1
|
Castillo GE, Thompson BC. Room Temperature Synthesis of a Well-Defined Conjugated Polymer Using Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP). ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1339-1344. [PMID: 37722008 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
While a major improvement to the sustainability of conjugated polymer synthesis, traditional direct arylation polymerization (DArP) still requires high temperatures (typically >100 °C), necessitating a significant energy input requirement. Performing DArP at reduced or ambient temperatures would represent an improvement to the sustainability of the reaction. Here we describe the first report of a well-defined conjugated polymer synthesized by DArP at room temperature. Previous efforts toward room temperature DArP relied on the use of a near-stoichiometric silver reagent, an expensive coinage metal, which makes the reaction less cost-effective and sustainable. Here, room temperature polymerizations of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and 9,9-dioctyl-2,7-diiodofluorene were optimized and provided molar mass (Mn) up to 11 kg/mol PEDOTF, and performing the reaction at the standard ambient temperature of 25 °C provided Mn up to 15 kg/mol. Model studies using other C-H monomers of varying electron density copolymerized with 9,9-dioctyl-2,7-diiodofluorene provided insight into the scope of the room temperature polymerization, suggesting that performing room temperature DArP is highly dependent on the electron richness of the C-H monomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Zhong X, Zhang G. Density Functional Theory Study for Exploring the Mechanisms of the [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions between 1- R-3-Phenylpropylidenecyclopropane (R=Me/H) and Furfural Catalyzed by Pd(0). CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202203012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
|
3
|
Shi Y, Bai W, Mu W, Li J, Yu J, Lian B. Research Progress on Density Functional Theory Study of Palladium-Catalyzed C—H Functionalization to Form C—X (X=O, N, F, I, …) Bonds. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
4
|
Yin P, Jie Y, Zhao XJ, Feng YL, Sun T, Rao DM, Pu M, Yan H. Effect of point defects on acetylene hydrogenation reaction over Ni(111) surface: a density functional theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27340-27347. [PMID: 34854437 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out to investigate the effect of point defects on acetylene hydrogenation reaction over Ni(111) surface with three different defect concentrations (DC = 0.0500, 0.0625, and 0.0833), compared with the perfect Ni(111) surface. The adsorptions of C2 species and H atoms and the mechanism of acetylene hydrogenation via the ethylene pathway are systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the existence of defects will make C2 species and H atoms more inclined to adsorb near the defects. Introducing an appropriate amount of point defect concentration can enhance the catalytic activity and ethylene selectivity of Ni. In this work, DC = 0.0625 Ni(111) surface has the highest catalytic activity and selectivity of ethylene. This work provides useful theoretical information on the effect of defects on acetylene hydrogenation and is helpful for the design of Ni and related metal catalysts with defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yao Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yu-Liang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - De-Ming Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Min Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmadvand Z, Bayat M. Competition between the Hiyama and Suzuki–Miyaura Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction mechanisms for the formation of some regioselective derivatives of quinoxaline and benzofuran; Which reaction mechanism is more favorable? J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Li BW, Wang MY, Liu JY. DFT study on the mechanism of palladium(0)-catalyzed reaction of o-iodoanilines, CO2, and CO. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
7
|
Recent advances in theoretical studies on ligand-controlled selectivity of nickel- and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Ling M, Yuan J, Song Z, Gao J, Cao M, Xie H. Mechanism in palladium-catalyzed dearomative allylic reactions of benzyl phosphates with allyl borates: Insights from DFT calculations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
9
|
Wang Z, Fu Y, Zhang Q, Liu H, Wang J. Pd(II)-Catalyzed Direct γ-C(sp 3)-H Arylation between Free β 2-Amino Esters and β 3-Amino Esters and Aryl Iodides Using a Catalytic Transient Directing Group. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7683-7693. [PMID: 32423204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed direct γ-C(sp3)-H arylation coupling with free β2-amino esters and β3-amino esters using a commercially available catalytic transient directing group has been developed. This approach features high efficiency, broad substrate tolerance, easily accessible starting materials, and mild reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yangjie Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang K, Liu J, Zhang F, Zhang Q, Jiang H, Tong M, Xiao Y, Son Phan NT, Zhang F. Primary Amine-Functionalized Mesoporous Phenolic Resin-Supported Palladium Nanoparticles as an Effective and Stable Catalyst for Water-Medium Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41238-41244. [PMID: 31609577 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles have been recognized and widely explored as unique catalysts for carbon-carbon coupling reactions. However, due to their extreme tendency to agglomeration, the generation and stabilization of metal nanoparticles in a porous matrix is an important research field. Herein, novel mesoporous phenolic resin-supported palladium nanoparticles (Pd@NH2-MPRNs) were prepared via direct anionic exchange followed by gentle reduction by using primary amine-functionalized ordered mesoporous phenolic resin as the support. The obtained Pd@NH2-MPRN material still possessed large surface area and ordered two-dimensional hexagonal mesoporous structure. Meanwhile, uniform and well-dispersed palladium nanoparticles were formed in the mesoporous channels, which could be attributed to an efficient complexation and stabilization effect derived from the primary amine groups. As a result, it can promote Suzuki coupling of less activated aromatic bromides to various biaryls in water with high conversion and selectivity. This excellent performance was attributed to small particle sizes, ordered mesopores, and a hydrophobic pore surface, which resulted in the decreased diffusion limitation and the increased active site accessibility. It is noted that it is competitive with the best palladium catalysts known for water-medium Suzuki coupling reaction, and it can be reused at least seven times without significant reduction in the catalytic efficiency, showing a good recyclability. Therefore, this work provides a new potential platform for designing and fabricating robust ordered mesoporous-polymer-supported metal nanoparticles for various catalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Wang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Jinxiu Liu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Fei Zhang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Qingxiao Zhang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Huating Jiang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Min Tong
