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Wang WW, Yan H, Gu Y, Yan J, Mao BW. In Situ Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy: From Interfaces to Interphases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:103-126. [PMID: 38603469 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061422-020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical interface formed between an electrode and an electrolyte significantly affects the rate and mechanism of the electrode reaction through its structure and properties, which vary across the interface. The scope of the interface has been expanded, along with the development of energy electrochemistry, where a solid-electrolyte interphase may form on the electrode and the active materials change properties near the surface region. Developing a comprehensive understanding of electrochemical interfaces and interphases necessitates three-dimensional spatial resolution characterization. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers advantages of imaging and long-range force measurements. Here we assess the capabilities of AFM by comparing the force curves of different regimes and various imaging modes for in situ characterizing of electrochemical interfaces and interphases. Selected examples of progress on work related to the structures and processes of electrode surfaces, electrical double layers, and lithium battery systems are subsequently illustrated. Finally, this review provides perspectives on the future development of electrochemical AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Gu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; ,
- 2Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
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Yu J, Chen L, Wu Q, Wang J, Cheng L, Wang HG. Stable quasi-solid-state lithium-organic battery based on composite gel polymer electrolyte and compatible organic cathode material. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 649:159-165. [PMID: 37348335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
High-performance organic small-molecule electrode materials are troubled with their high solubility in liquid electrolytes. The construction of quasi-solid-state lithium organic batteries (LOBs) using gel polymer electrolytes with high mechanical properties, compromised ionic conductivity, high safety, and eco-friendly is an effective way to inhibit the dissolution of active materials. Herein, two hexaazatriphenylene (HATN)-based organic cathode materials (HATNA-6OCH3 and HATNA-6OH) are synthesized and then matched with polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP)-based gel polymer electrolytes to construct quasi-solid-state LOBs. Thanks to the enhanced interfacial compatibility between organic cathode material and gel polymer electrolyte, HATNA-6OH with compatible hydroxyl group shows the enhanced electrochemical properties compared with HATNA-6OCH3. Further, the electrochemical performance is improved when HATNA-6OH is combined with a gel polymer electrolyte modified with a succinonitrile (SN) plasticizer (GPE-0.4SN), including a high specific capacity of 153.3 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 and a good reversible capacity of 88 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 200 mA g-1. In addition, the good electrochemical properties and lithium-ion storage mechanism of HATNA-6OH have been elucidated using density functional theory (DFT) and spectral characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, PR China; Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Lan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, PR China.
| | - Junhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Linqi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Heng-Guo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
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Lei X, Zhao J, Wang J, Su D. Tracking lithiation with transmission electron microscopy. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zeng C, Liang J, Cui C, Zhai T, Li H. Dynamic Investigation of Battery Materials via Advanced Visualization: From Particle, Electrode to Cell Level. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200777. [PMID: 35363408 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Li-ion batteries, the most-popular secondary battery, are typically electrochemical systems controlled by ion-insertion dynamics. The battery dynamics involve mass transport, charge transfer, ion-electron coupled reactions, electrolyte penetration, ion solvation, and interfacial evolution. However, it is difficult for the traditional electrochemical methods to capture the accurate and individual details of the dynamic processes in "black box" batteries; instead, only the net result of multi-factors on the whole scale. Recently, different advanced visualization techniques have been developed, which provide powerful tools to track and monitor the internal real-time dynamic processes, giving intuitive details and fine information at various scales from crystal lattice, single particle, electrode to cell level. Here, the recent progress on the investigation of electrochemical dynamics in battery materials are reviewed, via developed techniques across wide timescales and space-scales, including the dynamic process inside the active particle, kinetics issues at the electrode/electrolyte interface, dynamic inhomogeneity in the electrode, and dynamic transportation at the cell level. Finally, the fundamental principles to improve the battery dynamics are summarized and new technologies for future more stringent conditions are highlighted. In prospect, this review opens sight on the battery interior for a clearer, deeper, and more thorough understanding of the dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Can Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Huiqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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Bin DS, Zheng ZL, Cao AM, Wan LJ. Template-free synthesis of hollow carbon-based nanostructures from MOFs for rechargeable battery applications. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang Q, Jiang N, Shao Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zeng Y, Qiu J. Functional carbon materials addressing dendrite problems in metal batteries: surface chemistry, multi-dimensional structure engineering, and defects. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang WW, Gu Y, Yan H, Li KX, Chen ZB, Wu QH, Kranz C, Yan JW, Mao BW. Formation sequence of solid electrolyte interphases and impacts on lithium deposition and dissolution on copper: an in situ atomic force microscopic study. