1
|
Hashmi SZ, Bareth D, Dwivedi J, Kishore D, Alvi PA. Green advancements towards the electrochemical synthesis of heterocycles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18192-18246. [PMID: 38854834 PMCID: PMC11157331 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic chemistry is a large field with diverse applications in the areas of biological research and pharmaceutical advancement. Numerous initiatives have been proposed to further enhance the reaction conditions to reach these compounds without using harmful compounds. This paper focuses on the recent advances in the eco-friendly and green synthetic procedures to synthesize N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. This approach demonstrates considerable potential in accessing such compounds while circumventing the need for stoichiometric quantities of oxidizing/reducing agents or catalysts containing precious metals. Merely employing catalytic quantities of these substances proves sufficient, thereby offering an optimal means of contributing to resource efficiency. Renewable electricity plays a crucial role in generating environmentally friendly electrons (oxidant/reductant) that serve as catalysts for a series of reactions. These reactions involve the production of reactive intermediates, which in turn allow the synthesis of new chemical bonds, enabling beneficial transformations to occur. Furthermore, the utilization of metals as active catalysts in electrochemical activation has been recognized as an effective approach for achieving selective functionalization. The aim of this review was to summarize the electrochemical synthetic procedures so that the undesirable side reactions can be considerably reduced and the practical potential range of the chemical reactions can be expanded significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zeba Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Diksha Bareth
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - P A Alvi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aslam S, Sbei N, Rani S, Saad M, Fatima A, Ahmed N. Heterocyclic Electrochemistry: Renewable Electricity in the Construction of Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6175-6217. [PMID: 36844606 PMCID: PMC9948259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications in the realm of biological exploration and drug synthesis can be found in heterocyclic chemistry, which is a vast subject. Many efforts have been developed to further improve the reaction conditions to access this interesting family to prevent employing hazardous ingredients. In this instance, it has been stated that green and environmentally friendly manufacturing methodologies have been introduced to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. It appears to be one of the most promising methods to access these types of compounds avoiding use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species or precious metal catalysts, in which only catalytic amounts are sufficient, and it represent an ideal way of contributing toward the resource economy. Thus, renewable electricity provides clean electrons (oxidant/reductant) that initiate a reaction cascade via producing reactive intermediates that facilitate in building new bonds for valuable chemical transformations. Moreover, electrochemical activation using metals as catalytic mediators has been identified as a more efficient strategy toward selective functionalization. Thus, indirect electrolysis makes the potential range more practical, and less side reactions can occur. The latest developments in using an electrolytic strategy to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles are the main topic of this mini review, which was documented over the last five years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samina Aslam
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
- The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Najoua Sbei
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, EggensteinLeopoldshafen, 76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Manal Saad
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Aroog Fatima
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Devi S, Jyoti, Kiran, Wadhwa D, Sindhu J. Correction: Electro-organic synthesis: an environmentally benign alternative for heterocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6941-6950. [PMID: 35983902 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob90109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for 'Electro-organic synthesis: an environmentally benign alternative for heterocycle synthesis' by Suman Devi, et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2022, 20, 5163-5229.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
| | - Deepak Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Electrochemical aromatic C-H hydroxylation in continuous flow. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3945. [PMID: 35803941 PMCID: PMC9270493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct hydroxylation of arene C–H bonds is a highly sought-after transformation but remains an unsolved challenge due to the difficulty in efficient and regioselective C–H oxygenation and high reactivity of the phenolic products leading to overoxidation. Herein we report electrochemical C–H hydroxylation of arenes in continuous flow for the synthesis of phenols. The method is characterized by broad scope (compatible with arenes of diverse electronic properties), mild conditions without any catalysts or chemical oxidants, and excellent scalability as demonstrated by the continuous production of 1 mol (204 grams) of one of the phenol products. The direct hydroxylation of arene C–H bonds is a highly sought-after transformation but with little literature precedent. Herein the authors report a scalable electrochemical C–H hydroxylation of arenes in continuous flow for the synthesis of phenols.