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Yao Xiao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Nam Thanh Son Phan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering , Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology , 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10 , Ho Chi Minh City , VN 84 , Vietnam
| | - Fang Zhang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Favier I, Pla D, Gómez M. Palladium Nanoparticles in Polyols: Synthesis, Catalytic Couplings, and Hydrogenations. Chem Rev 2019; 120:1146-1183. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Favier
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Daniel Pla
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Montserrat Gómez
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR 5069), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ying F, Zhang Y, Xiang C, Song Z, Xie H, Bao W. Key Mechanistic Features in Palladium-Catalyzed Methylcyclopropanation of Norbornenes With Vinyl Bromides: Insights From DFT Calculations. Front Chem 2019; 7:169. [PMID: 30972329 PMCID: PMC6445852 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to elucidate mechanistic details of an unusual palladium-catalyzed methylcyclopropanation from [2 + 1] cycloadditions of (Z)-2-bromovinylbenzene and endo-N-(p-tolyl)-norbornenesuccinimide. The reaction proceeds via oxidative addition (OA), intermolecular alkene insertion, deprotonation/protonation, intramolecular alkene insertion, β-H elimination and reductive elimination (RE). Protonation is the rate-limiting step and requires an overall barrier of 28.5 kcal/mol. The sources of two protons for protonation and exchange have also been clarified and the calculations agree with experimental observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ying
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuyue Xiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Song
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hujun Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rauf W, Brown JM. Mechanisms for C(sp 2)-Si activation of aryltrimethylsilyl groups in palladium-catalysed couplings. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8179-8185. [PMID: 28926074 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silyl-substituted aromatic compounds can participate as the electrophilic component in palladium-catalysed cross-couplings, and reactivity is enhanced by a neighbouring silyl-group. Products analogous to those obtained from C-H activation chemistry are accessible by this means with the additional benefit of regiochemistry defined by the site of silyl substitution. DFT studies described here show that the mechanism of C-Si cleavage is distinct from previously recognised mechanisms for C-H cleavage, with a cascade of silyl intermediates en route to a stable product. The amide directing-groups are involved only in the stabilisation of palladacyclic intermediates, and are never disposed to activate silicon directly. 5-Membered and 6-membered palladacycles are known to behave differently in coupling reactions and the calculations reveal underlying reasons in the cationic pathways studied here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Rauf
- Health Biotechnology Division, NIBGE, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xie H, Kuang J, Wang L, Li Y, Huang L, Fan T, Lei Q, Fang W. A DFT Study on Palladium and Nickel-Catalyzed Regioselective and Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of 1,3-Disubstituted Allenes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hujun Xie
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Kuang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lvtao Huang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Fan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qunfang Lei
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luo Z, Gao Y, Zhu T, Zhang JZ, Xia F. Origins of Protons in C–H Bond Insertion Products of Phenols: Proton-Self-Sufficient Function via Water Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6523-6529. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b06411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujie Luo
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ya Gao
- College
of Fundamental Studies, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU-ECNU
Center for Computational Chemistry at New York University Shanghai, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - John Zenghui Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU-ECNU
Center for Computational Chemistry at New York University Shanghai, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fei Xia
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU-ECNU
Center for Computational Chemistry at New York University Shanghai, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shen C, Wei Z, Jiao H, Wu XF. Ligand- and Solvent-Tuned Chemoselective Carbonylation of Bromoaryl Triflates. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoren Shen
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Zhihong Wei
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Campus; Hangzhou 310018 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A Quantum-Chemical DFT Approach to Elucidation of the Chirality Transfer Mechanism of the Enantioselective Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/3617527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The DFT calculations of the simplified model of the asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction were performed at the M062x/LANL2DZ theory level at first. It was found that enantioselective reactions mediated by the palladium complexes of chiral C,P-ligands follow a four-stage mechanism similar to that proposed previously as one of the most credible mechanisms. It should be underlined that the presence of substituents in the substrates and the chiral ligand at ortho positions determines the energies of possible diastereoisomeric transition states and intermediates in initial reaction steps. This suggests that, in practice, a sharp selection of theoretically possible paths of chirality transfer from the catalyst to the product should have a place and, therefore, the absolute configuration of the formed atropisomeric product is defined and can be predicted.
Collapse
|