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Chen Z, Tian Z, Wang Z, Wang Z, Liu W, Gu Q, Liu S, Wu Y. A Portable Device for in Situ Noninvasive Monitoring of Cell Secretions and Communications with Fluorescence and Nanochannel Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9218-9227. [PMID: 38781682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In situ monitoring of cell secretions and communications plays a fundamental role in screening of disease diagnostic biomarkers and drugs. Quantitative detection of cell secretions and monitoring of intercellular communication have been separately reported, which often rely on target labeling or complex pretreatment steps, inevitably causing damage to the target. Simultaneous in situ noninvasive detection of cell secretions and monitoring of intercellular communication are challenging and have never been reported. Herein, we smartly developed a portable device for in situ label-free monitoring of cell secretions and communications with fluorescence and ion-transport-based nanochannel electrochemistry. Based on the dual signal mode, a series of nonelectroactive secretions were sensitively and accurately quantified. The detection limits for VEGF, MUC1, and ATP were 3.84 pg/mL, 32.7 pg/mL, and 47.4 fM (3σ/S), which were 1/3.9, 1/1.1, and 1/41 of those of commercial ELISA kits, respectively. More interestingly, under the released secretions, the gradual opening of the nanochannel connected the two cells in the left and right chambers of the device; thus, the secretion mediated intercellular communication can be monitored. The proposed platform may provide a promising tool for understanding the mechanism of intercellular communication and discovering new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhaoyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Wuxi Institute of Inspection, Testing and Certification, Wuxi 214125, China
| | - Zhaohan Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qinglin Gu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yafeng Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Krishnan U, Iyer SK. A Pyrazolo Imine-based Colorimetric and Turn-on Fluorescent Sensor Probe for Determination of Hg 2+ Ion and its Application in Test Paper Strips. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:843-855. [PMID: 34634146 DOI: 10.1111/php.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized diethylamino substituted pyrazolo imine (3) fluorescent probe for recognition of Hg2+ ion.The sensor probe 3 can detect Hg2+ by colorimetric method, and there is a 10-fold enhancement in fluorescence response. When the fluorescent probe bound with Hg2+ ion, turn-on fluorescence was observed via the coordination. Probe 3 has an excellent selectivity toward Hg2+ in the CH3 CN/H2 O (8:2, v/v) solution with low limit of detection and high binding association constant of 551 parts per billion (ppb) and 6.6067 × 106 m-1 for 3+Hg2+ , respectively. Furthermore, the formation of 3+Hg2+ complex with 1:1 binding mode was evidenced by Job's plot, 1 H NMR spectroscopy and Mass analysis. In addition, probe 3 is a feasible option to detect Hg2+ in various sources of water samples. Bio-imaging experiments have demonstrated that probe 3 can be used to monitor Hg2+ in Escherichia coli bacterial cell. The sensor 3 was also used for paper strip application to detect Hg2+ ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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3
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Wang S. Construction of DNA Biosensors for Mercury (II) Ion Detection Based on Enzyme-Driven Signal Amplification Strategy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030399. [PMID: 33800447 PMCID: PMC8001444 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury ion (Hg2+) is a well-known toxic heavy metal ion. It is harmful for human health even at low concentrations in the environment. Therefore, it is very important to measure the level of Hg2+. Many methods, reviewed in several papers, have been established on DNA biosensors for detecting Hg2+. However, few reviews on the strategy of enzyme-driven signal amplification have been reported. In this paper, we reviewed this topic by dividing the enzymes into nucleases and DNAzymes according to their chemical nature. Initially, we introduce the nucleases including Exo III, Exo I, Nickase, DSN, and DNase I. In this section, the Exo III-driven signal amplification strategy was described in detail. Because Hg2+ can help ssDNA fold into dsDNA by T-Hg-T, and the substrate of Exo III is dsDNA, Exo III can be used to design Hg2+ biosensor very flexibly. Then, the DNAzyme-assisted signal amplification strategies were reviewed in three categories, including UO22+-specific DNAzymes, Cu2+-specific DNAzymes and Mg2+-specific DNAzymes. In this section, the Mg2+-specific DNAzyme was introduced in detail, because this DNAzyme has highly catalytic activity, and Mg2+ is very common ion which is not harmful to the environment. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Yi X, Hu JJ, Dai J, Lou X, Zhao Z, Xia F, Tang BZ. Self-Guiding Polymeric Prodrug Micelles with Two Aggregation-Induced Emission Photosensitizers for Enhanced Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3026-3037. [PMID: 33449627 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating ability have been used as photosensitizers for imaging guided photodynamic therapy (PDT). To achieve enhanced antitumor outcomes, combining AIEgens-based PDT with chemotherapy is an efficient strategy. However, the therapeutic efficiency is hampered by the limited cellular uptake efficiency and the appropriate light irradiation occasion. In this paper, a self-guiding polymeric micelle (TB@PMPT) composed of two AIE photosensitizers and a reduction-sensitive paclitaxel prodrug (PTX-SS-N3) was established for enhanced chemo-photodynamic therapy by a dual-stage light irradiation strategy. When the micelles were accumulated in tumor tissues, the first light irradiation (L1, 6 min) was utilized to facilitate cellular uptake by "photochemical internalization" (PCI). Then, the intracellular glutathione (GSH) would induce the PTX release, micelles disassembly and the aggregation state change of AIEgens. The fluorescence signal change of two AIEgens-based ratiometric fluorescent probe could not only precisely guide the second light irradiation (L2, 18 min) for sufficient ROS production, but also monitor the nonfluorescent drug PTX release in turn. