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Jin B, Guan XL, Yan M, Wang YJ, Wu YB. Planar Hexacoordinate Beryllium: Covalent Bonding Between s-block Metals. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302672. [PMID: 37695132 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Achieving a planar hypercoordinate arrangement of s-block metals through covalent bonding with ligands is challenging due to the strong ionicity involved. Herein, we report the first case of a neutral binary global minimum containing a planar hexacoordinate beryllium atom. The central Be atom is coordinated by six active Be atoms, the latter in turn are enclosed by an equal number of more electronegative chlorine atoms in the periphery, forming a star-like phBe cluster (Be©Be6 Cl6 ). Importantly, the cluster exhibits dynamically stabilized stemming geometrically from the appropriate matching of metal-ligand size and electronically from adherence to the octet rule as well as possessing a 6σ/2π double aromaticity. Remarkably, energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) analysis reveals a significant covalent interaction between the ligand and the central metal beryllium atoms, a fact further supported by a large Wiberg bond index. This cluster is a promising synthetic as its excellent electronic, dynamic and thermodynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ling Guan
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
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Yu R, Yan GR, Liu YQ, Cui ZH. Two-layer molecular rotors: A zinc dimer rotating over planar hypercoordinate motifs. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:240-247. [PMID: 35470906 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multi-layer molecular rotors represent a class of unique combination of topology and bonding, featuring a barrier-free rotation of one layer with respect to other layers. This emerging fluxional behavior has been found in a few doped boron clusters. Herein, we strongly enrich this intriguing family followed by an effective design strategy, summarized as essential factors: i) considerable electrostatic interactions originated from a strong charge transfer between layers; ii) the absence of strong covalent bonds between layers; and iii) fully delocalized σ/π electrons from at least one layer. We found that planar hypercoordinate motifs consisting of monocyclic boron rings and metals with σ + π dual aromaticity can be regarded as one promising layer, which can support the suspended X2 (X = Zn, Cd, Hg) dimers. By detailed investigations of thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of 60 species, eventually, MB7 X2 - and MB8 X2 (X = Zn, Cd; M = Be, Ru, Os; Be works only for Zn-based cases) clusters were verified to be the global-minimum two-layer molecular rotors. Especially, their electronic structure analyses vividly confirm the practicability of the electronic structure requirements mentioned above for designing multi-layer molecular rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gai-Ru Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Bai LX, Guo JC. σ-Aromatic MAl 6S 6 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) Stars Containing Planar Hexacoordinate Transition Metals. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030942. [PMID: 36770609 PMCID: PMC9920543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercoordinate transition-metal species are mainly dominated by the 18-valence-electron (18ve) counting. Herein, we report ternary MAl6S6 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) clusters with the planar hexacoordinate metal (phM) centers, which feature 16ve counting instead of the classic 18ve rule. These global-minimum clusters are established via unbiased global searches, followed by PBE0 and single-point CCSD(T) calculations. The phM MAl6 units are stabilized by six peripheral bridging S atoms in these star-like species. Chemical bonding analyses reveal that there are 10 delocalized electrons around the phM center, which can render the aromaticity according to the (4n + 2) Hückel rule. It is worth noting that adding an (or two) electron(s) to its π-type lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) will make the system unstable.
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Radenković S, Đorđević S. Spatial and electronic structures of BeB8 and MgB8. How far the analogy goes? Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200070. [PMID: 35188320 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Doping of boron clusters with Be and its heavier alkaline-earth congener, Mg usually leads to complexes of different geometry and electronic structure. In this work we showed that both neutral BeB 8 and MgB 8 exhibit a singlet ground state umbrella-like form. In addition, the stability, electronic structure, and aromaticity of the target molecules were compared. The magnetically induced current densities showed that BeB 8 and MgB 8 are double aromatic systems: π and σ electrons induce strong diatropic currents. The current densities induced in the studied complexes are of very similar intensity, but with a different spatial distribution. The found differences between the current density patterns in BeB 8 and MgB 8 arise from the very nature of the bonding interactions between the M atom and B 8 fragment, as demonstrated through the energy decomposition analysis (EDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Radenković
- University of Kragujevac: Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Department of Chemistry, 12 Radoja Domanovića, P.O. Box 60, 34000, Kragujevac, SERBIA
| | - Slađana Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac: Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Department of Chemistry, SERBIA
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Barroso J, Pan S, Merino G. Structural transformations in boron clusters induced by metal doping. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1098-1123. [PMID: 35029622 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00747e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, experimental techniques in conjunction with theoretical analyses have revealed the surprising structural diversity of boron clusters. Although the 2D to 3D transition thresholds are well-established, there is no certainty about the factors that determine the geometry adopted by these systems. The structural transformation induced by doping usually yields a minimum energy structure with a boron skeleton entirely different from that of the bare cluster. This review summarizes those clusters no larger than 40 boron atoms where one or two dopants show a radical transformation of the structure. Although the structures of these systems are not easy to predict, they often adopt familiar shapes such as umbrella-like, wheel, tubular, and cages in various cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Barroso
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico.
| | - Sudip Pan
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico.
