, Miguel-Perez M, Padua L, Gandolfo N, Zicca A, Tagliafico A. Imaging of neuropathies about the hip. Eur J Radiol 2011; 82:17-26. [PMID: 21549536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathies about the hip may be cause of chronic pain and disability. In most cases, these conditions derive from mechanical or dynamic compression of a segment of a nerve within a narrow osteofibrous tunnel, an opening in a fibrous structure, or a passageway close to a ligament or a muscle. Although the evaluation of nerve disorders primarily relies on neurological examination and electrophysiology, diagnostic imaging is currently used as a complement to help define the site and aetiology of nerve compression and exclude other disease possibly underlying the patient' symptoms. Diagnosis of entrapment neuropathies about the hip with US and MR imaging requires an in-depth knowledge of the normal imaging anatomy and awareness of the anatomic and pathologic factors that may predispose or cause a nerve injury. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of hip neuropathies with an emphasis on the relevant anatomy, aetiology, clinical presentation, and their imaging appearance. The lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy (meiralgia paresthetica), femoral neuropathy, sciatic neuropathy, obturator neuropathy, superior and inferior gluteal neuropathies and pudendal neuropathy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Martinoli
- Radiologia - DISC, Università di Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 8, I-16132 Genoa, Italy.
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