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that the dual-stage light irradiation strategy employed for TB@PMPT micelles exhibited a superior therapeutic effect over only 24 min continuous light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jing-Jing Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Xia F, Wu J, Wu X, Hu Q, Dai J, Lou X. Modular Design of Peptide- or DNA-Modified AIEgen Probes for Biosensing Applications. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3064-3074. [PMID: 31657899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophore probes are widely used for bioimaging in cells, tissues, and animals as well as for monitoring of multiple biological processes in complex environments. Such imaging properties allow scientists to make direct visualizations of pathological events and cellular targets. Conventional fluorescent molecules have been developed for several decades and achieved great successes, but their emissions are often weakened or quenched at high concentrations that might suffer from the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, which reduces the efficiencies of their applications. In contrast to the ACQ effect, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens (AIEgens) display much higher fluorescence in aggregated states and possess various advantages such as low background, long-term tracking ability, and strong resistance to photobleaching. Therefore, AIEgens are employed as unique fluorescence molecules and building blocks for biosensing applications in the fields of ions, amino acids, carbohydrates, DNAs/RNAs, peptides/proteins, cellular organelles, cancer cells, bacteria, and so on. Quite a few of the above biosensing missions are accomplished by modular peptide-modified AIEgen probes (MPAPs) or modular DNA-modified AIEgen probes (MDAPs) because of the multiple capabilities of peptide and DNA modules, including solubility, biocompatibility, and recognition. Meanwhile, both electrostatic interactions and coupling reactions could provide efficient methods to construct different MPAPs and MDAPs, finally resulting in a large variety of biosensing probes. Those probes exhibit leading features of detecting nucleic acids or proteins and imaging mass biomolecules. For example, under modular design, peptide modules possessing versatile recognition abilities enable MPAPs to detect numerous targets, such as integrin αvβ3, aminopeptidase N, MMP-2, MPO, H2O2, and so forth; MDAP could allow the imaging of mRNA in cells and tissue chips, suggesting the diagnostic functions of MDAP in clinical samples. Modular design offers a novel strategy to generate AIEgen-based probes and expedites functional biomacromolecules research. In this vein, here we review the progress on MPAPs and MDAPs in the most recent 10 years and highlight the modular design strategy as well as their advanced biosensing applications including briefly two aspects: (1) detection and (2) imaging. By the use of MPAPs/MDAPs, multiple bioanalytes can be efficiently analyzed at low concentrations and directly visualized through high-contrast and luminous imaging. Compared with MPAPs, the quantities of MDAPs are limited because of the difficult synthesis of long-length DNA strands. In future work, multifunctional of DNA sequences are needed to explore varieties of MDAPs for diverse biosensing purposes. At the end of this Account, some deficiencies and challenges are mentioned for briging more attention to accelerate the development of AIEgen-based probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xia Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qinyu Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, and Institute of Pathology of Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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Yuan Y, Chen X, Chen Q, Jiang G, Wang H, Wang J. New switch on fluorescent probe with AIE characteristics for selective and reversible detection of mercury ion in aqueous solution. Anal Biochem 2019; 585:113403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Li J, Heng H, Lv J, Jiang T, Wang Z, Dai Z. Graphene Oxide-Assisted and DNA-Modulated SERS of AuCu Alloy for the Fabrication of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 Biosensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901506. [PMID: 31062520 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of high-performance surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensors relies on the coordination of SERS substrates and sensing strategies. Herein, a SERS active AuCu alloy with a starfish-like structure is prepared using a surfactant-free method. By covering the anisotropic AuCu alloy with graphene oxide (GO), enhanced SERS activity is obtained owing to graphene-enhanced Raman scattering and assembly of Raman reporters. Besides, stability of SERS is promoted based on the protection of GO to the AuCu alloy. Meanwhile, it is found that SERS activity of AuCu/GO can be regulated by DNA. The regulation is sequence and length dual-dependent, and short polyT reveals the strongest ability of enhancing the SERS activity. Relying on this phenomenon, a SERS biosensor is designed to quantify apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1). Because of the APE1-induced cycling amplification, the biosensor is able to detect APE1 sensitively and selectively. In addition, APE1 in human serum is analyzed by the SERS biosensor and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data from the SERS method are superior to that from ELISA, indicating great potential of this biosensor in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hang Heng
- Center for Analysis and Testing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- Center for Analysis and Testing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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8