Collapse
|
5
|
Devi S, Jyoti, Kiran, Wadhwa D, Sindhu J. Electro-organic synthesis: an environmentally benign alternative for heterocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5163-5229. [PMID: 35730661 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are considered to be one of the most established structural classes due to their extensive application in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and organic materials. Over the past few years, the development of heterocyclic compounds has gone through a considerable renaissance from conventional traditional methodologies to non-conventional electro-organic synthesis. Replacing metal catalysts, strong oxidants and multi-step methodologies with metal and strong oxidant-free single-step protocols has revolutionized the field of sustainable organic synthesis. Electro-organic synthesis has evolved as a scalable and sustainable approach in different synthetic protocols in an environment-benign manner. The current review outlines the recent developments in C-C, C-N, C-S and C-O/Se bond formation for heterocycle synthesis using electrochemical methods. Different synthetic strategies and their detailed mechanistic description are presented to enlighten the future applications of electrochemistry in heterocycle synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
| | - Deepak Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma Y, Cui L, Li M, Cao J, Zheng L, Wei Z. Product Identification and Mechanism Exploration of Organic Electrosynthesis Using on-line Electrochemistry-Mass Spectrometry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Guo B, Xu HC. Electrocatalytic C(sp 3)-H/C(sp)-H cross-coupling in continuous flow through TEMPO/copper relay catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2650-2656. [PMID: 34795802 PMCID: PMC8561139 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic dehydrogenative C(sp3)-H/C(sp)-H cross-coupling of tetrahydroisoquinolines with terminal alkynes has been achieved in a continuous-flow microreactor through 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO)/copper relay catalysis. The reaction is easily scalable and requires low concentration of supporting electrolyte and no external chemical oxidants or ligands, providing straightforward and sustainable access to 2-functionalized tetrahydroisoquinolines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chong X, Liu C, Wang C, Yang R, Zhang B. Integrating Hydrogen Production and Transfer Hydrogenation with Selenite Promoted Electrooxidation of α‐Nitrotoluenes to
E
‐Nitroethenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chong
- Institute of Molecular Plus Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Cuibo Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Rong Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education) Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chong X, Liu C, Wang C, Yang R, Zhang B. Integrating Hydrogen Production and Transfer Hydrogenation with Selenite Promoted Electrooxidation of α-Nitrotoluenes to E-Nitroethenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22010-22016. [PMID: 34318964 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Developing an electrochemical carbon-added reaction with accelerated kinetics to replace the low-value and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is markedly significant to pure hydrogen production. Regulating the critical steps to precisely design electrode materials to selectively synthesize targeted compounds is highly desirable. Here, inspired by the surfaced adsorbed SeOx 2- promoting OER, NiSe is demonstrated to be an efficient anode enabling α-nitrotoluene electrooxidation to E-nitroethene with up to 99 % E selectivity, 89 % Faradaic efficiency, and the reaction rate of 0.25 mmol cm-2 h-1 via inhibiting side reactions for energy-saving hydrogen generation. The high performance can be associated with its in situ formed NiOOH surface layer and absorbed SeOx 2- via Se leaching-oxidation during electrooxidation, and the preferential adsorption of two -NO2 groups of intermediate on NiOOH. A self-coupling of α-carbon radicals and subsequent elimination of a nitrite molecule pathway is proposed. Wide substrate scope, scale-up synthesis of E-nitroethene, and paired productions of E-nitroethene and hydrogen or N-protected aminoarenes over a bifunctional NiSe electrode highlight the promising potential. Gold also displays a similar promoting effect for α-nitrotoluene transformation like SeOx 2- , rationalizing the strategy of designing materials to suppress side reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chong
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Cuibo Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wen L, Wang N, Du W, Zhu M, Pan C, Zhang L, Li M. Electrochemical Selective Oxidative Synthesis of Diversified Sulfur Heterocycles from
β‐Ketothioamides. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Rong Wen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 China
| | - Ning‐Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 China
| | - Wu‐Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 China
| | - Ming‐Zhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 China
| | - Lin‐Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology Qingdao Shandong 266042 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemically Driven Radical Reactions: From Direct Electrolysis to Molecular Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2306-2319. [PMID: 33734572 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates that provide reactivities and selectivities complementary to ionic species. Despite its long history, electrochemically driven radical reactions remain limited in scope. In the past few years, there have been dramatic increase in research activity in organic electrochemistry. We have been developing electrochemical and electrophotocatalytic methods for the generation and synthetic utilization of organic radicals. In our studies, various radical species such as alkene and arene radical cations and carbon- and heteroatom-centered radicals are generated from readily available precursors through direct electrolysis, molecular electrocatalysis or molecular electrophotocatalysis. These radical species undergo various inter- and intramolecular oxidative transformations to rapidly increase molecular complexity. The simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic proton reduction allows the oxidative reactions to proceed through H2 evolution without external chemical oxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yan H, Zhu S, Xu HC. Integrating Continuous-Flow Electrochemistry and Photochemistry for the Synthesis of Acridinium Photocatalysts Via Site-Selective C–H Alkylation. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Innovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- NanoFCM INC., Xiamen Pioneering Park for Overseas Chinese Scholars, Xiamen 361006, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Innovative Collaboration Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemical generation of nitrogen-centered radicals for organic synthesis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
14
|
Yang Z, Zhang J, Hu L, Li L, Liu K, Yang T, Zhou C. Electrochemical Oxidative Intramolecular N–S Bond Formation: Synthesis of 3-Substituted 5-Amino-1,2,4-Thiadiazoles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3358-3363. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Liping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Congshan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| |
Collapse
|