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Yuan FF, Wang P, Han XJ, Qin TT, Lu X, Bai HJ. Efficient and rapid digestion of proteins with a dual-enzyme microreactor featuring 3-D pores formed by dopamine/polyethyleneimine/acrylamide-coated KIT-6 molecular sieve. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15667. [PMID: 38977741 PMCID: PMC11231357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65045-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The microreactor with two types of immobilized enzymes, exhibiting excellent orthogonal performance, represents an effective approach to counteract the reduced digestion efficiency resulting from the absence of a single enzyme cleavage site, thereby impacting protein identification. In this study, we developed a hydrophilic dual-enzyme microreactor characterized by rapid mass transfer and superior enzymatic activity. Initially, we selected KIT-6 molecular sieve as the carrier for the dual-IMER due to its three-dimensional network pore structure. Modification involved co-deposition of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and acrylamide (AM) as amine donors, along with dopamine to enhance material hydrophilicity. Remaining amino and double bond functional groups facilitated stepwise immobilization of trypsin and Glu-C. Digestion times for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine hemoglobin (BHb) on the dual-IMER were significantly reduced compared to solution-based digestion (1 min vs. 36 h), resulting in improved sequence coverage (91.30% vs. 82.7% for BSA; 90.24% vs. 89.20% for BHb). Additionally, the dual-IMER demonstrated excellent durability, retaining 96.08% relative activity after 29 reuse cycles. Enhanced protein digestion efficiency can be attributed to several factors: (1) KIT-6's large specific surface area, enabling higher enzyme loading capacity; (2) Its three-dimensional network pore structure, facilitating faster mass transfer and substance diffusion; (3) Orthogonality of trypsin and Glu-C enzyme cleavage sites; (4) The spatial effect introduced by the chain structure of PEI and glutaraldehyde's spacing arm, reducing spatial hindrance and enhancing enzyme-substrate interactions; (5) Mild and stable enzyme immobilization. The KIT-6-based dual-IMER offers a promising technical tool for protein digestion, while the PDA/PEI/AM-KIT-6 platform holds potential for immobilizing other proteins or active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Yuan
- Tianjin Institute for Drug Control, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Tianjin Institute for Drug Control, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Han
- Tianjin Institute for Drug Control, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ting-Ting Qin
- Tianjin Institute for Drug Control, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Tianjin Institute for Drug Control, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Hai-Jiao Bai
- Tianjin Institute for Drug Control, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Siddiqui I, Husain Q, Azam A. Exploring the antioxidant effects of peptides from almond proteins using PAni-Ag-GONC conjugated trypsin by improving enzyme stability & applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:150-158. [PMID: 32344094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized graphene oxide nano-sheets (PAni-Ag-GONC) were prepared and employed as carrier for covalent immobilization of trypsin. This low cost setting, which involves loading of high amount of enzyme on the matrix, displayed significantly enhanced thermo-stability and pH resistance. The nano-composite (NC) bound trypsin preserved 90% of activity whereas native trypsin retained only 44% of activity after 60 days of storage at a temperature of 4°C. Immobilized trypsin conserved 80.5% of activity even after its ten repeated uses. Almond protein hydrolysates prepared by native and conjugated enzyme was investigated for antioxidant activities and found that peptides resulted from NC bound trypsin displayed increase in radical scavenging activity (i.e. around 30% and 37% scavenging activity observed, respectively by native and NC bound trypsin from same concentration of peptides). This strategy provides a new approach for production of potential biopeptides which may be incorporated in drugs and functional food industries applying PAni-Ag-GONC based biocatalysis. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS: Trichloroacetic acid (PubChem CID: 6421); Tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (PubChem CID: 6503); Glycine (PubChem CID: 750); and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (PubChem CID: 74358); Nα- Benzoyl-DL-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 2724371); Ammonium sulphate (PubChem CID: 6097028).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfanah Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Qayyum Husain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Ameer Azam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Liu X, Azhar I, Khan H, Qu Q, Tian M, Yang L. Capillary electrophoresis-immobilized enzyme microreactors for acetylcholinesterase assay with surface modification by highly-homogeneous microporous layer. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460454. [PMID: 31443966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based open-tubular immobilized enzyme microreactor (OT-IMER) and its application in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assays. The IMER is fabricated at the capillary inlet (reactor length of ∼1 cm) with the inner surface modified by a micropore-structured layer (thickness of ∼220 nm, pore size of ∼15-20 nm). The use of IMER accomplishes the enzymatic reaction and separation/detection of the products in the same capillary within 3 min. The feasibility of the proposed method is evaluated via online analysis of the activity and inhibition of AChE enzymes. Such method exhibits good reproducibility with relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 4% for 20 runs, and the enzyme remains over 82% of the initial activity after usage of 7 days. The IMERs are successfully applied to detect the organophosphorus pesticide, paraoxon, in three types of vegetable juice samples with a limit of detection of as low as 61 ng mL-1. Results show that the spiked samples are in the range of 89.6-105.9% with RSD less than 2.7%, thereby indicating its satisfactory level of accurate and reliable analysis of real samples by using the proposed method. Our study indicates that, with combination of advantages of both porous-layer capillary and CE OT-IMER, the proposed method is capable to enhance enzymatic reactions and to achieve rapid analysis with simple instrumentation and operation, thus would pave the way for extensive application of CE-based IMERs in a variety of bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, China
| | - Irfan Azhar
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, China
| | - Habib Khan
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, China
| | - Qishu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Institute of Chemical and Industrial Bioengineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130052, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, China.