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:190-205. [PMID: 34889342 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Copper is the most widely used substrate for Li deposition and dissolution in lithium metal anodes, which is complicated by the formation of solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs), whose physical and chemical properties can affect Li deposition and dissolution significantly. However, initial Li nucleation and growth on bare Cu creates Li nuclei that only partially cover the Cu surface so that SEI formation could proceed not only on Li nuclei but also on the bare region of the Cu surface with different kinetics, which may affect the follow-up processes distinctively. In this paper, we employ in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), together with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to investigate how SEIs formed on a Cu surface, without Li participation, and on the surface of growing Li nuclei, with Li participation, affect the components and structures of the SEIs, and how the formation sequence of the two kinds of SEIs, along with Li deposition, affect subsequent dissolution and re-deposition processes in a pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid electrolyte containing a small amount of water. Nanoscale in situ AFM observations show that sphere-like Li deposits may have differently conditioned SEI-shells, depending on whether Li nucleation is preceded by the formation of the SEI on Cu. Models of integrated-SEI shells and segmented-SEI shells are proposed to describe SEI shells formed on Li nuclei and SEI shells sequentially formed on Cu and then on Li nuclei, respectively. "Top-dissolution" is observed for both types of shelled Li deposits, but the integrated-SEI shells only show wrinkles, which can be recovered upon Li re-deposition, while the segmented-SEI shells are apparently top-opened due to mechanical stresses introduced at the junctions of the top regions and become "dead" SEIs, which forces subsequent Li nucleation and growth in the interstice of the dead SEIs. Our work provides insights into the impact mechanism of SEIs on the initial stage Li deposition and dissolution on foreign substrates, revealing that SEIs could be more influential on Li dissolution and that the spatial integration of SEI shells on Li deposits is important to improving the reversibility of deposition and dissolution cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Kai-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Zhao-Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Qi-Hui Wu
- College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Jia-Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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He X, Ni Y, Hou Y, Lu Y, Jin S, Li H, Yan Z, Zhang K, Chen J. Insights into the Ionic Conduction Mechanism of Quasi-Solid Polymer Electrolytes through Multispectral Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22672-22677. [PMID: 34423516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quasi-solid polymer electrolytes (QPE) composed of Li salts, polymer matrix, and solvent, are beneficial for improving the security and energy density of batteries. However, the ionic conduction mechanism, existential form of solvent molecules, and interactions between different components of QPE remain unclear. Here we develop a multispectral characterization strategy combined with first-principles calculations to unravel aforesaid mysteries. The results indicate that the existential state of solvent in QPE is quite different from that in liquid electrolyte. The Li cations in gel polymer electrolyte are fully solvated by partial solvent molecules to form a local high concentration of Li+ , while the other solvent molecules are fastened by polymer matrix in QPE. As a result, the solvation structure and conduction mechanism of Li+ are similar to those in high-concentrated liquid electrolyte. This work provides a new insight into the ionic conduction mechanism of QPE and will promote its application for safe and high-energy batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youxuan Ni
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunpeng Hou
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Song Jin
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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He X, Ni Y, Hou Y, Lu Y, Jin S, Li H, Yan Z, Zhang K, Chen J. Insights into the Ionic Conduction Mechanism of Quasi‐Solid Polymer Electrolytes through Multispectral Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST) Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Youxuan Ni
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST) Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yunpeng Hou
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST) Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yong Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST) Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Song Jin
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST) Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Haixia Li
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST) Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST) Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST) Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jun Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST) Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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Kitta M, Murai K, Yoshii K, Sano H. Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy for Investigation of the Initial Process of Lithium Metal Deposition. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11160-11170. [PMID: 34260226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The initial process of Li-metal electrodeposition on the negative electrode surface determines the charging performance of Li-metal secondary batteries. However, minute depositions or the early processes of nucleation and growth of Li metal are generally difficult to detect under operando conditions. In this study, we propose an optical diagnostic approach to address these challenges. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy coupled with electrochemical operation is a promising technique that enables the ultrasensitive detection of the initial stage of Li-metal electrodeposition. The SPR is excited in a thin copper film deposited on a glass substrate, which also serves as a current collector enabling electrochemical Li-metal deposition. For a propylene carbonate (PC)-based Li-ion battery electrolyte, under both cyclic voltammetry and constant-current operation, Li-metal deposition is readily detected by changes in the SPR absorption dip in the reflectance spectrum. Electrochemical SPR is highly sensitive to metal deposition, with a demonstrated capability of detecting an average thickness of approximately 0.1 nm, corresponding to a few atomic layers of Li. To identify the growth mechanism, the SPR reflectance spectra of various possible Li-metal deposition processes were simulated. Comparison of the simulated spectra with the experimental data found good agreement with the well-known nucleation and growth model for Li-metal deposition from PC-based electrolytes. The demonstrated operando electrochemical SPR measurement should be a valuable tool for basic research on the initial Li-metal deposition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Kitta
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Kensuke Murai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshii
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sano
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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