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico.
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Abstract
Six-valence-electron planar pentacoordinate beryllium (ppBe) is explored herein as a global minimum, which is only constructed by s-block metals in BeM5+ (M = Cu, Ag, Au). The bonding in ppBe can be regarded as the excited-stated Be with a 2px12py1 electronic configuration, forming electron sharing with doublet M5+ motifs followed by two sets of Be(p∥) → [M5+] σ donations and one Be(s) ← [M5+] σ back-donation. Thus, the σ aromaticity originating from three delocalized σ orbitals gives rise to the whole stability of the high D5h-symmetry ppBe and strongly enriches s-block planar hypercoordinate bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu-Qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Zhang XY, Guo JC. Dynamic fluxionality of ternary Mg2BeB8 cluster: a nanocompass. J Mol Model 2020; 26:30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-4292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Đorđević S, Radenković S. Singlet and triplet states of the sandwich-type Be 2B 6 and Be 2B 7+ clusters. A test for the electron counting rules of aromaticity. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04643d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The studied complexes exhibit double aromaticity in their triplet states in line with the predictions of Hückel and Baird's rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac
- Faculty of Science
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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Kang D, Sun W, Shi H, Lu C, Kuang X, Chen B, Xia X, Maroulis G. Probing the structure and electronic properties of beryllium doped boron clusters: A planar BeB 16- cluster motif for metallo-borophene. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14367. [PMID: 31591442 PMCID: PMC6779740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beryllium-doped boron clusters display essential similarities to borophene (boron sheet) with a molecular structure characterized by remarkable properties, such as anisotropy, metallicity and high conductivity. Here we have determined low-energy structures of BeBn0/- (n = 10-20) clusters by utilizing CALYPSO searching program and DFT optimization. The results indicated that most ground states of clusters prefer plane or quasi-plane structures by doped Be atom. A novel unexpected fascinating planar BeB16- cluster with C2v symmetry is uncovered which possesses robust relative stability. Furthermore, planar BeB16- offers a possibility to construct metallo-borophene nano-materials. Molecular orbital and chemical bonding analysis reveal the peculiarities of BeB16- cluster brings forth the aromaticity and the strong interaction of B-B σ-bonds in boron network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Kang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Weiguo Sun
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hongxiao Shi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoyu Kuang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Bole Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xinxin Xia
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - George Maroulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26500, Patras, Greece.
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Jian T, Chen X, Li SD, Boldyrev AI, Li J, Wang LS. Probing the structures and bonding of size-selected boron and doped-boron clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3550-3591. [PMID: 31120469 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00233b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Because of their interesting structures and bonding and potentials as motifs for new nanomaterials, size-selected boron clusters have received tremendous interest in recent years. In particular, boron cluster anions (Bn-) have allowed systematic joint photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical studies, revealing predominantly two-dimensional structures. The discovery of the planar B36 cluster with a central hexagonal vacancy provided the first experimental evidence of the viability of 2D borons, giving rise to the concept of borophene. The finding of the B40 cage cluster unveiled the existence of fullerene-like boron clusters (borospherenes). Metal-doping can significantly extend the structural and bonding repertoire of boron clusters. Main-group metals interact with boron through s/p orbitals, resulting in either half-sandwich-type structures or substitutional structures. Transition metals are more versatile in bonding with boron, forming a variety of structures including half-sandwich structures, metal-centered boron rings, and metal-centered boron drums. Transition metal atoms have also been found to be able to be doped into the plane of 2D boron clusters, suggesting the possibility of metalloborophenes. Early studies of di-metal-doped boron clusters focused on gold, revealing ladder-like boron structures with terminal gold atoms. Recent observations of highly symmetric Ta2B6- and Ln2Bn- (n = 7-9) clusters have established a family of inverse sandwich structures with monocyclic boron rings stabilized by two metal atoms. The study of size-selected boron and doped-boron clusters is a burgeoning field of research. Further investigations will continue to reveal more interesting structures and novel chemical bonding, paving the foundation for new boron-based chemical compounds and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Cui ZH, Sui JJ, Ding YH. How can carbon favor planar multi-coordination in boron-based clusters? Global structures of CBxEy2−(E = Al, Ga, x + y = 4). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:32016-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04776e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CB2E2Mg (E = Al, Ga) designed in the present study represents the first successful design of a boron-based planar penta-coordinate carbon (ppC) structures as the global minima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-hua Cui
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-jing Sui
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-hong Ding
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
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12
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What Is the Maximum Coordination Number in a Planar Structure? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4275-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Heine T, Merino G. Was ist die höchste Koordinationszahl in einer ebenen Struktur? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Liao Y, Cruz CL, von Ragué Schleyer P, Chen Z. Many M©Bn boron wheels are local, but not global minima. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14898-904. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Ivanov AS, Boldyrev AI. Reliable predictions of unusual molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15943-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42877f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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