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Naldi M, Tramarin A, Bartolini M. Immobilized enzyme-based analytical tools in the -omics era: Recent advances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:222-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Feng W, Qiao J, Jiang J, Sun B, Li Z, Qi L. Development of alanine aminotransferase reactor based on polymer@Fe3O4 nanoparticles for enzyme inhibitors screening by chiral ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2018; 182:600-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Guo C, Zhao X, Zhang W, Bai H, Qin W, Song H, Qian X. Preparation of polymer brushes grafted graphene oxide by atom transfer radical polymerization as a new support for trypsin immobilization and efficient proteome digestion. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4741-4749. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhang W, Zhong T, Chen Y. LC-MS/MS-based targeted proteomics quantitatively detects the interaction between p53 and MDM2 in breast cancer. J Proteomics 2016; 152:172-180. [PMID: 27826076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In breast cancer, p53 could be functionally compromised by interaction with several proteins. Among those proteins, MDM2 serves as a pivotal negative regulator and counteracts p53 activation. Thus, the ability to quantitatively and accurately monitor the changes in level of p53-MDM2 interaction with disease state can enable an improved understanding of this protein-protein interaction (PPI), provide a better insight into cancer development and allow the emergence of advanced treatments. However, rare studies have evaluated the quantitative extent of PPI including p53-MDM2 interaction so far. In this study, a LC-MS/MS-based targeted proteomics assay was developed and coupled with co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) for the quantification of p53-MDM2 complex. A p53 antibody with the epitope residing at 156-214 residues achieved the greatest IP efficiency. 321KPLDGEYFTLQIR333 (p53) and 327ENWLPEDK334 (MDM2) were selected as surrogate peptides in the targeted analysis. Stable isotope-labeled synthetic peptides were used as internal standards. An LOQ (limit of quantification) of 2ng/mL was obtained. Then, the assay was applied to quantitatively detect total p53, total MDM2 and p53-MDM2 in breast cells and tissue samples. Western blotting was performed for a comparison. Finally, a quantitative time-course analysis in MCF-7 cells with the treatment of nutlin-3 as a PPI inhibitor was also monitored. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Proteins do not function as single entities but rather as a team player that has to communicate. Protein-protein interaction (PPI), normally by means of non-covalent contact among binary or large protein complex, is essential for many cellular processes including cancer progression. Thus, the ability to quantitatively and accurately monitor the changes in level of PPI with disease state can enable an improved understanding of PPI, provide a better insight into cancer development and allow the emergence of advanced treatments. However, rare studies have evaluated the quantitative extent of PPI so far. The major issue of current available approaches is the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. Thus, techniques with the ability to quantify PPIs with both high sensitivity (low false-negative rate) and high specificity (low false-positive rate) are eagerly desired. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based targeted proteomics has shown its potential to study biomolecules because of its high sensitivity, high selectivity and wide dynamic range. In this study, we made an effort to develop a LC-MS/MS-based targeted proteomics assay for the quantitative detection of p53-MDM2 interaction in breast cells and tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tian Yuan East Road, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tian Yuan East Road, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tian Yuan East Road, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Fang X, Zhang K, Yang P, Qiao L, Liu B. Sensitive and fast beverage/fruit antioxidant evaluation by TiO2 -Au/graphene nanocomposites coupled with MALDI-MS. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:128-132. [PMID: 27539427 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Because the ratio of tripeptide glutathione (GSH) to glutathione disulphide (GSSG) is tightly associated with the oxidative stress and antioxidant level of an organism, it is often considered to be an indicator of the redox states of cells. Therefore, developing an integrated protocol for rapid, efficient, and low-cost detection of GSH to measure antioxidant ability is of significant importance for the diagnosis of oxidative stress-associated diseases. METHODS TiO2 -Au/graphene nanocomposites were synthesized to integrate the characteristics of graphene as matrix for MALDI-MS, gold NPs as selective probes for GSH and the photocatalytic property of TiO2 . Under UV-visible (UV-Vis) light irradiation, OH can be produced by the TiO2 -Au/G composites, which can oxidize GSH to form GSSG. When various antioxidants are introduced into the aforementioned system, OH can be scavenged, thereby leaving part of GSH in its reductive format. Based on the ratio of GSH/GSSG, the antioxidative capability of various beverages and fruits can be determined. RESULTS TiO2 -Au/G composites were employed to enrich GSH, where 0.01 mg/mL GSH can be efficiently extracted by the nanocomposites from aqueous solution and detected by MS with high signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed strategy was applied to evaluate three often-used antioxidants: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and β-carotene; and demonstrated that the antioxidative ability of VC is the strongest. To further evaluate the feasibility of the proposed strategy for antioxidative ability evaluation of complex sample, commercial juices and fresh fruit were also studied. CONCLUSIONS A novel strategy for sensitive and fast characterization of the antioxidative ability of various beverages and fruits was developed based on TiO2 -Au/G nanocomposites coupled with MALDI-MS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Gao L, Li Q, Li R, Yan L, Zhou Y, Chen K, Shi H. Highly sensitive detection for proteins using graphene oxide-aptamer based sensors. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:10903-10907. [PMID: 25939390 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01187f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the detection of proteins by using bare graphene oxide (GO) to quench the fluorescence of fluorescein-labeled aptamers has been reported. However, the proteins can be adsorbed on the surface of bare GO to prevent the sensitivity from further being improved. In order to solve this problem, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-protected GO was used to prevent the proteins using thrombin as an example from nonspecific binding. The detection limit was improved compared to bare GO under the optimized ratio of GO to PEG concentration. The results show that our method is a promising technique for the detection of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
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Investigation of bi-enzymatic reactor based on hybrid monolith with nanoparticles embedded and its proteolytic characteristics. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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