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Sun C, Ou X, Cheng Y, Zhai T, Liu B, Lou X, Xia F. Coordination-induced structural changes of DNA-based optical and electrochemical sensors for metal ions detection. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:5879-5891. [PMID: 30681098 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04733b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions play a critical role in human health and abnormal levels are closely related to various diseases. Therefore, the detection of metal ions with high selectivity, sensitivity and accuracy is particularly important. This article highlights and comments on the coordination-induced structural changes of DNA-based optical, electrochemical and optical-electrochemical-combined sensors for metal ions detection. Challenges and potential solutions of DNA-based sensors for the simultaneous detection of multiple metal ions are also discussed for further development and exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Wang X, Xu M, Huang K, Lou X, Xia F. AIEgens/Nucleic Acid Nanostructures for Bioanalytical Applications. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:689-699. [PMID: 30489015 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA occupies significant roles in life processes, which include encoding the sequences of proteins and accurately transferring genetic information from generation to generation. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that a variety of biological functions are correlated with DNA's conformational transitions. The non-B form has attained great attention among the diverse forms of DNA over the past several years. The main reason for this is that a large number of studies have shown that the non-B form of DNA is associated with gross deletions, inversions, duplications, translocations as well as simple repeating sequences, which therefore causes human diseases. Consequently, the conformational transition of DNA between the B-form and the non-B form is important for biology. Conventional fluorescence probes based on the conformational transitions of DNA usually need a fluorophore and a quencher group, which suffers from the complex design of the structure and tedious synthetic procedures. Moreover, conventional fluorescence probes are subject to the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect, which limits their application toward imaging and analyte detection. Fluorogens exhibiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) have attracted tremendous attention over the past decade. By taking advantage of this unique behavior, plenty of fluorescent switch-on probes without the incorporation of fluorescent quenchers/fluorophore pairs have been widely developed as biosensors for imaging a variety of analytes. Herein, the recent progress in bioanalytical applications on the basis of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens)/nucleic acid nanostructures are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Min Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaixun Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Yang Y, Li S, Zhang Q, Kuang Y, Qin A, Gao M, Li F, Tang BZ. An AIE-active theranostic probe for light-up detection of Aβ aggregates and protection of neuronal cells. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2434-2441. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An AIE-active probe of Cur-N-BF2 is developed for light-up detection of Aβ fibrils and plaques, inhibition of Aβ fibrillation, disassembly of preformed Aβ fibrils, and protection of neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Zhongshan School of Medicine
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
| | - Shiwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- Guangzhou International Campus
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
| | - Qin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Zhongshan School of Medicine
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
| | - Ying Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Zhongshan School of Medicine
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- Guangzhou International Campus
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
| | - Meng Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Zhongshan School of Medicine
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- Guangzhou International Campus
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
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Liu G, Hu J, Liu S. Emerging Applications of Fluorogenic and Non-fluorogenic Bifunctional Linkers. Chemistry 2018; 24:16484-16505. [PMID: 29893499 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Homo- and hetero-bifunctional linkers play vital roles in constructing a variety of functional systems, ranging from protein bioconjugates with drugs and functional agents, to surface modification of nanoparticles and living cells, and to the cyclization/dimerization of synthetic polymers and biomolecules. Conventional approaches for assaying conjugation extents typically rely on ex situ techniques, such as mass spectrometry, gel electrophoresis, and size-exclusion chromatography. If the conjugation process involving bifunctional linkers was rendered fluorogenic, then in situ monitoring, quantification, and optical tracking/visualization of relevant processes would be achieved. In this review, conventional non-fluorogenic linkers are first discussed. Then the focus is on the evolution and emerging applications of fluorogenic bifunctional linkers, which are categorized into hetero-bifunctional single-caging fluorogenic linkers, homo-bifunctional double-caging fluorogenic linkers, and hetero-bifunctional double-caging fluorogenic linkers. In addition, stimuli-cleavable bifunctional linkers designed for both conjugation and subsequent site-specific triggered release are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guhuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleiChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleiChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleiChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China
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